Original article, has opened the whole network rights protection, plagiarism must be investigated!
Nowadays, when people read history, they habitually divide historical records into "correct history" and "wild history." The term "Zhengshi" was first used in the Book of Sui and the Chronicles of the Classics:
"There are writings in the world, all of which are quasi-classes and horses, thinking that they are the right history."
After the Qing Dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor approved the "Twenty-Four Histories", and from then on, the title of "Zhengshi" specifically referred to the "Twenty-Four Histories".
The so-called "Twenty-Four Histories" is a general term for the twenty-four historical books compiled and revised by various dynasties in ancient China, in order: "History", "Book of Han", "Book of Later Han", "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms", "Book of Jin", "Book of Song", "Book of Southern Qi", "Book of Liang", "Book of Chen", "Book of Wei", "Book of Northern Qi", "Book of Zhou", "Book of Sui", "History of the South"? "History of the North", "Old Book of Tang", "New Book of Tang", "History of the Old Five Dynasties", "History of the New Five Dynasties", "History of the Song Dynasty", "History of Liao", "History of Jin", "History of Yuan", "History of Ming".
The "Twenty-Four Histories" are based on Sima Qian's "Records of History", all of which are
Ji Chuan body
Except for the "Chronicle of History", it is all
History of Generations
And, most of them
Official revision of history
。
"Officially compiled chronicles"
If this is taken as the standard, the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty should undoubtedly become the "Twenty-fifth History" alongside the "Twenty-Four Histories", but the actual situation is:
The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty is not worthy of being included in the "Correct History" together with the "Twenty-Four Histories".
(Xxiv History)
First, let's briefly introduce the historical background of the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" from the establishment of the library to the printing and publication.
In 1914, the Beiyang government officially established the Qing History Museum, Zhao Erxun was summoned by Yuan Shikai as the curator, after he took office, he hired more than 100 people such as the former Qing dynasty widow Ke Shaochen and Miao Yuansun, plus more than 200 staff members and more than 300 honorary positions, to form a revision team and begin to edit the history of the Qing Dynasty. In 1927, after 14 years of editing and revision work, the full manuscript was initially formed, and in 1928, the "Qing History Draft" was officially printed and published.
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is an official history book edited by the Beiyang government, and its style also strictly follows the history of the dynasties, divided into four parts: ji, zhi, table and biography, with the jichuan as the center, recording the history of the Qing Taizu Nurhaci in Hetuala from 1616 to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, a total of 296 years of history.
When the Qing Dynasty fell, the Republic of China government gave preferential treatment to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing court archives and cultural classics were quite completely preserved, which undoubtedly provided the best original materials for the compilation and revision of the "Qing History Manuscript", such as: "Qing Shilu", "Qing Guo History", "Qing Zhao Shu", "Qing Dian Zhi", "Donghua Lu" and so on. In terms of the detail and reliability of the original materials, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is absolutely unique, which is incomparable to any of the "Twenty-Four Histories".
Although the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty is both
It has the most powerful original data as a support, but in the end, it is not worthy of being among the "correct history". For the reasons, the author simply analyzes the following, if there is a deficiency or improper, welcome to leave a message to criticize and correct.
(Draft History of the Qing Dynasty)
First, the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty is not a History of the Qing Dynasty, but only an unfinished draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty.
As Zhao Erxun said in the "Publication of Embellishments":
"This book is a first aid chapter disclosed as a historical manuscript, not as a complete book."
The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty is not called the History of the Qing Dynasty, and as the name suggests, it emphasizes that it is an undecided version.
The reason why the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was hastily published without proofreading was because when the first draft of the whole book was written in 1927, when the Northern Expeditionary Army was about to invade Beijing, Zhao Erxun was afraid of the changing situation of the times, and he himself was already old, and he knew that time was short, so he decided to print and publish the volumes in the name of "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", which had been achieved
"The Precursor of the Great Vertebral Chakra"
Role.
Due to the lack of uniform revision and careful proofreading, errors and omissions abound in the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, including but not limited to the falsification of personal names, place names, and years, months, and days. For example, the Qing History Manuscript Shengzu Benji records:
"In March of the fifth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Hu Bai was made the governor directly subordinate."
This is a misrememberment, because the governor directly under the governor at that time was Zhu Changzuo, not Hu Bai. For another example, the "Qing History Manuscript and Princess Table" records:
"Princess Shou'en Gulun, the sixth daughter of Emperor Xuanzong (Daoguang), was born in December of the tenth year of Daoguang, and in April of the ninth year of Xianfeng, Chinese New Year's Eve eight."
The fallacy of this account is even more pronounced, since Princess Shou engulun died at the age of thirty instead of thirty-eight.
(The complete manuscript of the History of the Qing Dynasty published by Zhonghua Bookstore)
Second, if it is a "correct history", the "Qing History Draft" is far from being "correct".
This is the most critical point, and the author will focus on it.
"Correct history" is not necessarily true history, but it is extremely important to pay attention to a "correct" word, that is, fairness and impartiality. However, this is difficult for the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" to do so, because from the curator Zhao Erxun to the general editor Ke Shaochen and Miao Xuansun, the vast majority of the more than one hundred contributors to the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" were Qing relics and elders, and their attachment to the Qing Dynasty was extremely heavy, even to the point of foolish loyalty. Therefore, there is a serious problem of political positions not being "correct" in the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty.
On the one hand, the compilers of the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" vigorously praised the merits of the Qing Dynasty, and on the other hand, they tried their best to avoid the Qing Dynasty's loss of power and humiliation of the country.
In the late Qing Dynasty, it was invaded by imperialism and was repeatedly forced to sign unequal treaties. In this regard, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" often makes a vague treatment. For example, the Qing History Manuscript records the Treaty of Nanking only as:
"In August, Qi Ying played the haikou of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai, and agreed to trade with Britain."
A few crosses were mentioned, including only the relatively innocuous five-port trade, and absolutely no mention of the cession of Hong Kong, the agreement on customs duties, and the compensation for military and tobacco costs.
The compilers of the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty belittled the revolution on the one hand, and extolled foolishness on the other.
The establishment of the Xingzhong Association and the League, as well as the many uprisings before the Xinhai Revolution, were all major historical events at the end of the Qing Dynasty and related to the fall of the Qing Dynasty, but in this regard, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" deliberately skipped it, almost completely without recording it. The martyrs who died in the revolution were also called "bandits".
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" has a very clear stand against the revolution, and in the book, it not only wantonly slanders the Xinhai Revolution, but also completely denies various forms of revolutions such as Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong, Nanming, the White Lotus Sect, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, calling them "bandits," "rebels," "Kou," and "thieves."
On the contrary, for the conservatives who resisted the revolution, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was extremely praiseworthy. For example, when he was writing biographies for Enming, Duanfang, Songshou, Zhao Erfeng, Lu Zhongqi, and other governors who were killed by revolutionaries, there were many praises such as "incessant scolding", "indomitable murder", "loyalty and filial piety and righteousness in one door".
In short, in the struggle between the revolutionaries and the Qing Dynasty, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" completely stood on the orthodox side of the Qing Dynasty, was biased, and was extremely unrighteous.
On the one hand, the compilers of the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" received the salary of the Republic of China, and on the other hand, they did not regard the Republic of China as Zhengshuo.
As mentioned above, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was funded by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China to set up a museum for editing, and those former Qing relics were also the authors hired by the Republic of China, but they generally did not regard the Republic of China as Zhengshuo. The evidence is as follows: "The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" records all things after the Republic of China (after 1912), and does not use the Republic of China chronicle, but uses the dry branch chronology - calling the first year of the Republic of China "the year of nongzi", the second year of the Republic of China "the year of decay", and so on.
(Photo of Zhao Ersun, editor-in-chief of the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty)
Author's Note:
Since the Tang Dynasty, chinese dynasties have had the tradition of revising history for the former dynasty, and the Beiyang government set up the Qing History Museum, which was also intended here. However, because most of the people hired are Qing Dynasty widows, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is not really "alternate generations to repair history", but "Qing Dynasty people to repair the history of the Qing Dynasty", thus causing a series of inevitable problems.
Zhao Erxun and others, as the widows of the Qing Dynasty, were loyal to the Qing Dynasty, but their selfish desires greatly reduced the value of the 14-year history revision cause. At the beginning of the 1927 full draft, Zhao Erxun was already 82 years old, and he knew that he could not wait for the completion of the verification of the whole book, lest the night be long and dreamy, so he decided to publish it in advance, and said:
"You can't publish the "History of the Qing Dynasty", and you can't publish the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty"!"
His purpose in doing so was nothing more than to preconceived notions, to lead the way of public opinion, and to sing praises for the Qing Dynasty.
In summary, the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is not worthy of being called "History of the Qing Dynasty" after all, and cannot be counted as a "correct history" that records the historical facts of the Qing Dynasty, and naturally cannot get the same historical status as the "Twenty-Four Histories".
Reference: Draft History of the Qing Dynasty