Jia Yi (200 BC - 168 BC), a native of Luoyang (present-day Luoyang, Henan), political commentator and writer in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, known as Jia Sheng, was talented since childhood, famous in the township, and later used his unworldly talent as a stepping stone, entered the official field, was appreciated by Liu Heng, the emperor of Han Wen, summoned as a doctor, promoted to Taizhong Doctor, in charge of the discussion of the imperial court, And Nai was ostracized by the founding ministers Zhou Bo, Irrigation Baby, and other people, and was demoted from Beijing to serve as the fifth generation of Changsha Wang Wuzhu's taifu, so he was called Jia Changsha. He spent three years on the banks of the Xiang River, and was ordered to return to Beijing as the fourth son of Emperor Wen of Han and the wife of Liu Yi the Prince of Lianghuai, "staying for several years, King Huai rode, fell on his horse and died", Jia Yi felt guilty and blamed himself, grief soaked his bones, "self-injury for Fu Wu, weeping for more than a year, also died" ("History of Qu Yuan Jia ShengLie"), only 33 years old. Tai Shi Gong admired Qu Yuan and Jia Yi's splendid talents, sympathized with their unfortunate experiences, and made a joint biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng Lie for the two in the "Records of History", so that they could be immortalized, and the history was called "Qu Jia".
As a great talent in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Mr. Jia Yi's literary veins were divided into two poles with distinct longitude and latitude along with the turmoil in the political arena -- his early political theories were full of youthful ambitions and grandeur, which could be called sonorous and loud, such as "On Passing the Qin", "Public Security Policy", "On Accumulation and Storage" and other articles, looking at the world, fierce and majestic, imposing like mountains and seas, pervading the heavens and the earth, and the words were like a mighty river, pointing out the country and the mountains. His late words are soaked with the sorrow of being devastated, almost mourning songs, such as "Hanging Qu Yuanfu" and "Bird Fu" and other articles, mourning and tactful, complaining and crying, tears like cold rain, sadness like silk bamboo in the air, making people choke and speechless.
The three articles of "On Passing the Qin" are the leading works of Jia Yi's early political theory, analyzing the faults of the Qin Dynasty, summarizing the lessons of the death of the Second Dynasty, gaining insight into the mysteries of history, exploring the mysteries of history, and thinking that the Han Dynasty has consolidated its rule as a mirror for the Han Dynasty to become a generation of Xiongwen. He said of Qin Xiaogong, "Filial Piety according to the solidity of Kun han, the land of Yongzhou, the monarchs and subjects clinging to the Zhou Room, there is a sweeping world, bao ju Yu Nei, encompassing the meaning of the four seas, and swallowing the heart of the Eight Wilds"; he said of Qin Shi Huang, "and to the First Emperor, Yu Lie of the Sixth Emperor, Zhen Chang Ce and Yu Yu Nei, swallowing the princes of the Second Zhou Dynasty, performing the supreme and making the Liuhe, carrying out the beating and flogging the world, and wei Zhen all over the world." "His historical conclusion is- "The wild proverb says: 'The past is not forgotten, and the teacher of the future is also the teacher.' 'It is a gentleman who is a country, who looks at the ancients, who examines the present world, who participates in personnel affairs, who observes the principles of prosperity and decline, who judges the appropriateness of power, who is orderly when he goes, and who changes in time, so that the time is long and the society is safe. ”
For his early political treatises, the "Records of History" did not reprint, but made a brief overview: "Jia Sheng thought that han xing to xiaowen (emperor wen of Han) for more than twenty years, the world was harmonious, and gudang corrected Shuo, easy to serve color, legal system, fixed official names, Xing li le, nai cao has its own ritual method, color is still yellow, the number is used five, for the official name, the law of the Qin. In the text, "the color is still yellow", advocating the meaning of yellow. Jia Yi believed that the Han Dynasty was Tude, the soil was yellow, and it must still be yellow; "counting five" and adhering to the theory of five elements. The theory of the Five Elements originates from the ancient cult of stars, with gold, wood, water, fire, and earth as the basis for the natural changes in all things in the universe.
However, such a world-renowned talent seems to have a glass heart beating in his chest, and with the political turmoil, his ambition began to wither, and his Guanshi Xiongwen began to swallow, and he bid farewell to his passionate years and entered a world of cold resentment and mourning.
In the fourth year of Emperor Wen's reign (176 BC), Jia Yi was forced to leave the capital and serve as The Prince of Changsha, Wu Zhu, because he was ostracized by the chancellor Zhou Bo and Tai Wei (太尉) and other old courtiers. This Zhou Bo, known in history as "Heavy Thick Shaowen, Thick Dun Du", was a fellow villager of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, who was a funeral trumpeter in his early years, and later followed Liu Bang in rebellion, and was greatly relied upon, and Liu Bang predicted on his deathbed: "Those who are under the an Liu clan will be Bo Ye." After Liu Bang's death, he showed great power, destroyed the Lü clan, supported Emperor Wen, and became a generation of famous courtiers. In his early years, he was a silk fabric vendor, who followed Liu Bang all the way, starting from a peddler and becoming a lieutenant, and later succeeded Zhou Bo as the minister. These two big men of the dynasty, who were bitter babies in their early years, could not tolerate a young talent Jia Yi, kicked him out of the capital and distributed changsha, casting his tragic fate.
Changsha is located in the northeast of Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the Xiang River and the western edge of the Changsha Basin, east of Yichun, Pingxiang, west of Loudi, Yiyang, south of Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, north of Yueyang, belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate. This place is thousands of miles away from the capital Chang'an, and in that era of traffic congestion, its distance is far away and the hardships of tossing and turning can be imagined. "Jia Sheng resigned from the past, smelled the humility of Changsha, thought that his life expectancy would not be long, and also went away, and he did not mean to be self-satisfied" (The History of History). When Jia Yi dragged his tired body, depressed and alone, passing through the Xiang River, the waves in front of him were angry, the river wind was whistling, and the boat was fluttering and undulating on the river, he suddenly thought of Qu Yuan, the predecessor who threw himself into the river and died, and could not help but cry, so he wrote "Hanging Qu Yuanfu" -
Congratulations on Jia Hui Xi, guilty of Changsha. Sideways smell Qu Yuanxi, self-indulgent Miluo. Bow down to Mr. Xiang Liu, Sir. To be reckless in the world is to perish. Woohoo! The timing is ominous. The luan phoenix swooped down, and the owl soared. Tsurugi is honored, and he is defiant. The sages are dragging backwards, and the square is upside down.
I am very fortunate to have received such a great favor, and I have finally come to Changsha. Thinking of Qu Yuan, the doctor of Sanlu, he couldn't help but feel confused. His old man said goodbye to the world here, and went away with the river; to this day, when people think about it, they can't sleep for a long night. And please, please, this river vein flows east, take away my greetings from the bottom of my heart! You have suffered endless slander and humiliation in your old life, and you can only die to see your aspirations. Alas! Born in a sad time, it is your misfortune and the misfortune of all of us. Birds and phoenixes are wandering everywhere, and there are no branches to rely on; owls are soaring in the sky, quacking and crying; those eunuchs are celebrating with their crowns, those shameless little people are flying on the high branches, those virtuous and virtuous people are gray-headed and dirty-faced, but the upright and straight ones have long withered away!
It is said to be followed, yi is sloppy, it is said to be incorruptible, it is said to be incorruptible; Mo evil is blunt, and lead knife is rhapsupt. Silent, life and death. Abandoning Zhou Ding, Bao Kang was embarrassed. Ride the cattle and stomp the donkeys. Ji hangs his ears and wears a salt car. Zhang Fu recommended his performance, and gradually could not be long- Mr. Bitter, leave this alone.
"Sui", Bian Sui, Sage of the Shang Dynasty; "Yi", Boyi, sage of the ancient lone bamboo country; "plantar", thief, great thief of the Spring and Autumn period; "蹻", Zhuang Ji, founder of the State of Dian in the Warring States period. - Oops! This world has been turned upside down, and Bian Sui and Bo Yi have been scolded as greedy people, who defends them? Thieves and Zhuang Were named moral models and won countless fans. The sword of Mo Evil, buried deep in the dirt, is said to be decayed and useless; the curly-bladed lead sword is enshrined as the "Sword of Shangfang", and the people of the world flock to it. These cruel realities, the thoughts of which make people cry like rain, have fallen one after another; sir, you have thrown yourself into the clear stream, and it is also a last resort! The national treasure Zhou Ding was abandoned in the barren hills and was eroded by ants; the ordinary tile pots were treated as treasures and flaunted all day long. The ruler rode in a creaky old ox cart, driving a skinny old yellow cow, breathlessly walking on a desolate path, flanked by two donkeys screaming and screaming, constantly praying and singing; and those horses with four hooves in the air were sent to drag heavy salt trucks; how did the grand crown wear on the feet? Stinky shoes, but the flaunting power was lifted above the head! Oh, sir, you are really unfortunate, you were born in such a bad era, encountered those unspeakable scourges, only blame your own fate is not good, but no wonder the wise leader - King Chu Huai!
Anthob: That's it! The country is not known to me, and who is the language of the country? The phoenix drifted away from its heights and faded away. Attack the nine abyss of the god dragon Xi, deep dive to cherish themselves. The otter hides in the shadows, and the husband from the shrimp and the leech? The god of the noble saints is virtuous, far away from the world and self-hidden. So that qi ji can be tied and bound, is it not a strange husband and a sheep? They are especially away from this, and they are also the reason for the master. After all the nine states and the same king, why should they cherish this? The phoenix soared in a thousand and ones, and The virtues of the sun descended. See the danger of the virtues, and go away from the distant attack. How can he tolerate the great fish that swallows the boat of filth? The whales of the Hengjiang Lake will be fixed on the ants.
Alas, forget it! Since no one knows me, why should I hesitate here? The phoenix has spread its magnificent wings and flew up to the ninth heaven, why don't I follow her footsteps? O dragon in the abyss, has sunk to the bottom of the water to avoid the attack of the wind sword and frost sword; stay away from the pests of the otter, find a pure place to inhabit the wandering soul, where there are no corrupt officials and evil officials, no greed and absurdity, no toads, leeches, earthworms and the like around you. Let my fidelity burn in my heart like a flame, and let me enjoy the pleasures of the sublime and infinite alone; let my thoughts soar like wild horses, and do not let my thoughts turn into dogs and sheep, kneeling at the feet of authority. You are loyal and loyal, you have dedicated your life to the king of Huai, and you have sworn to die unswervingly, and you do not hesitate to show your heart with death, but in fact, there is no need; because, in front of the king's throne, we are just ants, foolish and obsessive, and can only become the laughing stock of the world. "If you have been in all nine states and have been a king, why should you cherish this?" The phoenix soared in a thousand and ones, and The virtues of the sun descended. "You can travel the world in search of a king who appreciates you, like a phoenix soaring above the blue sky, flying, flying, only to find the bright king who shines with holy light, and then land for it and dedicate himself to it." However, you must be extremely careful, once you find signs of danger, quickly pat your ass and leave, just because, his stinking little ditch, where can he accommodate the dragon in the lower abdomen? - Wake up! Otherwise, you, a giant whale that runs rampant, is destined to be bullied by villains like ants!
Jia Yi spent three years in Changsha, during which he was full of joys and sorrows, myths, and needless to say; one day, a bird (commonly known as an owl) broke the window, and his eyes widened in anger, standing next to the seat, "Owl like an owl, an ominous bird also." He couldn't help but mourn alone, so he composed "The Bird Fu" to express the depression and unfairness in his chest. This is a strange article, in the unique way of "imagining" between man and bird, but it explores the philosophical propositions of the mysterious and mysterious gods. "Wild birds enter the house, the master will go", the birds enter the house, why did they come? The master panicked and was about to leave, but where was he going? I don't know why, so I asked Mr. Bird, "Where to go?" Ji Hu sued me, and said that it was a disaster. "The master was flustered and asked how the ji ji was coming?" The bird sighed, raised its head and raised its wings; the mouth could not speak, please speak to the bird" - the bird sighed, flapped its wings with its head held high, and spoke aggressively, hatefully unable to speak, but could only "make it right". Mr. Bird said: "Everything changes, and there is no rest." Mediate and move, or push and return. The shape of the qi continues to change, change and worm. Mu Mu is infinite, Hu Kesheng is victorious. It says: The changes of all things in the world, or yin, or yang, or causes, or effects, are noisy and endless; the laws of earthly operation, or pushing, or moving, or returning, or returning, are repeated and indefinite, infinitely changing; the exchange of form and qi in space, blending, alternating, intersecting, changing, ever-changing, endless. Since the world is so wandering, the world is so cloudy and unsustainable, and life is so beginningless and endless, why should you be too attached?
"His life is like a float, his death is like a rest, his water is like the stillness of the abyss, and it is like a boat that is not tied." They do not treasure themselves by virtue of their lives, but cultivate emptiness and float; the virtuous people are not tired, and they know their fate and do not worry. Why is it doubtful! "Mr. Bird knows: If life is a dream, floating ocean, dead and alive have a destiny, why should it be in vain; the transformation of life, like an abyss, silent and silent, the backwater is slightly silent, the vastness is like the wind blowing through Kunlun, the floating boat is not tied to the sea, turning around in the whirlpool, and then the dust is gone, silent. The enlightened one is not involved in all things in the world, as if he were alone; the enlightened one does not worry about fate, but is indifferent to everything. Such a trivial matter as a bird flying into the window, where is it worth your doubts, sir! ----------------- Its mysterious thoughts are difficult to find, and its changing text is tactful and uncertain, no wonder Tai Shi Gong sighed: "Reading "Bird Endowment", with death and life, lightly go, and feel at ease! ”
As the saying goes, as soon as the master makes a move, he knows whether there is one or not. Mr. Jia Yi's two short essays have inadvertently become the early masterpieces of Han Fu and have become a classic of the literature of the times. "Wenxin Carved Dragon Interpretation Fu": "Han Chu resigned, went down the river, Lu Jia buckled his end, Jia Yi zhen qixu, Mei Ma with its wind, Wang Yang galloped his momentum." Several of the people Liu Xun mentioned here are pioneers created by Han Fu. Lu Jia was the first thinker in the Western Han Dynasty to vigorously advocate Confucianism, and put forward the concept of "practicing benevolence and righteousness, practicing the law before holiness, combining etiquette with law, and ruling without doing anything", which laid the ideological foundation for the later Han Wu Emperor to promote the "deposing of a hundred families and respecting Confucianism alone"; he took the lead in writing Han Fu, Followed by Jia Yi, and Sima Xiangru came to the top and continued to carry it forward, Wang Bao and Yang Xiong took advantage of the momentum, and stirred up the waves -- these Han Fu people, like stars, shone in the sky of the time of Emperor Wu of Han.
In the late Tang Dynasty, the famous poet Li Shangyin, who had never met Huai Cai, felt Jia Yi's unfortunate encounter and sighed: "The Xuanfu Room asked for meritocracy to visit and expel the courtiers, and Jia Shengcai was even more ruthless. Poor night half empty front seat, do not ask the heavens to ask the ghosts and gods. ”
This poem "Jia Sheng" originates from the "Xuanfu Night Pair" section recorded in the "History of Qu Yuan's Biography of Jia Sheng": "After the years and years, Jia Sheng was seen. Emperor Xiaowen was appointed to sit in the propaganda room. The upper body asks the ghost god because of the ghost god thing. Jia Sheng is natural because of the Tao. In the middle of the night, Emperor Wen sat in front of him. Having said, "I have not seen Jia Sheng for a long time, and I think I am too much, but now I am not enough." ’”
In the text, "receiving the li" refers to the fact that after the emperor sent someone to sacrifice or the county sacrifice, the remaining meat was honored to the emperor to show his blessing, which was called the receiving ceremony; "Xuan Room", the main room of the front hall of Weiyang Palace. That day, Emperor Wen had just been "affected", a little excited, sitting in the propaganda room to summon Jia Sheng, by the way asked about the ghost god, the two talked about the middle of the night, Emperor Wen leaned forward, urged the knee to talk, sent Jia Sheng away, Emperor Wen sighed, said that he had not seen Jia Sheng for a long time, did not expect that he was still so learned. At this meeting, after Li Shangyin's "ulterior motives" were written in poetry, a strong sense of irony immediately appeared -- Emperor Wen of Han claimed to be seeking talents and appealed to the old ministers who had been exiled to the rivers and lakes to offer advice and advice, but after talking with Jia Sheng for most of the night, all he talked about was the matter of ghosts and gods, and he did not say anything about the national economy and the people's livelihood. Heck, the emperor's so-called "seeking talents" is nothing more than Ye Gonghaolong. nothing more.
(Image from the web.) Invasion and deletion)