In 2021,
Chinese archaeology has gone through a century-long history,
As the birthplace of Chinese civilization, Shanxi,
Archaeology in the wind and rain,
With many highlight moments,
Generations of archaeologists with the most simple feelings,
Shortening the distance between time and space and history.
On the afternoon of January 11,
The 2nd Shanxi Archaeological New Discoveries Forum
Held inside the Shanxi Archaeological Museum.
Voted by experts and the media,
Six projects were successfully selected
"2021 Shanxi Important Archaeological Discoveries".
They are:
(Ranked in chronological order of morning and evening)
Neolithic ruins of Taiyuan Jiancaoping Town
Neolithic ruins of Xiangfen Tao Temple in Linfen
Yuncheng Wall Qubei White Goose Two Week Cemetery
Datong City Pingcheng District ZhijiaBao Northern Wei Lü Continued relief painted stone tomb
Linfen Huozhou Thousand Buddha Cliff Ruins
Tomb of the Ming Dynasty King of Xiaodian District, Taiyuan
Excavation unit: Datong Archaeological Research Institute
Project Leader: Zhang Zhizhong
Main participants: Jing Xiaoting, Li Zhiguo
Author: Jing Xiaoting
In order to cooperate with the reconstruction and construction project of Shanghuaju shantytown in Datong City, the Archaeological Research Institute of Datong City conducted archaeological excavations within the scope of the construction project site located in the north of Kaiyuan Street, east of Yongtai South Road and northwest of Zhijiabao Village in Datong City, and cleaned up a total of 67 tombs from the Northern Wei Dynasty. Among them, the only relief painted tomb with a front porch in Datong City was found, which has important research value.
▲M57 aerial view
Tomb shape system
M57, long slope tomb square stone tomb, sitting north facing south, direction 185 °, stone structure sealed door to divide the tomb into two parts: the tomb passage and the burial chamber. The tomb is about 13 meters long and 1.1 meters wide, with two holes and a patio, and the bottom of the tomb is 5 meters from the current surface. There is an alcove on both the east and west sides of the tomb near the closed door, the niches are larger, and there are no artifacts in the niches. The burial chamber is about 3 meters long from north to south, and 3.6 meters wide from east to west. There is a stone gate in front of the Yongdao, which is 1.52 meters high and 1.6 meters wide, and the lintel is decorated with three door hairpins. The central part of the burial chamber is a front porch with relief painted stone rafters, which are about 1.8 meters long from north to south, 3.3 meters wide from east to west, and 1.9 meters at the highest point.
Stone rafter: sandstone, rectangular in plan, located in the north of the middle of the tomb, for the imitation wood structure, single eaves overhanging the top of the mountain, two slopes, front porch and back room, three wide rooms, open door hole in the open room, no door.
▲Stone gate, stone rafter
Rafter top: the top of the rafter carved tile ridge, near the beam of the plain surface, near the corridor of the lower part of the painted Zhu.
Front porch: four raspberry-style dragon relief columns on the basis of the octagonal columns, the columns on the pillars to support a bucket of two-liter arch, the upper octagonal rafters to support the eaves, all painted Zhu. Two columns of inscriptions are inscribed on the front of the pillar of the Ming Dynasty West Corridor, which reads: "Only the Second Year of the Great Dynasty Tai'an Second Year Of the Second Year of the Second Year of the First Year of dingHai Shuo Ding Hai Shuo Twenty-three Days Of His Unitary Stone Text□ Jiang General Fufeng Taishou Huaili Boundary Yongzhou Fufeng County, Huaili County, Lu Continued Stone House District".
Relief painting: The outer south wall of the stone rafter and the east, west and north walls of the stone rafter have bas-reliefs, the picture image is vivid, the technique is simple and elegant, the carving is fine, and the painting is mainly red, black and white, and the colors are bright.
The upper central relief of the north wall depicts the owner of the tomb ShengXian Tu, flanked by the body of a rat-headed bird and a minotaur-headed bird serving the divine beast, and the lower central relief of the north wall depicts two snakes, turtles, and Xuanwu, and on both sides are two relief-painted Suzaku.
▲ Tomb owner Sheng Xian Tu
▲ Minotaur body service, mouse-headed bird body service
▲Relief painting on the north wall of the stone rafter
The upper part of the west wall is painted with a painted banner to guide the way, and the lower relief is painted with a white tiger.
▲Relief painting on the west wall of the stone rafter
The upper part of the east wall is painted with a banner to guide the way, and the lower relief is painted with a green dragon.
▲Relief painting on the east wall of the stone rafter
The south wall of the chamber is not carved, only two attendants are painted, and the picture is soaked, and only the outline can be seen.
▲Painted on the east side of the south wall of the stone rafter
On the east and west sides of the exterior of the south wall, there is a samurai in the relief painting of an exotic town tomb, with a majestic and vicious appearance, dressed in exotic costumes, bare-chested, barefoot, and holding a trident. The exterior of the west wall is a lateral relief of a seated Buddha near the upper north corner, and no color is applied.
▲ Relief town tomb samurai on the outside of the south wall
▲The Buddha sits on the outside of the stone rafter
Excavated items
The number of relics unearthed from the tomb is relatively small, including 16 pieces of town tomb warrior figurines, town tomb beasts, stone lamps, glazed clay pots, clay pots, clay pots, copper belt ornaments, mica pieces, lacquer plates, etc.
▲ Unearthed pottery
▲Stone lamp
Preliminary understanding
M57 stone carved painted stone rafter tomb, is currently the only Northern Wei period stone carved stone rafter tomb found in Datong City, the tomb owner Sheng Xian Tu, guide map, four gods figure, etc. carved in the chamber have obvious Han Dynasty relics and religious colors, and the hairstyle, appearance, posture, dress, etc. carved on the outside of the south wall of the exotic town tomb warriors, which are obviously different from the Han cultural style, provide new physical materials for the study of ethnic integration and Cultural exchanges between China and the West.
The western pillar of the Ming Dynasty is inscribed with an inscription from the second year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (456 AD), which provides the exact chronology of the tomb. The inscription records that the owner of the tomb was a citizen of Fufeng County, and it can be concluded that the owner of the tomb came from the Hexi region, which coincides with the historical records of the Great Migration of the Population of the Northern Wei Dynasty recorded in the historical books. In particular, the random carving of a suspected seated Buddha statue outside the west wall of M57 may be related to the excavation of the Yungang Grottoes, and further research is still needed to confirm.
▲ Epitaph
Source | Wenbo Shanxi
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