In the sixth year of Jing Yao (263), the general Jiang Wei heard that Zhong would rule the army in Guanzhong, so he wrote to Liu Chan to dispatch troops to prepare, but Huang Hao told Liu Chan that the enemy would not come, so Liu Chan did not take it seriously, so that the Shu Han courtiers did not know about it. In the summer of the same year, Sima Zhao of Wei sent Zhong Hui, Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu, and others to attack Shu on a large scale, and Liu Chan sent Zhang Yi, Liao Hua, and Dong Jie to resist the enemy. As a result, in the Battle of Wei and Shu, the Cao Wei general Deng Ai took advantage of the fact that the main forces of wei and Shu were facing each other at Jiange, and led his elite troops to detour through Yinping (northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu), crossed more than 700 miles of deserted areas, dug mountains and opened roads, and raided Jiangyou (present-day Jiangyoubei, Sichuan).
Deng Ai also broke Zhuge Zhan in the hinterland of the Shu Han Dynasty, captured Fucheng (涪城, in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), and approached Chengdu. Later, liu chan surrendered to the Wei army because of Deng Aibing's troops. However, in fact, at the time of the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, the Qunchen had proposed to the later lord Liu Chan a plan to move the capital to Nanzhong or surrender to Eastern Wu, but the later lord Liu Chan all refused. Then, the question is, before the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, why did the later lord Liu Chan neither move the capital to Nanzhong nor turn to Eastern Wu?
One
First of all, according to the records of the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhou Zhou: In the winter of the sixth year of Jing Yao, the Wei general Deng Aike Jiangyou drove forward for a long time. And Shu ben said that the enemy was inconvenient to arrive, and did not do the city guard dispatch. And Wen Ai has entered yin ping, and the people are disturbed, and they all enter the mountains and wilderness, and they cannot be forbidden. After the meeting of the main envoys, nothing came out. Or think that Shuzhi and Wu, originally for the country of peace, should be able to run to Wu; or think that the seven counties of The South Central, blocking the danger and fighting, easy to defend themselves, should be able to run south.
After Deng Ai smuggled yinping and raided shudi by surprise, the later lord Liu Chan asked his courtiers to discuss a plan. On this basis, the Shu court summed up two countermeasures, the first of which was to defect to Eastern Wu, after all, after the Battle of Yiling, through the efforts of Zhuge Liang and others, the alliance between Shu Han and Eastern Wu had been restored. On this basis, whether during the Zhuge Liang period or the Jiang Wei period, Shu Han and Eastern Wu maintained an alliance relationship to jointly oppose the powerful Cao Wei. Therefore, when the Shu Han Dynasty fell, some ministers suggested that the later lord Liu Chan defect to the State of Wu. In the author's opinion, this is undoubtedly a feasible suggestion, for the sake of the cold of lips and teeth, Eastern Wu should not be unfavorable to the later lord Liu Chan.
Two
As for the second strategy, it was to move the capital to the southern central region, that is, the southern part of present-day Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province. For the region, difficulties and obstacles are also easy to defend and difficult to attack. Therefore, after moving the capital to Nanzhong, the Shu state could continue to fight against the powerful Cao Wei. However, as a result, the lord Liu Chan chose the third countermeasure, that is, to abandon resistance and surrender to Deng Ai. The reason for this is actually that the Shu Han minister Yu Zhou has already given an explanation.
According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhou Zhou, Wei Zhou thought: "Since ancient times, those who have not sent other countries as the Son of Heaven have now entered Wu and should surrender." And if the political reason is not different, then the big can swallow the small, and this number is natural. In this way, Wei can merge with Wu, and Wu cannot merge with Wei Mingyi. Etc. for the small subject, which is the big? What is the shame of another humiliation? And if you want to run to the south, then you should plan for it early, and then you can bear fruit, now the great enemy is near, the disaster is imminent, the hearts of the small groups can not be guaranteed, the day of fear, its change is unpredictable, why is there a south? So I followed The Strategy. Liu Shi is not worried, a state is menglai, and Zhou Zhimou is also.
In the view of Tan Zhou, since ancient times, there has been no situation in which the Son of Heaven has lived in other princely states. If they defected to Eastern Wu, then how the later lord Liu Chan and the emperor of Eastern Wu should get along was a question that had to be considered. On this basis, if the later lord Liu Chan defected to Eastern Wu, he would probably be humiliated.
Three
In this regard, in the author's opinion, before the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao's large army approached the Yangtze River, and there were also people up and down the Jiangdong River who were preparing to surrender. However, some people told Sun Quan that these courtiers could surrender to Cao Cao and later be reused in Cao Wei. However, as a prince of one side, sun quan will inevitably be restricted or even placed under house arrest after surrendering to Cao Wei.
In the same way, after defecting to Eastern Wu, the wenchen generals of the Shu state could still serve as officials in Eastern Wu, but as far as the later lord Liu Chan was concerned, he would inevitably be monitored by Eastern Wu, and even artificial knife tricks, and I was a fish meat. As for the plan to move the capital to Nanzhong, in the eyes of the minister Ofe Zhou, it was also very unfeasible. Because if you want to move the capital to Nanzhong, you must be prepared in advance. In other words, relocation is not a child's play, and it needs to be considered in the long run. However, at that time, the situation was already under the pressure of Cao Wei's army, so for the later lord Liu Chan, moving the capital to Nanzhong was not a feasible strategy.
Four
Finally, under the persuasion of Tan Zhou, the later lord Liu Chan gave up resistance and surrendered to Deng Ai instead. Therefore, in the view of many historians, "Liu Shi is safe, a state is menglai, and Zhou Zhimou is also." Further, in the history of the Shu Kingdom, although there was Zhuge Liang who pacified Nanzhong, Zhuge Liang pacified Nanzhong in 225 AD. In 263 AD, the situation in Nanzhong had changed a lot, for example, when Zhang Yi, Ma Zhong, and others were serving as the governors of The Fallen, rebellions in the Nanzhong region occurred again. Therefore, the southern central region, which was already in rebellion, was naturally not suitable as the direction of the capital of the Shu state. That is to say, if the hou lord Liu Chan hastily moved the capital to Nanzhong, it is likely to be resisted by the south central forces, and if the south central forces and the Cao Wei army should cooperate with each other, then the later lord Liu Chan can only tie his hands.
As for the plan to defect to the State of Wu, it was also because it was sent to the fence and subject to people, so it was not adopted by the later lord Liu Chan. On the basis of the demise of the Shu Han Dynasty, the Later Lord Liu Chan naturally had no use value, so after he came to Eastern Wu, he would not get any good treatment at all. And this is completely different from Liu Xie, the Emperor Xian of Han in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. For Liu Xie, the Emperor of Han Xian, because the world still had the Han Room in mind, Cao Cao could blackmail tianzi to order the princes. However, in the late period of the Establishment of the Three Kingdoms, the Later Lord Liu Chan did not have much appeal in the world, and it was obviously not worthy of Eastern Wu to welcome him. In summary, after Deng Ai's army smuggled across Yinping and made a surprise attack on Shu, the later lord Liu Chan neither moved the capital to Nanzhong nor chose to defect to Eastern Wu. What do you think about that? Feel free to leave your views and let's discuss them together.