As a subjugated monarch, Jin Aizong's evaluation of Yan Shouxu has never been high. Some scholars believe that "Jin Aizong ruled for ten years, survived, did not try to be far-sighted, missed the opportunity, made mistakes in decision-making, repeatedly fled, and was only worthy to be the king of the country." Others believe that Jin Aizong did not have great talent and strategy, and in the face of the emerging Mongols, the destruction of the country was his inevitable fate.
If you talk about heroes in terms of success or failure, then there is no doubt that Jin Aizong is responsible for the demise of the Jin Dynasty; but if you carefully study Jin Aizong and his people, you will find that this is an emperor who is zealous for reform, he is not faint, in order to save the country he runs around, so that the situation facing the Jin Kingdom has improved, although in the end he failed, but after all, he at least delayed the demise of the Jin Dynasty. From this point of view, he is not the king of the country in the traditional sense.
Finish your face
One
Jin Aizong was the son of Jin Xuanzong, and when he became crown prince, jin guo was already worried about internal and external troubles, and the situation facing it was extremely severe.
Since the Mongols conquered the Jin capital in 1215, the Jin Dynasty lost its dominance over the Liaodong region. In order to avoid the Mongols, Jin Xuanzong moved the capital to Fenjing. However, such a big thing as moving the capital is not easy to do well when the national strength is strong, let alone in the midst of wars and chaos? Hundreds of thousands of officials, troops, civilians, and displaced people who moved the capital south with the Jin court suddenly poured into Henan, bringing great pressure to Henan and its neighboring areas.
In order to solve the problem of feeding so many officials and troops, Jin Xuanzong did not hesitate to fish and increase taxes to Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, and other places, in addition to the normal two taxes, in addition to the material tax, the horse tax, the military tax, the exemption tax, and so on. These harsh taxes made the peasants in these provinces unable to afford it, fled one after another, or rose up, and dealt a fatal blow to the rule of the Jin Dynasty.
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At this time, the Jin Dynasty was facing mongol infestation in the north; the western side was at odds with the Western Xia, and small-scale conflicts with the Western Xia were constantly erupting; the peasant revolts in the Jin Dynasty rose and fell, and the economy was in trouble; so the Jin Dynasty regarded the Southern Song Dynasty as the only life-saving straw that could be grasped, and wanted to take advantage of the Southern Song Dynasty, but unexpectedly in the War of Attacking the Song Dynasty in the first year of Xingding, it was defeated by the Southern Song Dynasty, and the bargaining plan from the Southern Song Dynasty failed, and the Jin Dynasty was already embattled and could no longer turn over.
Kim Seonjong
Within the Jin Dynasty royal family, there are also many contradictions. Emperor Xuanzong's two sons, Shou Chun and Shou Xu, were on the same page for the throne. These two princes are not empress concubines, according to the tradition of "having a concubine, not a concubine", Shou Chun is the elder, and should be the heir to the throne. However, Emperor Xuanzong favored his young son Shouxu and deposed chang li young, and after his own death, he also caused a crisis of imperial struggle.
Two
With the support of the Privy Council, Yan Shouxu defeated his brother Shouchun in the struggle for the throne and inherited the mess of the Jin Kingdom. Unwilling to watch the Jin Dynasty step by step towards its demise, he carried out a certain range of reforms to the Jin Dynasty.
The first reform measure was to expel his father Xuanzong's favored ministers and secretaries Pu Chahe and Zuo Shibiangu from the court, and to use Zhang Xingxin, Guanyan Heda, Guanyan Saibu and Xu Ding to build a temple of praise for the soldiers who died against the Mongols, to promote the generals such as Guanyan Chen and Pu'a to the front line, and to achieve a groundbreaking victory over the Mongols in the subsequent Battles of Dachangyuan and Weizhou.
After Yan Shouxu ascended the throne, he changed his father's style of not accepting loyalty, and issued an edict to the whole country that "Kusawa Shishu, Xu Ling bluntly said the interests of the military and the country, although it involved ridicule and inability to take action, and did not sit on the guilt", and opened up the way of speech. Even some criticism of him, he can be generous and accept it. Shortly after he ascended the throne, a scholar dressed in filial piety sat outside the palace and cried and laughed, saying that the Golden Kingdom was about to die, laughing at the fact that the Golden Kingdom was not there, and that yan Shouxu had been silent for a long time, and he refused to be punished by his subordinates for the crime of "contempt for the emperor", and asked people to send the Golden Servants home, reflecting his courtesy.
Finish Yan Shouxu and the Empress
In order to win over the anti-Mongol allies, Guanyan Shouxu adopted a strategy of appeasement to the rebellious peasant army leaders in the Jin Dynasty, and as long as they were willing to surrender, they were all reused, and they were allowed to be high-ranking officials. Under his policy of division and co-optation, many rebel leaders who rebelled against the Jin State and the old generals of the Jin State who had originally surrendered to Mongolia returned to the Jin State one after another, expanding the power of the Jin State.
Emperor Aizong of Jin was able to correctly understand the role of uniting the Southern Song Dynasty and Western Xia against the cause of Mongolia, and after succeeding to the throne, he constantly sent envoys to repair the Jin-Xia and Jin-Song relations that had been destroyed during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Jin. He lowered his body, matched the brothers of the Western Xia Kingdom, and sent people to negotiate peace with the Southern Song Dynasty. Although the Southern Song Dynasty was short-sighted in politics, clinging to the outdated policy of uniting with Mongolia and resisting Jin, and did not reach a peace agreement with Jin, Jin Aizong's efforts showed his political vision. As a result of his efforts, the domestic and foreign affairs and military decay of jinguo have been alleviated to a certain extent, and the dangerous situation it is facing has also been alleviated.
Three
In 1231, the Mongol Great Khan Wo Kuotai personally led a large army from Luoyang to Beijing, Han Chijin attacked Jinan, and Tuolei led an army from Baoji, Shaanxi Province, borrowing the Han River of the Southern Song Dynasty to the east, preparing to join the large army of Wo Kuotai under the capital city. In the first month of the following year, the Wokoutai army reached the capital of Fenjing, and the Jin general Yan Xi pinched Ah and fled without abandoning the city. At this time, the Right Route Army of Tuolei falsely passed through the Southern Song Dynasty and crossed the Han River to Deng Shang, and the Jin army had no time to react at all, and Yan Shouxu hurriedly ordered Yan Heda and Qianla Pu'a to lead 150,000 troops back to Beijing. When the Jin army marched to the Three Peaks Mountain in Junzhou, it was attacked on both sides by the Mongol army of Tuo xie and Wo Kuotai, and Yan Heda and Qianlao'a were killed in battle, and the elite jin army was wiped out in a battle, and the demise of the Jin state was inevitable.
In March of the same year, the Mongol army launched an attack on the Jin dynasty, and Yan Shouxu personally comforted the Jin soldiers, and worked with the ministers to hold out for sixteen days and nights to repel the repeated attacks of the Mongol army. The Mongols, seeing that Fenjing was anxious and difficult, resorted to a strategy of delaying the army and demanded that Yan Shouxu personally go out of the city to negotiate. Yan Shouxu refused to leave the city, and at the same time urgently summoned Yan Silie, Yan Kushihu and other generals from Ruzhou to help, and let Yan Hexi in the city lead 10,000 troops to respond. However, the Jin soldiers who came to aid Zhongjing were ambushed by the Mongol army on the way, and Yan Silie, Guanyan Kuxiaohu and others could not reach Zhongjing and could only retreat to Dengfeng, Henan.
After eight months of siege by the Mongol army, the city was starved of food and grass, and Yan Shouxu decided to personally break through and gather people and horses to return to aid Fenjing. He left the Jing King to complete Yan Shouchun to supervise the country, and the marshals Cui Li and Bo Shu Lumainu and others stayed behind to guard Fenjing, saying goodbye to the empress, the empress, and the concubines in tears, preparing to kill out of the city, crossing the Yellow River to the Daming Mansion and the Shandong area to gather the old troops and return to aid Fenjing.
After Yan Shouxu broke through, Cui Li and others who remained in Fenjing saw that the Jin Dynasty was gone, so they launched a coup d'état, killing the prime ministers Yan Nushen and Yan Shutuo Abu, holding the empress, the empress, and the King of Jing and more than 500 people in the Jin dynasty, surrendering to the Mongols, and the fall of Fenjing. At this time, the Jin Kingdom, except for the emperor Who finished Yan Shouxu did not catch, had actually fallen into ruin.
Four
After Jin Aizong broke through, he came to Hebei and gathered some of the old departments. However, Hebei grain could not maintain the daily use of the army, and after Yan Shouxu divided his troops into three places, leaving only five hundred of the soldiers of Pu Chaguan slaves at his side, and the rest of the troops were stationed in Xuzhou, Suzhou and Chenzhou. What Wanyan Shouxu did not expect was that his most trusted pro-military marshal Pu Chaguannu actually launched a coup d'état at such a time, killing Shi Zhan, a minister loyal to Guanyan Shouxu, and putting Guanyan Shouxu under house arrest. Yan Shouxu used his close attendants to gather some of his loyal soldiers and killed Pu Chaguan slaves, defusing the crisis.
In June of the second year of Tianxing, Guanyan Shouxu moved to Cai Prefecture, where he integrated the old department, and sent wax books to the generals such as Guanzhan in Shaanxi, and met in September when they met at Raofengguan, taking advantage of the fact that the Southern Song Dynasty was not paying attention, they killed a bloody road and ran to Sichuan, Xu Tu recovered. However, the Southern Song Dynasty general Meng Jue saw through Yan Shouxu's plan, strangled the road to Sichuan, and crushed Yan Shouxu's plan to run to Shu. In December of that year, the Mongols attacked Cai Prefecture and joined forces with the Southern Song Dynasty to complete Yan Shouxu.
The Great Khan of Mongolia is a kuotai
At the moment of life and death, Yan Shouxu personally led the Jin army to defend the city, undressed, and defended the city with the soldiers. Under his inspiration, Caizhou actually defended the land of bullets and thousands of remnants for three months. However, after all, the strength of the two sides is very different, the grain in the city is cut off, and the number of Jin Guoqi has been exhausted, and it is impossible to reverse the fate of extinction. At the last moment, Yan Shouxu killed his war horse, distributed the flesh of the horse to the soldiers, and yang tian sighed: "I have been for the golden purple for ten years, the prince for ten years, and the human lord for ten years, and I know that there is no greater evil than evil, and there is no hatred in death!" The ancestors of those who hate have been passed down for a hundred years, and they have come to me! ”
In the first month of the third year of Tianxing, the city of Caizhou was destroyed, and Yan Shouxu passed the throne to the general Of the Sect At the last moment, Yan Chenglin, asking him to find a way to escape and revive the Jin Kingdom. After that, Yan Shouxu hanged himself and died at the age of Chinese New Year's Eve seven. Seeing that Yan Shouxu had committed suicide to serve the country, Yan Chenglin, who accepted his succession, rushed out of the main hall in anger, and after slashing several Mongol soldiers who had entered the palace with a sword, he was hacked to death by the Mongol soldiers. From the time Yan Chenglin took the throne to his death in battle, it was less than an hour before and after, which can be described as the shortest reigning emperor in history. Since then, the Jin Dynasty has been extinct for one hundred and twenty years.
After Yan Shouxu committed suicide, yan Daishan cremated his body according to his will, but before it was burned, the Mongol generals Tacha'er and the Song general Meng Jue had rushed into the palace, extinguished the fire on Yan Shouxu's body, divided his remains in two, and brought them back to the country to repay the reward. Among them, Ta Cha'er got the left hand of jin Aizong, and Meng Jue got his right arm, and this right arm was sent to Lin'an to pay homage to the Song Dynasty Taimiao Temple, and was hidden in the prison vault of the Dali Temple of the Southern Song Dynasty.
After Yan Shouxu's death, the temple was given the title of "Emperor of Sorrow", but most of the Jin people thought that this was inappropriate, so they also called it "Yizong". But no matter what the temple number was, and no matter how much effort he made before he died, the Golden Kingdom was still destroyed at his hands.
Five
This last Emperor of the Jin Dynasty, "Emperor Jing TiandeYun Zhongwen Jing Wu Tiansheng Liexiaozhuang", can be described as the most regrettable and unfortunate king of the fallen country in history. Some people explain that the last Chongzhen is not like the king of the fallen country, but the complete Yan Shouxu is the one who is most unlike.
During Yan Shouxu's reign, he actively encouraged agricultural production, honored Confucius and Confucianism, united the people's hearts, opened up the way of speech, reformed politics, eradicated traitors, stopped the war of aggression against the Song Dynasty, and reconciled with Western Xia. He reused the famous generals Yan Heda, Yan Chen monk, Xu Ding and others, and recovered a lot of land, so that the Jin Kingdom presented a scene of rejuvenation. In the face of the two-sided attack between the Mongols and the Southern Song Dynasty, he took the lead as a soldier, shared the happiness and suffering with the soldiers, and held the isolated city, and finally martyred the country. Whether in public or private, he was worthy of his ancestors, the Perfect Yan A Bone, and the next was worthy of those Jinguo soldiers who fought with him. When he was dying, he said, "I have been a master for ten years, I know that there is no greater evil than evil, and there is no hatred in death" is full of the unwillingness of a loser who strives to revive the country but fails because of various uncontrollable factors. He truly achieved the "death of the monarch", and he was worthy of his social welfare.