What is history: it is the echo of the past to the future, the reflection of the future on the past. - Hugo
One
There is a historical sentiment that recalls the powerful empires that have appeared on the land of Shenzhou in the past. The Qin Empire, as the first great empire of pioneering significance in the history of the Chinese nation, must be the key object of our remembrance. We often lament the details and aspects of the Qin Empire, we often thank the Qin Empire for the historical imprint and precious wealth left to us, and we often assume that the Qin Empire would not have been like that if it could have been like this. Regardless of all the sighs, thanks, and assumptions, I believe that the most important thing in the hearts of Great Qin fans is why the Tiger and Wolf Master who swept the world and annexed the Six Kingdoms disappeared without a trace during the Qin II period. The entire Great Qin Empire was actually supported by an army of prisoners and slaves temporarily assembled by a zhang handman who was in charge of logistics. This situation is simply more bleak and tragic than "Liao Hua, the great general of Shu Zhong". Even though Wang Li later led the regular qin army stationed in Hebei back to the Central Plains, it no longer had the prestige of the past. Qin Shi Huang completed the unification of the world in 221 BC, Chen Sheng Wu Guangzexiang Uprising broke out in 209 BC, what happened in this short period of thirteen years, so that the Great Qin Empire's tiger and wolf division disappeared, leaving only the bloody smell of smoke and sand under the giant deer city.
The "History of Qin Shi Huang Benji" records: "The First Emperor sent the general Meng Tian to send 300,000 troops to attack Hu in the north, taking henan province slightly. For thirty-three years, he sent out the remnants, sons-in-law, and Jia people to take the land of Liang and Liang for Guilin, Xiang County, and Nanhai, in order to be suitable for dispatch. In the Book of Han, volume 64 of Yan Zhu Wuqiu's father, Xu Yan, the king of Jia Chuan, it is written: "He also made Wei Tu Sui attack the men of the building and the boat, so that the supervisor Lu dug a canal to transport grain, went deep into the land, and the more people fled." The protracted period was protracted, the grain was scarce, and the Yue people attacked it, and the Qin soldiers were defeated. Qin Nai made Wei Tuo (尉佗) the general Shu Yue .e. When it was, the Qin scourge was built in the north by Hu, the south was hung in Yue, and the soldiers were in useless places, and then they could not retreat. For more than ten years, Ding Nan was transferred by A and Ding Nu, suffering from life, passing through the Dao Tree, and the dead looked at each other. and the Qin Emperor collapsed, the world is on the banks of the world. These historical materials all illustrate the whereabouts of the Great Qin army: after Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, he used the tiger and wolf division of the Great Qin Empire for the Northern Expedition of the Xiongnu and the Southern Expedition of the Yue people and fell into the quagmire of foreign wars, so it was "and then can not retreat, the world is on the big side." Therefore, many people in later generations attributed the disappearance of the Great Qin Tiger Wolf Division to the Northern Expedition to the Southern Expedition, lamented that the Northern Expedition army returned to the Central Plains but was destroyed by Xiang Yu in the giant deer, and even more lamented that Zhao Tuo of South Vietnam had divided itself and stood on its own feet without returning to the division to rescue.
In fact, Zhao Tuo said that he was very wronged, because the real tiger and wolf division of the Great Qin Empire had never abandoned his country, let alone left his homeland in Guanzhong and the Central Plains. Whether it was the Hebei army that returned to the Central Plains, or the regular army that remained in Guanzhong and the Central Plains, they all shed their last drops of blood to defend the Great Qin Empire. It's just a pity that the autumn wind is now again, changing the human world.
Two
The 300,000 Northern Expeditionary Army commanded by Meng Tian was indeed part of the Great Qin Tiger Wolf Division. These 300,000 people had participated in the war to unify the world, and they were the elite masters of Zhao Zhao Lao Qin. However, the army of the Southern Expedition Yue people had little to do with the Great Qin Tiger and Wolf Division. My view is as follows: (1) The Description of the Northern Expeditionary Army in the Records of History is: "The First Emperor was the general Meng Tian who sent troops", please pay attention to this "soldier", indicating that Meng Tian was not carrying prisoners and slaves, nor some other non-professional military personnel. The "Chronicle of History" clearly and unambiguously states that the composition of the Southern Expeditionary Army was "the people who sent out the tastes of the dead, the sons-in-law, and the Jia people". It can be seen that the Southern Expeditionary Army was a temporary patchwork, although it was not the same as the composition of the later Zhang Handan Army, but the nature was similar. (2) The "Records of History" records that the Northern Expeditionary Army was 300,000, and the Huainan ZiRenrenXun recorded that there were 500,000 Southern Expeditionary Army. Whether it was 300,000 or 500,000, non-First Emperor's cronies, who had not successfully commanded large-scale battles and had not established military feats, could never have held the military power of the Great Qin Tiger and Wolf Division. Meng Tian ( Meng Tian , a close confidant of the First Emperor , commanded the Battle of Qi , and the official Bai Neishi ( ) , after the shogunate . Whether it was from the bloodline and status, or from the ability and trust, it was reasonable for Meng Tian to grasp the 300,000 tiger and wolf masters of the Great Qin Empire. Assuming that the army of the Southern Expedition was also the elite tiger and wolf division of Great Qin, it was impossible for Tu Sui, Ren Hu or Zhao Tuo to be granted control of the half a million army. Together, none of the three of them could match the weight of Meng Tian and the Meng family in the heart of the First Emperor. Don't say half a million, even the fifty thousand Great Qin Tiger and Wolf Division may not be able to grant these three people command. (3) Assuming that Ren Hu and Zhao Tuo were commanding the Division of the Great Qin Tiger and Wolf, then Zhao Tuo could not have controlled the troops without mutiny when civil unrest broke out in the Central Plains and the survival of the Qin Empire was threatened. Homesickness and the return of fallen leaves to their roots are the eternal traditions of China. These are all the sons and soldiers of Great Qin, their relatives and friends are in their hometown, how can they sit idly by and see death without saving! (4) The northern nomads have been ravaging northern China for a long time, and the Qin people have been dealing with the nomads for a long time, and they know the depth of their combat effectiveness, so they send regular troops to fight and deal with them. The civilization of the Yue people at that time could not catch up with the nomads, and it was still in the period of slash and burn, so the Qin Empire thought that it was enough to send miscellaneous troops to fight. So combining the above four points, I came to the conclusion that the Tiger and Wolf Division of the Great Qin Empire was indeed taken away by Meng Tian and attacked the Xiongnu in the north. The Qin army of the Southern Expedition had nothing to do with the regular army of Great Qin who destroyed the Six Kingdoms. The Tiger and Wolf Division of the Qin Empire retained a certain number of regular troops in Guanzhong and the Central Plains.
So how many troops did the Qin Empire have in the Guanzhong region and the Central Plains? To answer this question, we must first find out how many troops the Qin Empire had during the time of Qin Shi Huang. Looking back at the "Records of History", in the "History of The Biography of Wang Qilie of Baiqi", Wang Qi led 600,000 troops to destroy Chu, of which Wang Qi said a very crucial sentence: "The 600,000 troops in the qin state are the largest number of mobile troops that the qin state can launch." During the Battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao, the State of Zhao sent 400,000 troops, so the number of Qin troops was at least equal to that of the Zhao army. When King Zhao of Qin heard that Bai Qi had cut off the Zhao Army's grain route and wanted to eat the Zhao Army in one bite, the King of Qin had to "send more than fifteen years old to learn about Changping". It shows that the maximum number of mobile troops that can withstand during the qin zhao king period is less than 600,000. Later, the "History of The Biography of The White QiWang QiLie" also mentioned: "Although the present Qin Dynasty broke the Changping Army, more than half of the Qin soldiers died, and the country was empty. It further shows that the total mobile strength of the Qin State at that time was not necessarily much higher than that of the Zhao State, and it would be half a million to break the sky, otherwise it would not be "more than fifteen years old and above." Qin Shi Huang's victory was to stand on the shoulders of Qin Zhaowang, and the national strength of Qin Shi Huang's period was definitely stronger than that of Qin Zhaowang, and the number of troops was more than that of Qin Zhaowang. However, the Qin Zhaowang period has basically completed the qin state to unify the world, and the Qin Zhaowang died in 251 BC, which is only twenty-one years away from the launch of the unification war by Qin Shi Huang, and even if the number of troops in the Qin Shi Huang period has increased, it is impossible to double the growth. Therefore, the number of regular troops that can be used for combat during the Qin Shi Huang period should be around 600,000.
Three
Since the Great Qin Empire's Tiger and Wolf Division had 600,000 people and Meng Tian had taken away 300,000, there were still 300,000 regular troops who disappeared there? In fact, these 300,000 regular armies have never disappeared, they have been in Guanzhong and the Central Plains Guardians of their own empire, they were all alive under Sima Qian's pen, but they were quickly eliminated by various rebel armies and Liu Bang, and finally withdrew from the stage of history.
After Qin Shi Huang unified the world, he "collected the soldiers of the world, gathered the salty sun, and sold them as Chung Tin, the Golden Man Twelve, the Weight of a Thousand Stones, and the Palace of the Imperial Court." "And divide the regular army of Great Qin into two, of which 300,000 are wartime reserves, which is the 300,000 that Meng Tian took away." Another 300,000 troops were used as regular troops in the country, scattered throughout the important cities and passes of the Great Qin Empire. Jia Yi clearly wrote in the "Treatise on Passing the Qin": "The good general guards the key point of the crossbow, and the letter minister is the pawn of Chen Libing and who is he." In fact, in addition to Jia Yi's explicit mention, Sima Qian repeatedly mentioned The domestic conventional army of Great Qin in the "Records of History", but because Xiang Yu was too radiant in the Battle of the Giant Deer, we ignored that Liu Bang and other rebel armies were not vegetarians.
Regarding the 600,000 tiger and wolf divisions of the Great Qin Empire, Xiang Yu annihilated the Hebei army that Wang Li brought back, that is, the wartime reserve army during the Qin Shi Huang period. Liu Bang and other rebels annihilated the conventional qin army that was guarding important cities and passes.
"History of Gao Zu Benji": "Pei Gong and Xiang Yu went to the Yongqiu and fought with the Qin army, broke it, and beheaded Li You." Also attacked the outer yellow, the outer yellow did not fall. "Li Yunai is the son of Li Si, the sheriff of Mikawa County.
"History of Gao Zu Benji": "Pei Gong led his troops to the west, encountered Peng Yue Changyi, and attacked the Qin army with all his strength, and the battle was unfavorable. "It was Li Shiqi as Guangye Jun, li Shang as a general, and Chen Liubing to attack Kaifeng with kaifeng, and Kaifeng was not pulled out." The west and Qin generals Yang Xiong fought the white horse, and then fought against the east, and broke it. Yang Xiong walked to Xingyang, and the second made the messenger beheaded. Attack Yingyang in the south and slaughter it. "South, battle Luoyang East, the army is unfavorable, also to Yangcheng, collect the army in the horse riding, and Nanyang Shou gong battle to the east, broken." Slightly Nanyang County, Nanyang Shou Gong Go, Baocheng Shou Wan. "Because of the attack on Wuguan, break it." He also fought with the Qin army in the south of Lantian, and the banner of the doubtful soldiers was changed, and the Qin people were not plundered, and the Qin people were relieved, because of the great destruction. And the north of the battle, the great destruction. Take advantage of the victory and break it. ”
"History of Cao Xiangguo's Family": "Attack Zhao Ben's army, break it, and besiege Zhao Ben in Kaifeng City." The Western Strike General Yang Xiongjun (杨熊軍) was defeated in Quyu ( 曲遇 ) , and Sima Qin ( 榫 ) and Yushi (御史) were each killed. Moved to Zhi Jue. From attacking Yang Wu, xia yuan, zhen shi, absolute river jin, and returned the corpse of Zhao Ben's army to the north, breaking it. Attacked From the south, he fought with Nanyang Shouyi to battle Yangcheng Guodong, trapped Chen, took Wan, and Yu Yan, and settled Nanyang County. Attack Wuguan and Yaoguan from the west and take it. Before attacking the Qin army south of Lantian, and then attacking its north at night, the Qin army was greatly broken, so it went to Xianyang and destroyed Qin. "Cao San's combat history is completely consistent with Liu Bang's.
"History of Chen Shijia": "In the beginning, King Chen went to Chen, and ordered the general Song Liu to set up troops in Nanyang and enter Wuguan. Nanyang was left behind, King Wen Chen died, and Nanyang was restored to Qin. Song Liu could not enter Wuguan, but went east to Xincai, encountered the Qin army, and Song Liu surrendered to Qin with an army. Qin Chuan stayed in Xianyang, and Che Rift remained in Yan. "At this time, there are innumerable generals who have conquered the earth."
The Qin army encountered by Liu Bang, Cao Shan, Song Liu and others above was by no means Zhang Handan's miscellaneous army and Wang Li's Hebei army, but the domestic conventional army of the Great Qin Empire. Moreover, these conventional armies have a certain degree of combat effectiveness and are not about to collapse at the touch. Liu Bang also attacked the city and lost battles, and Song Liu could not attack Wuguan, but instead gave his life. Therefore, the 300,000 tiger and wolf divisions of Great Qin never disappeared, and they insisted on holding out in xingyang, Nanyang, Kaifeng, Baima, Qudong, Xincai, Wancheng, Wuguan, Lantian, Yangwu, Yaoguan and other important cities and passes, and they fought for the Great Qin Empire to the last moment of their lives.
Four
Why was it that these 600,000 Great Qin Tiger Wolf Divisions were destroyed under the attack of Xiang Yu, Liu Bang and various rebel armies, and lost their former glory. As Jia Yi's "Treatise on Passing qin" said: "Ran Chen is the son of the urn, the man who is subordinate, and the person who migrates; the talent is not as good as the middle man, not the sage of Zhongni, Mo Zhai, Tao Zhu, and the rich of Yi Dun; between the feet and the march, and the stubbornness of the quemo, the pawn of the tired, turning hundreds of people to attack Qin, cutting wood into soldiers, unveiling poles as banners, the world gathers to respond, win grain and follow the scenery." Shandong Haojun rose up and died of the Qin people. "The time is also the same, the First Emperor organ has been exhausted, but unfortunately people are not as good as the heavens."
First of all, let's talk about Wang Li's Hebei National Defense Force. This army is more effective than the domestic conventional army, because it has always been on the hebei side. However, this army suffered the unjust death of the commander-in-chief, and its morale was far inferior to that year, and it had already lost to the Chu army before the battle. In addition, Wang Li's military command level was far inferior to that of Meng Tian, so he lost to the Chu army again. Even so, this army still has a menacing combat effectiveness. What caused the complete destruction of this army was due to Zhang Handan's personal interests to harm Wang Li, and he was separated from Wang Li, and finally caused Wang Li to run out of food and ammunition, and the lone army was destroyed. I will not dwell on this point in this article, interested readers can read my old article "Why did the most elite Hebei National Defense Force of the Qin Empire lose to Xiang Yu in Julu?" The truth is simply terrible! 》。
Let's talk about Great Qin's domestic regular army. During the War of Liberation, why Chiang Kai-shek's army could not defeat our People's Liberation Army. For Chairman Mao taught us that "the main goal is to annihilate the enemy's living forces, not to preserve or seize cities and places as the main goal." Preserving or seizing cities and places is the result of annihilating the enemy's living forces, and it often takes many repetitions to finally preserve or seize them. As the head of the government at that time, Chiang Kai-shek, whether in terms of the image of the national government, or from the interests of the big landlords and the big capitalist class, as well as the human nature of "not willing to lose", he had to disperse his troops to recover every important city and pass, and he also had to disperse his troops to guard every important city and pass. He wanted to keep every inch of land, but in the end he couldn't save anything. However, our People's Liberation Army has no political or ideological baggage, and its goal is to annihilate the living forces, but on the contrary, everyone and everywhere will gain it. In the whole strategy, our army and the enemy are one to ten, but in each specific battle and battle, our army and the enemy are ten to one. So we watched a lot of films from the liberation war, and Chiang Kai-shek asked his subordinates to seek a decisive battle for the main force of our army, and they could not open this dead knot.
Back at the end of the Qin Dynasty, the Great Qin Empire suffered the same pain from Chiang Kai-shek. Qin Shi Huang scattered his army in various cities and passes, thinking that this was the safest. He could have expected that Chen Sheng, Wu Guangzexiang, would shake his arms, and the sparks of stars everywhere in the whole country would be burning. It was difficult for the defenders of each city and the pass to support each other, because each defender of the city had not yet blown cold with his own porridge, and he had no energy to save others. However, the Qin army in each city and pass often encountered rebel armies several times larger than itself. If you are lucky, you will encounter rebel armies with poor combat effectiveness, and you can still break them, such as Wu Guang and Song Liu's generation. However, when encountering several times the fierce horn with himself, he can't hold back even if he hits it with iron, such as encountering Cao Shan and Fan Duo and others. What Qin Shi Huang could not predict was that there was also a problem in the Xianyang center of the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was gone, Meng Yi was gone, Feng Fu was gone, and the humeral ministers he left for his son were gone, leaving only one Zhao Gao. Whether it was the 300,000 regular troops in China or the 300,000 Shubian troops in Hebei, they could not form an effective cooperation and exert the greatest combat group strength on Zhao Gaoshi. Therefore, people are not as good as heavenly calculations, and the First Emperor's organs are too clever, but they have mistaken the life of Qing Qing of the Great Qin Empire.
Jia Yi summed it up well: "One husband is difficult and seven temples are dead, and he is a laughing man in the world. Benevolence and righteousness do not do but attack and defend the situation is different. So Chairman Mao taught us: "What is the real copper wall and iron wall?" It is the masses, the millions of masses who sincerely support the revolution. This is a real copper wall and an iron wall, which cannot be broken by any force, and it cannot be broken at all. "The Great Qin Empire has lost the masses, and even if Bai Qi and Wang Qi regenerate, they may not be able to hold this world."