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In the classic historical drama "Kangxi Dynasty" directed by Teacher Chen Jialin, there is such a bizarre plot: Yang Qilong, a grass farmer, actually used the name of Zhu Cijiong, the third prince of Zhu, to collude with the township party wanderers to achieve the ultimate goal of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty's rule with the strength of the people, but the foundation of the Qing Dynasty at that time was already solidified, and the Kangxi Emperor only made a small plan to beat the souls of a group of rabble-rousers led by Yang Qilong, and Yang Qilong himself fled and hid his name. However, after several years of lying down and trying to be bold, Yang Qilong, who had escaped into the empty door, made a comeback again, so he repeated and colluded with suo Ertu, a major minister of the DPRK, to assassinate Kangxi in a vain attempt to assassinate Kangxi, so as to realize the long-cherished wish of that year, but it is really regrettable that Yang Qilong, who claimed to be the third prince of Zhu, had once again failed in his anti-Qing plan to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and assassinate Kangxi, and was lost in the long river of history.
"Prince Zhu San" TV stills
The above is the real case of the "Third Prince of Zhu" in the early Qing Dynasty, so I believe that readers and friends who have watched this plot will have these questions in their minds: First, why did Yang Qilong, who was a grass farmer, take the initiative to take the initiative to take on the responsibility of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty? Second, why did Yang Qilong, who had nothing to do with the Zhu Ming Dynasty, start a rebellion in the name of Zhu Cijiong, the third prince of Zhu? As Zhu Ming's widow, was the third prince of Zhu Ming really so appealing in the era when the Ming Dynasty had long since disappeared? Third, why did Yang Qilong prefer the Kangxi Emperor, who had no intersection with him? So that after the failure of the plan again and again, he still did not want to assassinate Kangxi? Regarding this series of issues, in this article, I will take a past incident that occurred in the early days of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty (the "Zhu San Prince" case) as the starting point to have an in-depth discussion with readers and friends.
The research content of this article:
The Yongzheng Emperor once said the following passage in his book "The Mystery of the Great Righteousness":
During the Kangxi Dynasty, traitors stole hair everywhere, and often used the name of Zhu Sanzi, such as a monk and a nobleman, who was invincible.
Recently, there is still Zhang Yu, a Shandong native, pretending to be Zhu, a descendant of Yu Ming, who has the fate of an emperor, in the hope of encouraging the foolish people.
From the above facts, it can be seen that in the early Qing Dynasty, there were high frequencies of outbreaks of the "Zhu San Prince" case throughout the country, so the following author will take the Kangxi period as the boundary and analyze several classic "Zhu San Prince" cases that occurred at that time.
(In particular, why should I discuss the "Three Princes of Zhu" case during the Kangxi period rather than the Shunzhi period, which is closer to the founding of the Qing Dynasty?) See below! ）
Shanhaiguan
First, Yang Qilong falsely called the "Third Prince of Zhu" case
At the beginning of the article, the author also introduced the TV series "Kangxi Dynasty" to readers and friends, and has introduced the case to readers and friends, but people who have a little understanding of history understand such a truth: history is history, and no matter how wonderful the TV series is, it is a TV series after all, and the two can never be confused as one. Leaving aside the details, in terms of the general outline, readers who have a little understanding of this history should know that there are still many differences between the two.
First of all, in history, the collusion of Yang Qilong, the "Third Prince of Zhu", was not a so-called township party wanderer, but a subordinate slave who had a considerable interest relationship with the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty, which is also the direct reason why Yang Qilong was able to set off a wave in the Kangxi era, which was already deeply rooted in the Qing Dynasty.
In the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, Yang Qilong entered the capital, and then has been active among the slaves of the eight subordinates, and successfully colluded with a group of forces to plan an incident in the city on New Year's Day in 1674 (Kangxi THIRTEEN), and the news of Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, raising an army against the Qing Dynasty reached the capital like Ganlin during this period, for which Yang Qilong resolutely decided to falsely call himself "Prince Zhu San" and secretly organize his gang forces (known as "Zhongxing officers and soldiers") to revolt in advance. In the end, due to the leak of information, the zhongxing officers and soldiers who were in a state of hasty uprising were taken down by the imperial court in one fell swoop, but Yang Qilong and other figures led by Yang Qilong fled by chance, and the imperial court wanted Yang Qilong, the "third prince of Zhu", throughout the country.
At this point, Yang Qilong's case of falsely calling himself "The Third Prince of Zhu" came to an end.
Second, the case of Cai Yin of Fujian falsely referring to himself as the "Third Prince of Zhu"
Three years after Yang Qilong falsely called himself "Prince Zhu San" in an attempt to oppose the Qing Dynasty, a figure claiming to be the Third Prince of Zhu appeared in the Fujian area.
In 1677 (Kangxi XVI), after the defeat of Zheng Jingbu in the Quanzhang area, a person who claimed to be Zhu Ming's widow "Zhu Sanzi" colluded and united with the remnants of Zheng Jing after the defeat, actively active in the Nanjing and Tong'an areas, using terrain advantages, repeatedly defeating the Qing army, providing strong support for Zheng Jingbu's anti-Qing. Later, the forces led by this "Zhu San Prince" were crushed by the Qing army, and the "Zhu San Prince" defected to Zheng Jing in desperation and was given the title of General of Danghao.
Similar to Yang Qilong's origins, this figure who called himself the "Third Prince of Zhu" in Fujian had little to do with Zhu Ming's descendants, otherwise he would not have been made a general after defecting to Zheng Jing. In the historical records, this "Prince of Zhusan" is recorded as follows: Cai Yin, a native of Makou Township, Longxi County, Zhangzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province, "Fengsu Seed Garden" and "Long left road to confuse people".
Third, the case of the "Third Prince of Zhu" has arisen one after another throughout the country
In addition to the above, similar cases of the "Third Prince of Zhu" can be described as one after another, such as the case of Zhu Cican, the Chongzhen Prince captured by Yue Le, the Prince of Heshuo'an, at the monk's temple in Xinhua County, Hunan, and the "Third Prince of Zhu" case that occurred in the Hanzhong area of Shaanxi, and so on, just as the Yongzheng Emperor later said, "During the Kangxi Period, those who often went to oppose the Qing in the name of Prince Zhu San were invincible."
Recharge the emperor hanged himself
So, who is the "Third Prince of Zhu"?
As we all know, the Chongzhen Emperor had seven sons in his lifetime, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the surviving crown prince Zhu Cixi, the crown prince Dingwang and Yongwang were three people in the world, after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, these three people have been hiding in the human world, whether dead or alive, no one knows. Since then, for a long time, Zhu Ming's legacy has naturally become a major focus of attention of various official or non-governmental anti-Qing forces such as Nanming and Dashun. Therefore, as far as facts are concerned, the so-called "Third Prince of Zhu" refers to the crown prince Zhu Cixi in a high probability.
However, in the author's opinion, the "Third Prince of Zhu" is actually just the name of the descendants of the Zhu Ming Dynasty borrowed by the people at that time to carry out anti-Qing struggles. To put it bluntly, the four words "Third Prince Zhu" are like the agreed names between the entire anti-Qing forces, which specifically refer to the fact that it does not matter whether the crown prince Zhu Cixin or the Yongwang Zhu Cihuan or the Dingwang Zhu Cican, it is the most important thing to be able to use or use this title to strengthen their prestige and make the anti-Qing struggle they are engaged in always in a just position. In this way, such people as Yang Qilong, Cai Yin, and others who fraudulently used the name of Zhu Sanzi also had a certain unilateral interest relationship to a certain extent.
Portrait of Zhu Cihuan (left)
What kind of social problems can the repeated "Third Prince Zhu" case reflect?
Throughout history, it is not difficult to find that in the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, the territory of various regions except Taiwan has gradually become unified, and no force in the vast Central Plains can compete with the Qing Dynasty. In this process, in addition to Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi and others who raised troops against the Qing in the middle of the way, the large-scale joint anti-Qing movement similar to that of the Shunzhi period was basically stopped in the entire Central Plains (such as the remnants of the Dashun Army united with the Southern Ming Anti-Qing, and the remnants of the Great Western Army united with the Southern Ming anti-Qing, etc.).
Although these large-scale armed struggles against the Qing Dynasty have basically come to an end, and the ethnic contradictions that existed in the society of the early Qing Dynasty have gradually eased, it should be explained that this kind of détente is only a superficial détente, and the situation of real détente has not yet been fully realized in fact. The reason for this problem is largely due to the fact that the Qing rulers always adhered to the idea of "Manchu respect" in the early days and some ethnic oppression policies such as shaving their hair and changing clothes, so that the national wounds left on the Han people were not completely healed, and the name of "Zhu San Prince" as a descendant of Zhu Ming was born spontaneously, becoming a "Shangfang Sword" for the anti-Qing forces at that time to provoke national scars and call on ordinary people to take up arms against the Qing. Therefore, the frequent outbreak of the "Third Prince of Zhu" case is, in a sense, an intuitive manifestation of the qing dynasty society that was not completely stable at that time, which reflected the tendency of the people at the bottom of the society at that time to oppose exploitation, and also indirectly reflected the contradictions that still existed between the ruling class and the ruled class at that time.
Anti-Qing restoration
epilogue:
Returning to the question raised earlier in the article, why should the author take the Kangxi period as the boundary, rather than the Shunzhi period, which is closer to the founding time of the Qing Dynasty, as the dividing line? Didn't anyone impersonate the "Third Prince of Zhu" during the Shunzhi period?
For example, the case of the Anhui Taiping Mansion falsely claiming the "Third Prince of Zhu" in the eighth year of Shunzhi, the case of Zhang Jin of Henan in the sixteenth year of Shunzhi deceitfully claiming the fourth son of the Emperor, and so on, but in short, the number of cases of the "Third Prince of Zhu" that occurred during the Shunzhi period is not worth mentioning compared with the Kangxi period, and it can be said that it is one of the few. So, why were there so many more cases of the "Third Prince of Zhu" during the Kangxi period than during the Shunzhi period? The answer is very simple, the anti-Qing struggle during the Shunzhi period was in full swing relative to the Kangxi period, the southern Ming, the remnants of the Great Shun Army, the remnants of the Great Western Army and other forces can be said to have created a greater momentum than ever, some people who really want to oppose the Qing Dynasty have long become members of these regimes, and the "backbone" of these regimes during the Kangxi years has been basically crushed by the Qing rulers, but the "branches" still exist, so the "Zhu SanZi" case that occurred during the Kangxi years is in a sense the "branch" of the anti-Qing forces during the Shunzhi years. Continuation of.
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