preface
In 1953, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea had come to an end. At this time, the United States has been losing ground on the battlefield, and it is already difficult to gain bargaining chips on the battlefield. If the troops are withdrawn and returned to China in a gray way, the face of the United States as a hegemon will be difficult to preserve, and in order to make himself lose a little "gloriously", Eisenhower, as a professional soldier, formulated a so-called "release Of Chiang Kai-shek" policy, and then even more so
Using nuclear weapons as a threat to force China to make concessions on the Korean armistice.
But what Eisenhower did not expect was that new China was not afraid of the threat of the United States. Chairman Mao immediately issued a declaration and responded domineeringly to Eisenhower, which really made the United States "lose face."
The Korean battlefield was not good, and the United States took the initiative to look down at the truce
After the end of World War II, with the intervention of the United States and the Soviet Union, the Korean Peninsula gradually split into two opposing regimes: North Korea and South Korea. Both sides wanted to accomplish the great cause of reunification, so the Korean War broke out.
Just as North Korea was about to complete its great cause of reunification, the United States began to intervene. With U.S. aid, the situation facing South Korea was instantly reversed. Under these circumstances, North Korea's state leader, Kim Il Sung, began to seek help from both the Soviet Union and China. After comprehensive analysis, Chairman Mao made a great policy decision to resist US aggression and aid Korea.
In the face of China's "aid to Korea" plan, the United States did not pay attention to it at the beginning.
At that time, the United States had the most advanced weapons and equipment in the world and sufficient logistical supplies, while new China was just established, production was backward, and the national living standard was low. Almost all countries in the world
It is believed that China is "unable to measure up to its own strength" and that the confrontation with the "coalition forces" led by the US military is "hitting a pebble with a pebble."
Because the gap between the two sides in terms of military weapons is too big.
Who knows, it is such a country that they despise, and it is actually a country that has literally beaten the US military back from the Yalu River to the vicinity of the "38th Line", dragging down the pace of the US army's offensive and stabilizing the war situation.
Five-star Admiral MacArthur, the supreme commander of the U.S. military, said: "
The U.S. military is fighting a new power.
After the war, a U.S. military commander once said of our volunteer army:
"Most of the Chinese volunteers I saw did not have bulletproof vests, no steel helmets, and no such advanced assault guns as ours, they only had ordinary military hats, military shoes, and at most rough and shoddy grenades in their hands. It is also a little incredible that such a small amount of food can last for more than ten days. Where is the medical equipment as perfect as we are, sometimes accidents may not be able to get rescued in time... But I was shocked precisely by this, such a team, how to penetrate into the rear of our defense line, let us be caught off guard, I don't know what other country in the world's army can be as tenacious as the Chinese volunteer army. ”
As a result, the United States was forced to express its willingness to negotiate an armistice when victory by force was hopeless, and on June 23, 1951, the belligerents held their first armistice negotiations.
Although the US side agreed to this plan, it unreasonably demanded that it be "compensated" for the demarcation of the military demarcation line, saying that it would draw the demarcation line between the US navy and air force on the Chinese People's Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army, which at that time was 38 to 68 kilometers behind the front, in an attempt to seize 12,000 square kilometers of land controlled by the Chinese and DPRK sides without a fight.
Of course, China and the DPRK refused to agree, and after this demand was refuted, the US military went so far as to bomb the residence of the Chinese and DPRK delegations, and at the same time launched a summer and autumn offensive and a "strangulation war" on the battlefield at the same time, in an attempt to force the Chinese and DPRK sides to submit to military pressure
The first negotiations failed.
However, the US military's plan to make China obey by force was doomed to failure, and in the face of the attack of the volunteer army, which was not afraid of death, the US side had to propose negotiations again.
On December 11, 1951, the second negotiation began. This time, the Chinese and DPRK sides put forward a proposal for the repatriation of all prisoners of war by both sides, but they were again unreasonably rejected by the US side.
The US side has successively put forward the so-called "
One-on-one exchange
"And
"Voluntary repatriation"
He also instigated South Korea to carry out the so-called "screening" of prisoners of war on the Chinese and DPRK sides, forced the DPRK and Chinese prisoners of war to tattoo and write blood letters to express "refusal to repatriate," and attempted to detain the DPRK and China prisoners of war, thus causing the negotiations on the prisoner of war issue to reach a stalemate for a long time.
Then, on October 8, 1952, the United States unilaterally announced that the armistice negotiations would be suspended indefinitely, and at the same time launched a "Jinhua Offensive" in an attempt to achieve its goal of detaining prisoners of war.
At the beginning of 1953, the Chinese side became more and more courageous in the Vietnam War, and the United States repeatedly lost battles, coupled with the fact that the United States brought a huge economic burden to the country because of the Korean War, which seriously hindered and restricted the development of the US economy, and the US side had to consider resuming armistice negotiations. Although the United States wants to negotiate, it wants to do its best to win the interests of the United States through negotiations. Because
The defeat of the United States on the battlefield doomed it to have to make concessions in the face of the demands put forward by China and the DPRK.
So U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower introduced the so-called
"Let Jiang out of the cage"
Policy, indicated in the Congressional address
"The Seventh Fleet shall not sail into communist China. ”
declare
It said it would no longer restrict the movement of Chiang Kai-shek's armed forces against the mainland. The purpose was to get Chiang Kai-shek to cooperate with the United States in launching an offensive in southern China and to contain China's concessions at the Korean armistice negotiating table.
In this regard, Chairman Mao said:
If the Kuomintang troops can fight and run once, they can fight a second time, and it is absolutely impossible for Chiang Kai-shek to fight back.
Chiang Kai-shek's reaction was also unexpected by the United States, and Chiang Kai-shek originally wanted to use this POLICY of the United States to counterattack, but he quickly gave up. There are two reasons: First, the Kuomintang troops are surviving, and they need US military support to counterattack, but the United States is mired in a deep quagmire, so where is the extra ability to help Chiang Kai-shek? Second, although Chiang Kai-shek wanted to counterattack, he was a firm "one-China supporter," and if a war really broke out, whether he won or lost, he would hand over sovereignty to others under the operation of the United States. therefore
Chiang Kai-shek chose not to move.
Eisenhower saw that the plan to "release Chiang out of the cage" had not succeeded, so he decided to think of another way.
At this time, in Nevada, the United States, an M65 atomic gun with a caliber of 280 mm and a range of 32 kilometers, was successfully tested with a water-pressure-loaded atomic gun. The artillery of this atomic gun is a quarter of the power of the "little boy" atomic bomb dropped by the US military in Hiroshima. This means that nuclear weapons can be used for both strategic and tactical purposes. This news allowed Eisenhower to find a new way to threaten China.
He arrogantly stated: "Nuclear weapons should be militarized as ordinary artillery shells." ”
In the face of the US nuclear weapons threat, Chairman Mao made a sonorous and forceful response on February 7:
We would be happy to have an immediate truce, and the remaining issues will be resolved in the future. But U.S. imperialism is not willing to do this, so let's fight it, and we will fight it for as many years as we are willing to fight, until U.S. imperialism is willing to stop, until the Chinese and Korean people are completely victorious. ”
In the face of China's unwavering attitude, Eisenhower clearly realized that the Korean War was an unwinnable battle.
However, the previous "bold words" have been released, and how to find a reason to start negotiations has become a problem that the new president of the United States needs to think about. At this time, Eisenhower suddenly remembered that the International Committee of the Red Cross had proposed the exchange of wounded and sick prisoners of war, which provided him with some opportunities to get out of the predicament. Therefore, Eisenhower tested our army's attitude toward the treatment of wounded and sick prisoners of war by taking the method of exchanging wounded and sick prisoners of war first. However, due to the previous negotiations by the US side of "overturning the table" several times, our country has seriously distrusted them.
In order to restart negotiations, the United States issued a statement through the International Committee of the Red Cross as a breakthrough to resume negotiations.
On February 22, 1953, Clarke, commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces, on instructions from the Washington authorities, sent a letter to the Chinese and North Korean sides, proposing that wounded and sick prisoners of war be exchanged during the war, and the war between the two sides was also slowed down.
At 10:00 a.m. on July 27, the Korean Armistice Agreement was held at Panmunjom, and the two sides signed the armistice agreement and its annexes.
Clark, who signed on behalf of the U.S. side, signed and said, "I have received an unenviable reputation for carrying out government directives, and I am the commander in The history of the United States who signed the armistice agreement without victory." I felt frustrated. I think my two predecessors, MacArthur and General Ridgway, felt the same way. ”
No matter how the US side feels, in short, China's victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea has completely shattered the myth of the invincibility of the United States.
As we see now, Chairman Mao has no fear in the face of all kinds of threats from the United States, especially the threat of nuclear weapons
Why is Chairman Mao not afraid of the threat of nuclear weapons in the United States? The power of nuclear weapons is clear to everyone, because now Japan's Hiroshima and Nagasaki are a living example.
The main reason why Chairman Mao dared to be so tough when the United States threatened to come up with nuclear weapons was that Chairman Mao knew very well that it was impossible for the United States to use nuclear weapons to continue to expand the battlefield.
First of all
Beginning in 1953, the Soviet Union provided us with military assistance. Backed by Stalin, China's military might on the Korean battlefield, whether in terms of troops, equipment, training, fortifications and transportation, as well as ammunition and food reserves, was at its best.
secondly
The United States realizes that China is a formidable adversary. The United States did not have any advantage in the Korean battlefield, and at that time the United States wanted to use the Korean War as a springboard to capture the northeast of China's rear area, but this goal was not only not achieved, but also plunged the United States into the quagmire of the Korean War.
The most important point is this
If we continue to fight, then there will be irreconcilable contradictions with the "Europe first" strategy of the United States. Therefore, the United States does not dare and will not use nuclear weapons to expand the battlefield, and it is only in the interest of the United States to get out as soon as possible.
As Chairman Mao had predicted, U.S. imperialism did not use nuclear weapons in the end, and in order to end the fighting as soon as possible, it also took the initiative to start negotiations. Chairman Mao once said:
All imperialism is a paper tiger. "The performance of the United States in the Korean War has once again demonstrated this view!