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China is a country with its back to Eurasia and facing the Pacific Ocean. However, China is not far from the Indian Ocean, only 600 kilometers from Yunnan to the Indian Ocean. But even these 600 kilometers have been difficult for successive dynasties to push forward. Myanmar's rugged terrain and tropical monsoon climate, with rain forest vegetation and miasma, made it difficult for ancient Central Plains people to adapt to such an environment. Throughout Chinese history, the closest to opening the Indian Ocean passage was the Yuan Dynasty.
First, Myanmar's engulfment of the Shan state
In 1271, Kublai Khan officially changed the name of the country to "Yuan", marking the formal establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. It was also in this year that Kublai Khan sent Chidd tying and other envoys to Burma to appease the Burmese king. At that time, Burma was the Bagan Dynasty, which was the first unified dynasty in Burmese history, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. At its peak, the bagan dynasty's influence even extended to Ceylon and Java. After the Yuan dynasty envoys visited Burma, the Bagan dynasty also sent Yu Bo to Dadu to visit the Yuan dynasty, and the two sides formally established diplomatic ties.
Bagan Dynasty temple complex
In 1273, Kublai Khan again sent envoys to Burma, such as Kamalashri and Chidetine, asking the Burmese king to send his sons to Beijing and call them Chennagong. The move caused discontent in Burma, and the emissaries of the Yuan Dynasty never returned. Later, the governor of Yunnan Province began to recommend to Kublai Khan that Burma be conquered. At that time, the whole country had not yet been unified, and Kublai Khan did not approve it, but waited and watched.
In 1277, war finally broke out due to burmese attempts to seize the Golden Tooth District. The Golden Tooth, which is today's Jingpo area, was mainly inhabited by the Dai people, who believed in primitive religions. The Dai people, known in ancient times as the "Shan people". During the Han Dynasty, there was a mourning prison here, which was surrendered in the Eastern Han Dynasty and set up Yongchang County. Ancient Chinese history books refer to the tribes or city-states established by the Dai as "Shan State" or "Shan State".
After the fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yongchang County also existed in name only, and its Shan state regained its independent state. At this time, the Burmese state also wanted to take the opportunity to go north to annex the Shan state. In 234 CE, King Chamuda became King of Shan, and he moved the capital to Baganmu, quelling the rebellion and repelling the invasion of the Kingdom of Shan. In 242, Gommafa succeeded to the throne, and he also successfully resisted the Burmese attack. By the 6th century, the Burmese state was stronger. In 586, the state of Shan devoted all its strength to the north, and in one fell swoop captured the shan king's city of Baganmu, and the shan territory collapsed.
During the Tang Dynasty, the more powerful State of Nanzhao arose in the Yunnan region, which effectively hindered Burma's continued northward expansion. In 832, the State of Nanzhao captured the capital of the State of Biao, and the State of Qi was declared extinct. By the Song Dynasty, the Bagan Dynasty had arisen in Burma, and the Kingdom of Dali was established in Yunnan. In the mid-11th century, anuradha of the Bagan dynasty attacked the state of Dali, causing the state to lose control of Shan state.
After the Mongols destroyed Dali, they continued to use troops in the surrounding areas, ping Dali five cities, eight provinces, four counties, Wu Man, Bai Man and other thirty-seven departments. The Golden Tooth State, one of the Shan states, also surrendered to the Mongols. However, the Bagan Dynasty also tried to compete with the Yuan Dynasty for the Shan State, so in 1277 it sent 50,000 troops, 800 war elephants, launched an attack on Qian'e (Yingjiang) and Jinya (Jingpo), and took the initiative to provoke the war.
Second, the collapse of the Bagan dynasty
At that time, the Yuan Dynasty had already destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and basically unified the whole country, but the Haidu Rebellion broke out in the northwest of the Yuan Dynasty, and the situation was not optimistic. After the Burmese invasion, Dali Road Mongol Thousand Household Kudu and the governor Shin Tho Ri led 700 cavalry to help, and fought fiercely with the Burmese army for two days, crushing the Burmese elephant phalanx, and the Burmese army was defeated. The Mongol cavalry continued to pursue for 30 miles and broke through 17 villages.
The Yuan Dynasty defeated 50,000 Burma with just 700 men, a miracle in a self-defense counterattack. Subsequently, Myanmar was not willing to fail and repeatedly launched provocative acts in the border areas. In October 1277, Kublai Khan finally could not sit still, and ordered the Yunnan Zhulu Xuan to send marshal Nasu Radin to command 3848 troops to burma. Subsequently, the Yuan army drove straight in, all the way into Jiangtou City (present-day Manmo County, Burma), and surrendered 300 villages of the Shan tribe. Due to the hot weather, the Yuan army failed to penetrate deeply.
In 1280, Nathoratdin again requested the conquest of Burma, which Kublai Khan approved and began to actively prepare for the conquest. In 1283, the Yuan Dynasty soldiers divided into land and water routes and marched towards the core area of Burmese rule. The Yuan army still drove straight in, all the way through the Burmese Jiangtou City, Taigong City (present-day Laiyingong County, Burma) and other places, so that the 12 tribes in northern Burma belonged to the Yuan Dynasty. In 1285, the Burmese king requested surrender, and the Yuan Dynasty began to withdraw its troops.
After this attack, the Bagan Dynasty had fallen into a split and existed in name only. In 1287, chaos broke out within the Bagan dynasty, and the local warlords became independent. Emissaries sent to Burma by its Yuan dynasty were also killed. Under such circumstances, Kublai Khan crossed the city for the second time to attack Burma. However, the expedition did not go well, and the Yuan Dynasty army encountered a "lure the enemy deeper" in Burma, killing more than 7,000 people. Fearing that the Yuan Dynasty would wage a larger war in retaliation, the Burmese king voluntarily surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1286, the Yuan Dynasty established the Province of Burma in Burma and appointed the King of Bagan Dynasty as the governor of the province. For the first time in history, Myanmar was included in China's territory. In addition to the central provinces of Myanmar, there are also Tai Highway, Yunyuan Road, Mengpi Road, Menglai Road, Mubang Road, etc., which are not dirt roads, but "toast institutions" and fall under the jurisdiction of Yunnan Province. By 1290, the burmese province was abolished and the Burmese Propaganda Department was established.
Through this war, China's borders were almost pushed to the indian Ocean coast. However, the Yuan Dynasty did not establish an effective management system in Burma, which also laid hidden dangers for the independence of Burmese toast.
Third, the follow-up and impact of the Yuan-Burma War
The Yuan-Burmese War divided Burma into a number of small states. In 1369, the Kingdom of Ava was established in eastern Burma, while the Mons in the south established the Kingdom of Bago, and the two countries were at war. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, in 1382, the Liang King's forces in Yunnan were eliminated, and the Yunnan Cloth Envoy Division and the Yunnan Dusi were set up, stationing 200,000 troops. These small countries in Burma were all subject to the Ming Dynasty, and were crowned by the Ming Dynasty as the Xuanwei Division.
However, in fact, the Ming Dynasty only nominally inherited the Tusi system of the Yuan Dynasty, without actual control, without stationing a soldier and a pawn, and did not send an official and a half-post, called "Waiyi". For example, the Burmese Xuanwei Division, which was crowned by the Ming Dynasty, was actually the Kingdom of Awa, the Great Gula Xuanwei Division was actually the Bagu Kingdom, and the Dimasa and Diwula were the Dongwu Kingdom. During the Yongle period, the three kingdoms of Awa, Bago and Donggu in Burma all rejected the Ming dynasty's canonization. Northern Mubang, Mongyang, Mong Mi and other Shan states are wobbling between the two countries. In the Ming Dynasty's "Three Propaganda and Six Consolations", only the Three Xuans were actually controlled, and the Six Consolations existed in name only, and even the name was gone.
In 1531, king Of Dongwu officially became the King of Burma, established the Toungoo Dynasty, and then annexed the small kingdoms of Bago, Awa, Xibo, Manmo, Mongyang, Mongmi, Mon Nai, and Yang Juniper, and basically unified burma by 1554. Later, the Dongwu Dynasty also conquered the Lanna Kingdom (800 Dadian Xuanwei Division), the Lancang Kingdom (Laos Xuanwei Division), and the Mengmi Tusi. The Dongwu Dynasty also fought wars with Thailand and the Ming Dynasty, and by the Wanli Period, yunnan "Waiyi" toast was basically occupied by Dongwu, and the area of Yunnan Province shrank significantly. In this way, most of Shan State fell, and the distance between China and the Indian Ocean was once again widened.
Yunnan in the late Ming Dynasty
During the Qing Dynasty, there was another war with Burma, although it did not conquer Burma in the end, but it also forced Burma to pay tribute and recovered some toast in Yunnan.
Burma annexed these Shan state toasts, but failed to digest them successfully. When China was "reforming the land and returning to the stream" in Yunnan and Guizhou, the power of the Dust State Toastmaster reached its peak. By the Qing Dynasty, there were as many as 30 Shan State toasts in northern Myanmar, mainly distributed in Shan State, Mandalay Province, Sagaing Province, Kachin State, Kayin State and other places. Due to the large number of Shan people, the Burmese king did not dare to openly cut the domain, and could only strengthen his ties and accelerate his integration through garrisons, taxation, canonization, marriage, and appointment.
In 1885, Burma became a British colony. In order to prevent the independence of Burma, the British retained the toast system and implemented divide and rule, which made Burmese toast long-term. In 1948, Burma became independent. The contradictions between myanmar's central government and toastmasters have been delayed. It was not until 1959, when 33 toastmasters renounced their hereditary powers and handed over administration to the new government in Shan State, that the Burmese toast system came to an end. However, the influence of toast on Myanmar has not ended completely, and many local toasts have not given up their arms, so that it is difficult for Myanmar to form a strong centralized power, which is a fundamental reason for myanmar's difficult development.