The author of this article is Huang Qiang
CCTV's hit TV series "Knife Line in the Snow" is a martial arts overhead drama, borrowing history as a shell, the author casually imagines dynasties and fabricates plot stories. This excused the fabrication of history, and gave play to the endless imagination of the authors and their choreographers, "only I think of it, there is nothing I can't do." Since it is an overhead drama, we may not be able to strictly investigate the mistakes of its era and the confusion of historical facts, but we can talk about history in terms of plot and see how true and how many points are false in "The Knife In the Snow"
The plot of "The Sword In the Snow" is in the era of the use of wooden wheeled carriages, hereditary system of infidelity, border wars, and the territory of ethnic groups and kings with different surnames, such as the Northern Starling and the Northern Barbarians. It belongs to a period of dynastic change and frequent wars, which can be roughly calculated as the Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties period. However, it also combines the stories and characters of many dynasties such as Wei and Jin, Sui and Tang, Song jin, Ming and Qing, Wang Xianzhi, Zhao Huangchao, Yu Youwei, etc., with some points and innuendos. Novels can play the imagination, the imagination is in the sky, but the pen can not be infinitely played, the novel involving history is related to the era in which it is located, and it cannot believe in the reins of the horse and create mistakes.
[Figure 1, stills of "Knife Row in the Snow"】
First, the name of the imperial examination "Tanhua" appeared in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
In the play, there is the role of Lin Tanhua of the Lin family in Hedong, the so-called Tanhua is the third place in the first class of the Keju era, commonly known as Tanhualang. The imperial examination is China's unique system of selecting talents and officials. It has a history of more than 1,300 years and has a great impact. However, there must be a system of examinations, so that there are jinshi, as well as the first rank of the champion, the eye of the list, and the three dingjia of the tanhua. There is no mention of tanhua in the non-imperial examination era. The Chinese imperial examination system was born in the Sui and Tang dynasties. The imperial examination began in the third year of the Sui Dynasty Emperor's great cause (607), and to the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), which explicitly abolished the imperial examination, which lasted for nearly 1,300 years, during which a total of about 110,000 jinshi appeared, and there were three people in the first and third divisions, each of whom was a member of the first and third divisions, and there were only about 700 people in the three branches, and there were only about 700 people in the three dingjia.
【Figure 2, Nanjing China Imperial Examination Museum】
The name "Tanhua" first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, but at that time it did not refer to the third place of the temple trial jinshi, but it was just a joke and had nothing to do with the ranking of the first place. The Tang Dynasty scholar Li Nao wrote in the "Chronicle of the Qin Dynasty": "The first feast of the jinshi apricot garden is called the feast of exploring flowers. The two messengers, as the messengers of the flowers, traveled all over the famous garden, and if others folded the flowers first, the two messengers were punished. The Song dynasty Wei Tai also recorded in the "Records of Dongxuan": "Jinshi and the first, the regular period of the collection in January, a total of fines and money to play the feast, everything is asked to be divided in the same year, and the youngest two are selected as tanhua envoys, poetry, the world's tanhua lang." "In the Tang Dynasty, there was a grand celebration and a flower exploration feast was held in the apricot garden. In advance, the two youngest and most handsome of the same list of soldiers were selected as tanhua envoys. Visit famous gardens and pick flowers along the way. Then he wrote a poem in Qionglin Garden and greeted him with flowers. This activity continued until the end of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty poet Meng Jiao, a 46-year-old high school scholar, was so excited that he wrote the poem "After Dengke": "In the past, filthy was not exaggerated, and now there is no end to debauchery." The spring breeze is proud of the horseshoe disease, and the Chang'an flowers are seen in one day. It is understood that Kou Zhun, the prime minister of the early Northern Song Dynasty, did tanhualang.
[Figure 3, Lin Tanhua in "The Knife Line in the Snow"]
The third place in the exclusive examination of Tanhua began in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and in the late Southern Song Dynasty, the third jinshi was renamed Tanhua, and at the same time, the list of eyes became the proper name of the second place. Therefore, as the three special names of the Three Dingjia, Zhuangyuan, Bangyan and Tanhua were synthesized in the Southern Song Dynasty. Shang Yanjun, who was the deputy director of the Central Research Museum of Literature and History, was the temple temptation flower of the last branch of the Qing Dynasty Guangxu Thirty Years (1904).
【Figure 4, Wax figure of the imperial examination (photo by Huang Mutian)】
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was no imperial examination, so why "explore flowers"? In the play, Lin Tanhua specifically refers to the third place in the imperial examination, which must be after the Southern Song Dynasty or the Southern Song Dynasty, and obviously refused to be during the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Second, line-bound books should appear in the Song Dynasty
In the play, the Western Chu princess Jiang Ni, after the country was broken by mountains and rivers, became the maid of Xu Fengnian, the son of the Northern Starling, responsible for drying books once a month, and the play was a line bound book. The ancients used line-bound books, which is everyone's general knowledge, in fact, line-bound books appeared in the Song Dynasty, before the books were bamboo jane, as well as paper scrolls, albums.
【Figure 5, Princess Jiang Ni of Western Chu in the play】
Line-bound books are the ancient Chinese paper book binding method, paper was invented in the Han Dynasty, there is a Han Dynasty Cai Lun papermaking said. Paper books went through two stages: scrolls and albums, and the Han and Tang dynasties only had books in the form of scrolls.
Before the invention of printing, books were mainly manuscripts. Engraving appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, and book printing was developed. In the Song Dynasty, a variety of book binding methods began to appear, butterfly binding, bag back loading, and line bound books were also produced in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the plot of the book in "The Sword Line in the Snow" must be the earliest song dynasty, which has nothing to do with the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
【Figure 6, Line Bound Book】
Third, there can be pants pleats in the play
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Long-sleeved Shirt was popular, the so-called "Bo Belt". This period was the period of the great migration of the peoples of the north and the south, and the technology, culture and clothing of the north and the south blended and influenced. In my book "The Wardrobe of the Six Dynasties", I specifically discuss the emergence and influence of trouser pleats.
[Figure 7, Huang Qiang's "The Bandwidth of The Commercial Press" (published by the Commercial Press)]
The trouser pleated clothing originated from the north, and after being introduced to the south, it was improved and promoted to become the main costume of the southern dynasty, and then spread to the north and the north. This kind of trouser pleated clothing, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, and used this dress as a dress for the dynasty, that is, the shape of wide-sleeved and large-mouth pants, which in turn affected the northern clothing.
【Figure 8, Northern Dynasty trousers and pants folded brick depiction (Huang Mutian color)】
When the trouser pleats first entered the south, they were mainly used as emergency clothing, light clothing in battle, and were used for night walking and tight fighting. Later, it became men's civilian clothes. At this time, men's civilian clothes are represented by pants pleats. The characteristics of the trouser pleats are not in its pleats (short tops) but in its pants; this kind of trouser pleats is what the history books call "the straight width of the hakama is the mouth", also known as the large hakama. For the convenience of movement, the hakama tube is lifted upwards on the knee and the knot is bound with a strap. The figures in the portrait bricks excavated from the tombs of the Southern Dynasty such as Deng County, Henan, and Xiangyang, Hubei Province, all wear such pants folds.
【Figure 9, Eastern Wu Tomb Excavation Figure Celadon Standing Samurai Pants Pleated Suit】
The shape of the pants pleats, Mr. Shen Congwen believes: "The basic style must include a shirt or jacket with large and small sleeves that can be knee-length, and the size of the trousers with knees tied. The crotch is covered inside (or outside) the upper shirt. "With the characteristics of Xu Fengnian walking in the play, it is possible to wear, and it is certain to wear pants and pleats, because the action is convenient."
Fourth, Xu Xiao's python costume python pattern five claws mistake
Xu Xiao, the King of the Northern Starlings, saw that the emperor had a ceremonial dispute with Liu Tiren, the chancellor of Sanpin, Yinqing Guanglu, and he changed into a python suit and claimed that I was the prince, and my python suit was a five-clawed python, not a four-clawed python.
【Figure 10, Xu Xiao in the play】
There are two errors here. Python clothing, a kind of dress for civil and military officials in the Ming and Qing dynasties, got its name because of the python pattern embroidered. The Ming Dynasty called python clothes, the Qing Dynasty called python robes, the author put forward the concept of python clothes in the humble "History of Chinese Costume Painting", that is, python clothes and python robes merged into python clothes.
First, the python robe is a costume that only existed in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which belonged to the emperor's clothing and could not be worn unless it was specially given. Where were python costumes during the Wei and Jin dynasties?
Second, it confuses the difference between python pattern and dragon pattern. The python costume is a noble garment second only to the dragon robe, because the python pattern is similar to the dragon pattern.
[Figure 11, Ming Dynasty Dai Zhan Horn Weaving Golden Python Robe Wang Jun's Portrait]
The python clothes of the Ming Dynasty were first used by the emperor's close subjects, and the Ming Shi Youfu Zhi III records: "After Yongle, the eunuchs were around the emperor, and they must be dressed in python clothes, made like dragging, embroidered pythons on the left and right, tied with luan belts, and this Yanju costume." The second is the flying fish, but it is used for the service. Noble and useful, give pythons, wen and martial arts are not easy to get. The Ming Dynasty cabinet gave python clothes, which began during the Hongzhi period, and the "Allusions chronicle" recorded: "The cabinet did not give pythons in the old days, and in the sixteenth year of Hongzhi, liu jian, Li Dongyang, and Xie Qian, who were specially given university scholars, each attacked." The python begins here. "The Great Marshal gave the python, first with Shangshu Wang Ji (王骥 was later the official Shangshu, about after Xuande and the Orthodox Dynasty), and later, Qi Jiguang was given the python robe for his merits in Pingwu.
The difference between a dragon and a python, five claws is a dragon, four claws are pythons, used in the prince's clothing must go to a claw, called a python. In other words, the dragon pattern is similar to the python pattern, the difference is only in the five claws and four claws, the prince python suit can only be four claws, changed to the Northern Starling King Xu Xiao to the Ming Dynasty, the python dress can only be a four-clawed python suit, can not wear a five-clawed dragon robe.
The prince of the Qing Dynasty, not a king with a different surname, the prince made up the embroidery, not to note that it is not a python costume, the "Qing History Draft · Youfu Zhi" recorded: "embroidery five-clawed golden dragon four regiments, front and back of the dragon, two shoulders of the dragon"; the king of the county supplement "embroidered five-clawed dragon four regiments, two shoulders front and back one. ”
Using dragon patterns and wearing dragon robes is a capital offense. The imperial family of the capital paid close attention to Xu Xiao's movements and assassinated Xu Fengnian, the son of the world, in order to provoke the rebellion of the Northern Starling, and it was enough to use the dragon pattern.
Fifth, the Northern Barbarian Woman Nangong wore a Ming Dynasty net scarf
The Nangong, a northern barbarian woman who protected shizi Xu Fengnian all the way, wore a net scarf, which was not the drapery hat and scarf of the Tang Dynasty's Hu women, but the popular net towel of the Ming Dynasty.
【Figure 12, Nangong wears a net scarf in the play】
Mesh towel, also known as net. A bundle of hair for an adult man in the Ming Dynasty. Usually woven with black silk rope, horsetail or brown silk, it is also made of silk cloth. During the Wanli period, it was transformed into human hair and horse mane knotting. Men in the Ming Dynasty could only wear a net towel when they were at home, and when they went out, they needed to wear a hat on the net towel, otherwise it would appear rude.
【Figure 13, Ming Dynasty net towel (Huang Mu tianshi color)】
The popularity of the net towel is said to have been initiated by Ming Taizu Hongwu in the early years. Mingren Lang Ying's "Seven Revision Drafts" said: "Taizu walked a little day, the gods were optimistic, and there were Taoist monks who knotted nets under the lamp. Q: What is this? Right: mesh towel, used to wrap the head, then all hair is in order. Tomorrow, there will be a summons to the Daoist priests, ordained to be Daoist officials, and to take the thirteen tops of the scarf and issue them to the world, so that all people will be wrapped up in all the nobles and lows. ”
The shape of the net scarf is similar to that of a fishing net, and the mouth of the net is edged with a cloth veil, commonly known as the edge. The edges are decorated with small rings made of metal, which run through the rope belt and the rope belt is tightened, and it can be about hair. In the upper part of the mesh towel, there are also round holes, and embellished with rope belts, when used, the hair bun is passed through the round holes, and the rope belt is tied with a rope belt, which is called "unification of the Jiangshan"; around the time of the Ming Dynasty, the upper mouth rope belt was omitted, and only the lower mouth was tied, named "lazy net". After the death of the Ming Dynasty, its system was abolished.
6. The TiefuTu grafted from the Song and Jin dynasties to the Wei and Jin dynasties
In the play, there are 350,000 iron horses in the north starling, and the elite of them is the iron floating tu mentioned in the play.
[Figure 14, Armor in "Sword In the Snow"
Tiefutu is a heavily armored cavalry in Chinese military history, appearing during the Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. I have studied TiefuTu and published the book "Huangsha Hundred Battles Wearing Golden Armor", which discusses the history of Chinese military costumes.
[Figure 15, Huang Qiang's "Huangsha Hundred Battles Wearing Golden Armor" (published by the Commercial Press)]
"Tiefutu" refers to a heavily armored cavalry unit in which both man and horse are armored, similar to the armor of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Biography of Song Shi Liu Zheng says: "During the Great War of Fang, (Jin) Wushu wore white robes, rode on armor and horses, and oversaw the battle with three thousand soldiers, and the soldiers were heavily armored, with the number 'Iron Float Map'; wearing iron pockets, Zhou Za embellished with long eaves." The three of them are in the company, and they follow Weisso, and every step forward is to reject the horse, and the people who go further, and the refusal of the horse is also advanced, and it is impossible to retreat. The officers and men removed their pockets with gun marks, cut off their arms with large axes, and smashed their heads. ”
【Figure 16, Jin Dynasty Iron Floating Tu Armor】
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the heavy cavalry of the Jin Army posed a great threat to the Song Army because people wore heavy armor and horses, and the Song Army also promoted heavy armor among the infantry, and its weight was divided into two kinds, the light one was thirty-seven pounds and one hundred and twenty-two, and the heavy one was fifty-eight pounds and one or two. Such heavy armor, for the Jin Army's cavalry is not heavy, by the horse to bear the weight, not to mention the Jin Army riding with two horses in turn to load, but for the Song Army infantry traveling on two legs is too heavy, before the engagement, physical strength is almost consumed, its mobility, combat effectiveness can not be well played out, and the Jin Army heavy cavalry battle has an undefeated reason?
【Figure 17, Golden Man Cavalry and Harness Suit】
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some people wore armor and horses with armor, which were far less powerful than the iron harriers of the Later Western Xia, the abducted horses of the Jin Dynasty, and the iron floating tu. The Western Xia, Liao, and Jin Dynasties repeatedly invaded the Central Plains and fought against the Song Dynasty for decades, relying on the combat effectiveness of heavy cavalry armies.
Note: This article is the original work of Professor Huang Qiang of Penguin and may not be reproduced without the consent of the author himself. Contact the author WeChat njhuangqiang. "Huang Qiang's Clothing History" was listed in the short content category of Tencent News Excellent Knowledge Officer Monthly List.
Huang Qiang, the words do not stop. Gold scholar, costume historian, literary critic. He has published nearly 20 works such as "The Chronicle of the Plum Wind and Materials of the Golden Bottle", "Embroidered Luo Clothes Illuminate the Late Spring", "Huangsha Hundred Battles Wearing Golden Armor", "Fun Republic of China", "Those Things Of literati buying property", "The Old Scenery of Nanjing Disappeared" and so on.