The two "parallel goods" of the Song Dynasty, Liu Zhen and Pu Shougeng, were key figures in the yuan dynasty's fall of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Liu Zhen was a general of the Southern Song Dynasty. The "Biography of Liu Zhen" of Yuan Shi (元史· Liu Zhen Biography) reads: "Liu Zhenzi Wu Zhong, a native of Fanchuan, the ancestor of Jingzhao, migrated to Deng Prefecture and Rangcheng. The whole is determined and resourceful, and is good at riding and shooting. Jin Chaos, entering the Song Dynasty, was subordinate to the Jinghu System under the command of Meng Jue. Attacking Jin, the whole forward, the night longitudinal Xiao Yong twelve people, crossing the trench to the city, attacking and capturing its defense, and repaying the report. Frightened, Tang Li Cunxiao led eighteen horses to pull out Luoyang, and now the whole house will be even more widowed, and taking Xinyang is the book of its banner Sai Cunxiao. The fifteenth military state of Tongchuan was relocated to appease the envoy, and the military state affairs of Luzhou were known. From this, it can be seen that Liu Zhenxiao is brave and good at war, and is not a mediocre and afraid of death. However, liu zhen, who was forced to be cornered by the traitors, surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty.
The Southern Song Dynasty's great player Zai Xiangdao was dictatorial, and the government was dim. Playing with power, creating momentum, playing with the law, entertaining, and enriching himself were Jia Xiangdao's strong points, and most of the loyal ministers liang would be expelled from the imperial court and military circles by him and his henchmen, such as Gundam, Yu Jiu, Wang Jian, Cao Shixiong, Xiang Shibi, Zhao Kui, Shi Yanzhi, Du Shu, and so on. Li Fu, Wen Tianxiang, Chen Wenlong, Lu Da, Du Yuan, Zhang Zhongwei, Xie Zhangsheng, Xiao Yi was repulsive, but he discarded it and never recorded it for life. For a while, the righteous man was destroyed for the sake of the Tao. "Those Geng Zhi Wenchen who still have some say and the loyal and courageous warriors who control a small number of military powers will be made to have a strong chest and a heavy spirit." Some generals were quite dissatisfied with Jia Xiangdao's light military and small appointments, and they were also ostracized and attacked by Jia Xiangdao and his cohorts, so they had the intention of abandoning the Song Dynasty and lowering the Yuan. Jia Xiangdao and Lü Wende colluded with Yu Xing, the envoy of the Sichuan system, and planned to use the "Intention Law" to persecute the governor of Luzhou and Tongchuan Road to appease the deputy envoy Liu Zhen.
Liu Zhenyuan was a subordinate of Meng Jue, a "northerner" general, who had accompanied the loyal army led by Meng Jue to retake Xiangyang and Fancheng from the Mongols, repeatedly built Qigong, and was repeatedly promoted, but was hated by the "southern" general Lü Wende and others, and Jia Xiangdao and Lü Wende formed a party to exclude and suppress dissidents everywhere, and Liu Zhen was an important object of exclusion and suppression by Jia Xiangdao and Lü Wende. The so-called "Intention Law", that is, the dispatch of officials to account for the verification of military expenditures in various localities, and those who withdraw money and goods from the government for military supplies during the war will be punished with the crime of embezzlement and concealment. It was Jia Rudao's treacherous plan to eliminate dissidents and rectify various military generals. When Liu Quan learned the news, he was terrified and sent someone to Lin'an to appeal to the imperial court, but there was no way to complain. When he saw that Xiang Shibi and Cao Shixiong, who were more famous than him, were forced to die, he was more soberly aware that if he remained in the Southern Song Dynasty, his doom would be irreversible. In desperation, Liu Quanyi surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty with a fierce sailor, Luzhou, and 300,000 households in the fifteen counties to which he belonged, and Kublai Khan appointed him as the governor and ambassador of the Fu Province. Some of Liu Zhen's old subordinates and some other generals also lost confidence in the imperial court and led their troops to Liu Quan and joined the anti-Song camp.
When Jia Zhidao saw that Liu Zhen had surrendered to the enemy, the Losses of the Southern Song Army were too great, and in order to win over the hearts of the army and make the troops of the Yuan Dynasty return to the Southern Song Dynasty, he repeatedly made officials and made wishes, and even appointed Liu Zhen as a counselor and governor, but Liu Zhen was well aware of the falsehood and treachery of Jia Xiangdao and Lü Wende, and resolutely refused. After the death of Song, Yuan Shizu once asked general Song, "What is the yiye of Er waiting?" Answer Yun: "Song has a strong minister Jia Xiangdao who is good at state authority, every courtesy scribe, and the only light military officer." The minister waits for a long time to be uneven, and the heart is dissociated, so the wind is also sent! In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1267), Liu Zhen entered the dynasty and offered advice to Kublai Khan, saying: "The Lord of song is weak and rebellious, and the country is established in a corner, and today there is an opportunity to start mixing." The subject was willing to follow the example of the dog Ma Lao, attack Xiangyang first, and withdraw its cover. "Formally proposed to the Yuan Dynasty the strategy of attacking Xiangyang first. At that time, the Mongols were in the stage of stalemate on the front line during the Song Dynasty, and because the Song army was good at defending the city, and the Mongol cavalry in the hills and water areas was not dominant, the progress of the front line of the Mongols encountered great difficulties. When Liu Quan first entered the dynasty to offer advice and persuade the Yuan Dynasty to seize the opportunity to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, it was "frustrated by the court discussion", and due to the failure of Yuan Xianzong Meng ge's large-scale onslaught, the Yuan Dynasty once lost the confidence to swallow the Southern Song Dynasty. Under the strong persuasion of Liu Zhen, Shi Zu said: "I will make up my mind! "I finally strengthened my confidence." The xiang, the ridge of the southeast, cannot establish a country without a xiang. "Xiangyang City is a waterway transportation fortress that has always been known as a place where soldiers must fight, and the Southern Song Dynasty invested a huge amount of money and was garrisoned by elite soldiers, which was the most difficult bone for the Yuan soldiers to gnaw." In 1267, the pacifying system of Jinghu made Lü Wende make a terrible mistake, and he actually allowed the Mongol army to set up a field outside xiangyang city. The history books record that in June of the second year of Jingding (1261), Liu Zhen surrendered to Mongolia, and Kublai Khan used Liu Zhen's plan to send envoys to bribe him with jade belts, asking for a place outside the city of Xiangyang. The Mongols then built an earthen wall on Lumen Mountain, which opened the "mutual market" on the outside and fortified the wall inside to block the assistance of the song south and the north. In 1267, when the Mongol army encircled Xiang and Fan (now merged with Xiangyang), Wende deeply regretted it and sighed: "Those who have mistaken the country, I too!" Together with his brother Lü Wenhuan, he defended Xiangyang and was killed.
Later, Liu Quan put forward the idea of developing a water army: "My elite troops are suddenly riding, and those who should be broken are broken, but the water war is not as good as Song Er." Taking the strengths of the other, building warships, and learning the water army, everything will be done. Kublai Khan agreed, so he "built five thousand ships, trained sailors every day, and although the rain could not come out, he also painted the land for the ship." "As a result, the Yuan Dynasty Water Division finally defeated the powerful Southern Song Water Army on the sea and destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty." Mr. Wang Zengyu believes in the "Preliminary Study of the Military System of the Song Dynasty" that "the key decision-making figure in the war in the late Song and Yuan dynasties was not Xiang Boyan, but Liu Zhen. It was Liu Zhen who made the Yuan Dynasty make two major strategic adjustments,...... The Southern Song Dynasty, which had lasted for more than 140 years, also perished due to the strategic transformation of the Yuan Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang and later historians all determined: "The thief of the Song Dynasty is the first to commit the whole crime." Without Liu Zhen's advice and advice and the teaching of the Jin state water army to the Traitors of the Han Dynasty, it would be difficult for the Yuan Dynasty to defeat the Southern Song Dynasty.
Relying on advanced shipbuilding technology, navigation technology and geographical advantages, the Song Dynasty established the most powerful navy in the world at that time. Ironclad warships armed with gunpowder firearms were the country's heavy weapon, which had crushed the northern nomads. Wen Tianxiang once said: "Fu Dongnan's long skill is like a boat master, and my victory over Wushu is based on the Golden Mountain, and my death is against the quarry." In the fourth year of Song Jianyan (1130), the Jin army "searched the mountains and inspected the sea" to capture Zhao Zhao, who "sailed to avoid the army", and retreated north to Changzhou after fruitlessness. The Song and Jin factions of elite sailors fought on the Yangtze River, the Song army fought bravely to kill the enemy, and the Jin army, which was not familiar with water warfare, was overwhelmed, and had to retreat in defeat and failed to cross the river north. WuShu did not dare to fight again, and led 100,000 soldiers and horses to retreat into Huang Tiandang, trying to cross the river and flee north from then on. Han Shizhong led his troops of 8,000 and used more than 100,000 ships to trap the enemy with 100,000 soldiers and horses in Huangtian for 48 days, annihilating more than 10,000 enemies. Later, some traitors offered the Jin soldiers the method of carrying soil in the boat, and on the day when there was no wind, they attacked the Song ships with small boats, and the Jin soldiers took the opportunity to rush out of Huang Tiandang, fled north across the Yangtze River, and withdrew to the area north of the Yellow River. In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), the Southern Song Fleet, composed of 120 warships and 3,000 men, and the Jinguo fleet of more than 700 warships and 70,000 people fought an encounter on the front line of Chenjia Island outside the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay. Because Jin Bing did not know the nature of water and did not understand the sea, although the lineup was strong, he did not dare to venture in, and was moored on the front line of ChenJia Island outside the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay. On the way to meet the Jinguo fleet, the Southern Song Fleet took in hundreds of Han soldiers who had come from the Jin camp to surrender, and found out the details of the Jinguo fleet, which was only a mountain away. The Southern Song Fleet took advantage of the wind to quickly encircle the enemy and launch rockets at the Jinguo Fleet, and the Jinguo Fleet, which hurriedly opened its sails, suddenly became a sea of fire. Seeing this, the Jin soldiers abandoned the ship and fled for their lives, and the Song soldiers jumped on the golden ship to kill the enemy bravely, except for the 3,000 surviving Jin soldiers who knelt in front of the formation, the rest were either drowned, burned, or killed.
Since Liu Quan's suggestions, the Yuan Dynasty's naval forces have rapidly become stronger, and in the battle between the two countries' naval forces, the Southern Song Navy has no advantage to speak of. In 1274, Kublai Khan ordered Bo Yan to be the commander-in-chief, Ali Hague, and Xiangyang to make Lü Wenhuan the deputy commander-in-chief, leading 280,000 troops and thousands of warships to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty warships equipped with powerful firepower were invincible. The defenders of Ezhou, the strategic strongholds, Zhang Yanran and Cheng Pengfei, not only sacrificed the city, but their armies were not disarmed, but were directly incorporated into the Yuan army, under the command of Ali Hague. Huang Zhoushou sacrificed Chen Yi to the city and was given the title of "Governor of Yanjiang", and his son Chen Yanguan worshiped the governor of Lianzhou, and when he saw his father's letter of surrender, he immediately surrendered. The Yuan army wanted to take Jiujiang with a strong lineup, and the Jiangxi pacification of Jiujiang caused Qian Zhensun, Cao Ming of the Lu'an Army, and Ye Zhang of the Southern Kang Army to surrender one after another. The Yuan Dynasty conquest army along the river was like a bamboo, and almost did not encounter resistance, but instead enriched many generals and troops, and the strength of the troops was stronger. At the juncture of the decisive battle, the Southern Song army commanded Sun Huchen as the forward, xia Gui's 2,500 warships were densely packed on the river, and Jia Rudao personally unified the rear army. The Yuan army attacked the Southern Song Warships across the river with the "Huihui Cannon", the cannon rumbled and reverberated for hundreds of miles, Xia Gui's commander ship took the lead in escaping, and Jia Xiangdao had no choice but to rush to "mingjin to collect troops". Later, under the attack of the Yuan army, the Southern Song Water Army and infantry army collapsed and fled to death, Jia Xiangdao and Sun Huchen fled to Yangzhou in a small boat, Xia Gui surrendered to the enemy the following year, and the main army of the Southern Song Dynasty was lost.
The Southern Song Dynasty was in a state of turmoil, and there was another "parallel cargo", Pu ShouGeng, who defected to the enemy and became the last straw that crushed the Southern Song Dynasty. The annual trade volume of the Southern Song Dynasty exceeded that of the rest of the world combined, and Chinese merchants basically controlled the major ports from the Coast of China to the East Coast of Africa and the Red Sea Coast. As a customs agency, the Municipal Shipping Department created 20% of the annual customs revenue, which became an important income of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Pu Shougeng, the "return of the fans", actually controlled the Southern Song Dynasty Shipping Department for more than 30 years. In the second year of Song Jingyan, Pu Shougeng, who "protected the coastal finance and military power of the Southern Song Dynasty in one", refused to allow Emperor Shao of Song and Zhang Shijie to enter Quanzhou, closed the city for three days, and slaughtered the Song Emperor and the Huai army. After Pu Shougeng surrendered to the Yuan, all the ships were handed over to the Yuan army, and 600 warships were built for the Yuan army, which greatly increased the power of the Yuan army. The Southern Song Dynasty government-in-exile and its army were forced to flee to Yashan, at the mouth of the Pearl River in Guangdong. In the Battle of Yashan, the Southern Song Dynasty had more than 200,000 generals and non-combatants, more than 2,000 ships of various types, 300,000 troops and hundreds of warships in the Yuan Army, because the Yuan Dynasty water army was basically a Southern Song Dynasty soldier who was familiar with water warfare, resulting in the Complete Collapse of the Southern Song Dynasty and the collapse of the drifting Southern Song Dynasty.
The Japanese historian Kuwabara Said: "Pu Shou Geng's abandonment of the Song Dynasty and the surrender of the Yuan dynasty had a great impact on the dissipation of the Song and Yuan forces. Although the Mongols were good at land warfare, the boat division did not reach the Song Dynasty. Shou Geng is old in the sea, with many sea ships, and once the Yuan is reduced, it is set as the help of the YuanNan Expedition. Yu Yuan was a great benefit, and Yu Song was fatally injured. The Hakka historian Luo Xianglin also believes: "The Yuanshi swept south, and the Pu clan descended from Quanzhou." The Song Dynasty was displaced from The Tail, lost the city and its wealth, and regained the strength of the Boat Division, and although there were Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu, and Wen Tianxiang and other sages who ran to the King of Qin, they did not make up for the invasion and transfer of the national fortune! Its influence on the changing situation of the Song and Yuan dynasties is huge and large. ”