Chinese history generally has two forms: zhengshi and wild history, the so-called orthodox history is also orthodox, the reference value of historical records with high reference value, while the wild history is mixed.
Part of it is the real content, and part of it is the history compiled by the author based on legends, myths, stories, etc.
Therefore, the history of the wild will often record some strange things, such as the history of the deeds of famous doctors in ancient China.
It appears in the Taiping Guangji, and there are also records of the same characters in the main history, but when combined, it will be found that there are many differences between the records in the Taiping Guangji and the records in the main history.
Compared with the contents recorded in the main history, it will be found that the stories in the Taiping Guangji are more magical and have a strong sense of worship.
Therefore, the following will combine the stories of famous doctors who overlap in the Taiping Guangji and the main history, and explore the differences between the two, as well as the content and reasons for the alienation of famous doctors in ancient China.
I. Take the Taiping Guangji Medical Department and the Zhengshi as examples to explore the content of the phenomenon of alienation of famous doctors in ancient times
"Taiping Guangji" can be said to be a real tome, the catalog accounts for 10 volumes, and the whole book is as many as 1500 volumes.
It is a landmark work of a wild history novel of the Song Dynasty, and many celebrity anecdotes are recorded in the Taiping Guangji, including ancient famous doctors.
However, according to the character stories recorded in the Taiping Guangji and the Zhengshi, although there are overlapping parts, there are also many differences, and the following will take the divine doctors Hua Tuo, Zhang Wenzhong, and Xu Wenbo as examples to discuss the difference between the Taiping Guangji Medical Department and the Zhengshi.
1. Take Hua Tuo as an example to discuss the specific content of the alienation of ancient famous doctors
Hua Tuo's fame can be said to be one of the best in the history of Chinese medicine, especially Hua Tuo's classic representative - the invention of Hemp Boiling Powder, which is a commonly used anesthetic in modern medicine.
The use value and wide range of uses of anesthetics do not need to be discussed much, so Hua Tuo will be known as a divine doctor, and He Ma Boiling Scatter not only benefited the people of Li at that time, but also made great contributions to modern medicine.
Whether in the history of the wilderness or in the main history, the evaluation of Hua Tuo is extremely high, so it is said that hua Tuo, Dong Feng, Zhang Zhongjing and are called "Jian'an Three Divine Doctors".
Moreover, according to historical records, Hua Tuo's practice of medicine is not limited to one place, but has Hua Tuo's footprints throughout the country in Anhui, Henan, Shandong and other regions.
Unlike other famous doctors who are good at traditional Chinese medicine, Hua Tuo's most proud part is his achievements in surgery, and his invention of Ma Boiling Scatter is the best proof.
Therefore, as an indispensable famous doctor in the history of Chinese medicine, the Taiping Guangji Medical Department will naturally have many records about Hua Tuo.
"Taiping Guangji" Yun "Wei Huatuo good doctor. There is a county head sick, Tuo over... It is said that his son said: 'When the extreme anger vomits blood, it can go away from the disease.' ’
...... Therefore, those who have multiplied what the Father has always done, show it to you... The Father is furious... Tuo did not arrive, so he vomited black blood and rose to the rest, and his disease was flat. ”
From this account, it can be seen that there are some feelings of deification of Hua Tuo, but in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, a corresponding record can be found: "Tuo thought that his people were angry but worse... Leave a book to scold. Gunshou was furious... The guard was very strong, and the vomiting black blood rose several times and healed. ”
Although the storyline is roughly the same, it can also be seen that the story is fuller and more readable in the Taiping Guangji.
The "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is more inclined to narrate historical facts, and from this we can see the fundamental difference between the two, one seeking truth from facts and the other fascinating.
2. Take Zhang Wenzhong as an example to discuss the specific content of the alienation of ancient famous doctors
Zhang Wenzhong, a famous physician recorded in both the Taiping Guangji Medical Department and the Zhengshi literature, recorded in the Taiping Guangji that "there are scholars in Luozhou who suffer from illness, and the language is the throat that should be... That is, take the "Materia Medica" to read it. All shall be feared, that is, not to speak... Harmony is a pill, take it, and it should stop at time. ”
In this account, a very rare disease appeared, and a person would automatically respond whenever he spoke in his throat, so Zhang Wenzhong asked him to read the Materia Medica.
Every time you read a drug name, you will respond, and if you encounter fear, you will not respond, so Zhang Wenzhong will develop these drugs that do not respond into pills, and the result will be that the medicine will be eliminated.
It is not difficult to see that this story has a strong mythological color, which is very different from Zhang Wenzhong recorded in the main history.
The record of Zhang Wenzhong in the canonical history is that "Wenzhong was especially responsible for curing wind diseases... Since Zetian and Zhongzong had been gone, zhuyi Xianwen Zhong and other three people were headed. ”
Therefore, from the records of the zhengshi, it can be seen that Zhang Wenzhong is indeed a very skilled doctor and a famous doctor in the country, but it is far less magical than recorded in the Taiping Guangji.
3. Take Xu Wenbo as an example to discuss the specific content of the alienation phenomenon of ancient famous doctors
The record of Xu Wenbo is actually very similar to Zhang Wenzhong, and in the main history, Xu Wenbo's record is "Emperor Wu's nine xi's birth, summoning the doctor Xu Wenbo to see it." Wen Bo said: 'Slow one month is the restoration... I am afraid that two years will not be saved. ’...... Two years of fruit. ”
This is the record of Xu Wenbo in the "History of the South", from which it can be seen that Xu Wenbo was a very powerful imperial doctor, and the development of the event was completely consistent with Xu Wenbo's speculation.
In the Taiping Guangji, it is "... Suffering from waist pain and heartache, immediately out of breath... Xu Wenbo said: "If you pour it with oil, you will spit out things like hair." Slightly introduced, three feet long, the head has become a snake..."
From this, it can also be seen that the character events recorded in the Taiping Guangji are generally exaggerated, and the cases of healing are also magical, many of which are legends passed down by word of mouth, and there is no historical data to verify.
Second, combined with the "Taiping Guangji Medical Department" and the main history to explore the reasons for the alienation of ancient famous doctors
The reason why the above situation occurs must have its reasons for occurring, so it is said that the reasons for the discrepancy between the events recorded in the Taiping Guangji and the content of the canonical history are explored.
To a certain extent, it can be seen that the reason for the difference between wild history and correct history, the following will be from the level of human nature, the level of the people, the level of religious beliefs as the direction of exploration, a brief analysis of the reasons for the alienation of ancient famous doctors.
1. From the perspective of political economy and culture of human nature, we will explore the reasons for the alienation of famous doctors in ancient times
The reasons for the human nature level will generally involve the national level, that is, the result of the joint action of the country's economy, politics and culture, and this factor is mainly reflected in the innate sense of distress of people in ancient society.
The reason why the ancients had such a strong sense of distress is because of the political instability, backward economic development, and insufficient cultural development in ancient times, so it is difficult for people to get a strong sense of security from social life.
Moreover, in ancient times, the health and medical conditions were not good, especially for the defense and treatment of infectious diseases, which were in a very fragile state.
Sometimes even a simple fever and cold may be killed because of untimely treatment, so illness is a strong enemy of life safety for ancient people.
It is precisely because of people's inability to do anything about disease that people are very eager for doctors, and they pin all their hopes on doctors, plus ancient Chinese society was a feudal society and a superstitious society.
People place a lot of hope on the blessing of the gods for what many human beings can't do, and healers are given this expectation to a certain extent.
Therefore, it is also true that people's mood of praying for the blessing of the gods is transferred to famous doctors, and there are obvious reasons why people empathize with famous doctors.
For example, when Hua Tuo invented Hemp Boiling Powder and then applied it to his surgery, people did not feel pain, and it is also recorded in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" of the Zhengshi, Hua Tuo was good at surgery, and once "opened his stomach" to treat diseases.
In ancient times, the operation of opening the stomach can be said to be a manifestation of divine power, although it is common in modern society, but the ancients did not have such a developed culture and knowledge after all, so it is understandable that people regard Hua Tuo as a god.
Although other famous doctors are not as good as Hua Tuo's divine power, they can cure diseases and save people, and the rejuvenation of the magic hand is also a divine existence in the eyes of the ancients, and over time, the "divine power" of the healer is widely worshipped by people, which is the result of the role of the sense of distress.
2. Explore the reasons for the alienation of famous doctors in ancient times from the perspective of the masses
The above also mentioned that Hua Tuo's practice of medicine has never been limited to a fixed region, he is mobile, so his fame will spread throughout the country, and the patients he has treated will also spread throughout the country, and there will be people everywhere Hua Tuo is treated and regarded as a god.
The Taiping Guangji was written in conjunction with a lot of folklore, and naturally there will be many places to deify Hua Tuo, and so on, such as Zhang Wenzhong and Xu Wenbo.
There are two main ways of folklore, one is oral transmission, the other is the record of popular novels, both of which have the same effect, that is, to exaggerate the plot of the story.
After the Taiping Guangji uses these stories extensively, the storyline recorded by it must be exaggerated and inconsistent with the real historical facts, so it is inevitable that it will be different from the main history.
summary:
Doctors are generally far away from the masses, so the professional nature of doctors themselves has been defined in ancient times as a class with the gods.
Therefore, under the influence of this religious belief that habitually deified the characters, it is easy to understand that famous doctors are deified.
Under the influence of people's sense of distress, people have a strong desire and demand for stability and medicine, and in the process of dissemination, because people pass it on by word of mouth, they have raised the famous doctor to the status of a god.
This is the reason why the Taiping Guangji, a wild history written by absorbing a lot of folklore, is very different from the main history.
bibliography:
[1] Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou, Zhonghua Bookstore
[2] Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Fan Ye, Zhonghua Bookstore
[3] Taiping Guangji, Li Fang, Zhonghua Bookstore
[4] Old Book of Tang, Liu Xuan, Zhonghua Bookstore