【Material】 Zizhi Tongjian Han Ji Xiaoxian Emperor Jian'an 14th year 209 AD
Sun Quan besieged Hefei for a long time. Quan Led a light horse to rush to the enemy, and Changshi ZhangHong said: "The husband of the soldier is a murderous weapon, and the warrior is also in danger." Now the arrogance of his subordinates, the sudden rape of the prisoners, and the multitudes of the three armies are not chilling.
Although the flag will be slashed and the enemy field will be threatened, this is the responsibility of the general, and it is not appropriate for the lord to do so. May the courage of inhibition, the courage of nurturing, and the plan of the overlord be cherished. "The right is over. Cao Cao sent the general Zhang Xi to relieve the siege, but did not arrive for a long time. Yangzhou don't drive the Chu state Jiang Jimi white thorn history, pseudo-Happy Book, Yunbu rode forty thousand to Yan Lou, sent the master book to welcome the joy. Three envoys were sent to the city to guard the city, one was allowed to enter the city, and the second was obtained by the quan soldiers. Quan Xinzhi, burn around.
[Translation] Sun Quan attacked Hefei for a long time. Sun Quan wanted to lead a light horse assault, and Changshi ZhangHong dissuaded him: "Soldiers are murderous weapons, warriors are in danger, and now the general relies on Chibi's sharp spirit and despises the fierce enemy.
Even if you can capture the flag and Kerry is in full swing, it's a general's job, not the manager's job. May you restrain your courage a little and have the strategy of the king who conquers the world. Sun Quan dispelled the idea of charging the front.
Cao Cao sent the general Zhang Xi to lead troops to rescue Hefei, but did not arrive for a long time. Jiang Ji, a Native of Yangzhou, secretly suggested to the Yangzhou Assassins: "You can pretend to receive a letter from Zhang Xi, claiming that the 40,000 people who have walked and rode have reached Yan lou and have sent the master book to meet Zhang Xi." ”
Jiang Ji also sent messengers with letters to try to infiltrate the city of Hefei to inform the guards, one of the messengers successfully rushed to the city, and the other two were captured by Sun Quan's men, Sun Quan believed this information, and quickly burned the siege equipment and withdrew.
【Analysis】First, about Hefei
The "Minutes of Reading the History of Fang Public Opinion" :(Luzhou) is huai right gag throat, Jiangnan lips and teeth. From the great river to the north, you can get Hefei, you can ask Shen and Cai in the west, and Xu and Shou in the north, and compete for victory over the Central Plains; if you get Hefei in the Central Plains, you can strangle the south of the river and pick up its back.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the Wu people tried to fight for it. Wei Lord Rui said: The former emperor placed Hefei in the east, Xiangyang in the south, and Qishan in the west, and the thieves came to break under the three cities, and the land must be disputed. In the life of The Last Wu, he could not get the size of Huainan, and took Hefei as Wei Shouye.
In the north-south confrontation, the western front took Qishan (around present-day Li County, Gansu) and Hanzhong as the land for the land, where the family of the Yunheng Qinling Mountains was, the snow embraced the blue pass and the horses were not moving forward, and the Shu Han needed to cross the Qin Mountains when entering guanzhong.
As far as crossing the Qinling Mountains is concerned, the first-line march of Qishan mountain is relatively flat, suitable for large troops to carry military supplies, and other small roads do not have such good marching conditions.
Therefore, as long as the north held the qishan line, the Troops of the Shu Han Dynasty could not invade on a large scale, and then lacked the ability to attack the strongholds and logistical supply capabilities, so it became less worrying and difficult to last.
Therefore, zhuge Liang, in carrying out the glorious tasks of the Central Plains in Northern Ding and the Revival of the Han Dynasty, repeatedly competed with Cao Wei for the first line of Qishan Mountain, because the troops who came out of Shu from other small roads carried extremely limited military resources and logistics, and thus their capabilities were limited.
As for Hanzhong, it is a barrier for Shu Han, needless to say, if in the case of Cao Wei occupying Hanzhong, Shu Han would not dare to bypass Hanzhong and directly go out of the Qi Mountains to go north to the Central Plains, because the logistics would be interrupted by the enemy forces in Hanzhong, and the logistics of the disparity in strength was broken by two bread clips, and the Shu army would really starve to death in the mountains to feed the wolves.
In the north-south confrontation, the central line takes Xiangyang as the point of contention, Xiangyang is the northern gate of Jingzhou, the geographical situation needless to say, Cao Wei pinched Xiangyang, Jingzhou opened the door, just like the sword of Damocles hanging on Guan Yu's head, it may fall at any time, but it does not know when it will fall, so it is always on guard.
If Xiangyang was in Guan Yu's hands, Guan Yu was guarding Xiangyang and all of Jingzhou, he could plot against Xuchang in Nanyang, and he could retreat to the enemy outside the Han River, so when Xiangyang was in danger, Cao Cao's first reaction was to consider moving the capital and taking away Emperor Xian of Han in Xuchang.
In order to take the Xiangfan area, Guan Yu did not hesitate to mobilize the defensive forces of Jiangling and attacked with all his might, and finally Sun Quan betrayed the alliance, Lü Meng crossed the river in white, Nan County was lost, and Guan Yu fell into the fate of Maicheng.
In the confrontation between the north and the south, the battle for the eastern front took Hefei as the tug-of-war, and in the fifty years after the Battle of Chibi, the battle for Hefei alone was fought six times, which not only achieved Jiang Ji's Feishu to retreat from the enemy, but also shaped the prestige of Zhang Liao's crying, of course, the legend of Sun Shiwan began to circulate in the rivers and lakes, and they all had a good future.
The six large-scale military expeditions of the Eastern Wu regime to fight for Hefei in the fifty years are precisely the reflection of Hefei's strategic position in the confrontation between the north and the south, and in general, the reason why Sun Quan did not get Hefei's vow not to give up was actually the same as qishan on the western front and Xiangyang on the central line.
Guarding the river must guard Huaihuai, this is well-known military common sense, if the ancient Chinese southern regime wants to defend the territory, there is a possibility of marching into the Central Plains, just rely on the Yangtze River defense line is not enough. This is because the Yangtze River is too close to the southern hinterland and lacks sufficient strategic depth; and the Yangtze River defense line is too long, which is not conducive to the centralized mobilization of troops, so there is a saying in traditional Chinese military geography that "to defend the river must be defended".
The Huai River defense line is not just a Huai River, but a system of horizontal and vertical network distribution. The Huai River defense line has a total of three lines: the eastern line is along the Huai'an and Yangzhou Canals, the central line is bengbu, Chuzhou and Liuhe Counties, and the western line is Shou County, Hefei, and Hexian County. In this system, Hefei's importance to the western front is the first.
Because Hefei curbed the water supply of Chao Lake, for Cao Cao, if he operated Hefei well, he could train water troops to invade the Yangtze River in Chao Lake, which was tantamount to having the opportunity to challenge the control of the Eastern Wu waterway, and the northern regime was more convenient in logistics because of the waterway transportation of Chao Lake.
Therefore, in order to curb Cao Wei's advantage in occupying Hefei, Lü Meng directly set up a dock fort at the outlet of the Shishui river flowing into the Yangtze River, which is known as the Shukou Pass, cutting off the possibility of chaohu water division entering the Yangtze River.
For Sun Quan is the same, The Eastern Wu Water Division is the first in the world, can follow the Yangtze River into Chao Lake to attack Hefei, once successful, Sun Quan can continuously transport the sons and grain and grass materials of Jiangdong into Hefei through the Yangtze River, and then use Hefei as a springboard through the Slight huai River Basin, once Sun Quan has established a foothold in the Huai River Valley, with the Huaisi army source, Eastern Wu's land combat capabilities have been greatly improved, then it is really not certain who will die.
Therefore, in order to prevent Sun Quan from succeeding, Cao Cao directly abandoned the old city of Hefei on the banks of the Shishui River, and built a new city of Hefei far away from the river, so as to weaken the role of the Eastern Wu water army in the siege battle.
Second, on the withdrawal of troops
In the materials, it is said that Jiang Jifei wrote a book to withdraw from the enemy and Sun Quanzhong planned to withdraw troops, but in fact, I think otherwise, although the result is a fact, but the fundamental reason is not because of Jiang Ji's letters, but for another reason.
According to the false information that Jiang Ji deliberately spread, Zhang Xibu had already reached Yanlou on a 40,000-strong horse, but in fact, he was very good at knowing it, not to mention that he could not see through it, and with Sun Quan's IQ, at least he would be suspicious and suspect that the intelligence was untrue.
The first is the problem of 40,000 troops and horses to come to the rescue, when Cao Cao was retreating from Chibi and withdrawing his troops to the hinterland of the Central Plains, and it was possible to temporarily send 40,000 troops to rescue Hefei halfway.
But the problem is that with forty thousand foot and horsemen, with Cao Cao's style of acting, the leading general will not be Zhang Xi, and zhang Xi will also be. The entire Romance of the Three Kingdoms also appeared once in the material, there was no battle achievement before, and he was not a close confidant, how could Cao Cao let him lead forty thousand troops, and there were cavalry.
How is this possible?
It should be known that later in the Battle of Xiangfan, Guan Yu flooded the Seventh Army, and the total number of Yu Forbidden Seven Armies was only 30,000, which was still a little late; the Second Battle of Hefei, that is, the Xiaoyaojin time, Zhang Liao, Li Dianle, entered three generals, and the command of the army was only 7,000, and the 7,000 defended the city against 100,000.
Zhang Xi, whose name is unknown, has no history of the Great War, how could Cao Cao let him lead 40,000 troops to rescue Hefei? A person who had no performance before, did Cao Cao dare to give him 40,000 troops to let him go to the waves? Is Zhang Xi even better than Zhang Liaoyu?
Don't say Zhang Xi, even if he is a Pi Gongzi, Cao Cao can't do this even if he is stupid.
Followed by the feishu information problem, Yan Lou, now Gushiye, Henan, I press the "Atlas of Chinese History", this is a 1CM:40KM map, and the straight-line distance from Yanlou to Hefei is about 3.5CM, that is, 140 kilometers.
This is at least a week away from the infantry march, according to the speed at which the cavalry set out from Xiangyang to pursue Liu Bei in The Changshan slope of Dangyang day and night, the cavalry will almost take a day and a night to arrive, what do you Sun Quan panic?
Finally, there is the advantage of the water army of Eastern Wu, you Sun Quan is along the Yangtze River into chao lake against the current, there are warships in the river, even if the intelligence is true, even if the reinforcements arrive after the enemy, board the boat and run away, the other side of the Central Plains dry duck can tolerate you? Why run so fast?
And what about the actual situation?
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms": Thirteen years after Jian'an, Sun Quan led the crowd to besiege Hefei. When the army invaded Jingzhou and encountered an epidemic, the general Zhang Xidan was sent to ride a thousand horses and lead the Runan soldiers to break the siege, which was quite rehabilitated.
The actual situation was that Cao Cao's troops were plagued and were unable to rescue Hefei at all, so they sent Zhang Xi alone to lead thousands of troops and bring local soldiers from Runan to rescue Hefei.
It can be seen that Jiang Jifei's book is full of mistakes and omissions, and the reason why Sun Quan withdrew from the army is not because he has won Jiang Ji's brilliant plan, but because he has other considerations.
So, what is the real situation? In fact, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms explained very clearly, it was the great plague during the Jian'an years, and Cao Cao's soldiers were tortured by the plague and had no combat effectiveness, so the march was slow, so Zhang Xi's reinforcements did not arrive for a long time.
Cao Pi's "Book with Wu Quality": "In the past years, the epidemic, the relatives and the death of many people left their disasters, Xu, Chen, Ying, Liu, all died for a while, the pain can be said to be evil?
Sun Quan did not fail to see through Jiang Ji's false information, but was afraid of the plague of Cao Jun, because many of Zhang Xi's troops carried the plague, which was about the same as a human nuclear bomb, if Sun Quan did not run, once the front contact, it was possible to bring the plague back to Jiangdong, then the trouble would be big.
Therefore, if we look at the historical materials in later generations, if we do not compare them in many ways, it will be easy to think that Sun Quan has failed because he did not see through Jiang Ji's false intelligence, but the facts are far from each other, Sun Quan's decision-making is wise, with Zhang Xi to Hefei, followed by "quite a compound disease", the plague was brought to Hefei by Zhang Xi again, how did Zhang Xi's thousand people rescue Hefei? Cao Cao clearly sent Zhang Xi to deliver the plague. I want to say that Cao Cao also lacks virtue, while chanting in "Artemisia Li Xing": The people are left behind, and the thoughts are broken. On the one hand, in order to rescue Hefei City, he deliberately sent Zhang Xilai to disgust Sun Quan, forcing Sun Quan to hurry up and tighten his call.
It can be seen that Cao Cao, like Rousseau, loves not a specific people, but the general title of people, the people in his mind.
If Cao Cao really loved the people of Huainan, how could he deliberately spread the plague in order to rescue Hefei, the dirty point of many politicians lies in this, and they do everything they can to fight for political and military struggles.
So I want to criticize Cao Cao today, Cao Cao is certainly a great achievement, but it is far from great, this is where Cao Cao did wrong, not to mention the behavior that a big politician should have, but a thief!
This kind of behavior is absolutely wrong, and it does not sympathize with the people, so Cao Wei is short-left, is it not retribution?