We read all the lead to present a different history.
As we all know, Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of the Shu Han Dynasty, was resourceful, and in order to repay Liu Bei's kindness in his early years, he bowed down and died. For any ruler, if all his courtiers could be as loyal and responsible as Zhuge Liang, then the Jiangshan Sheji would not be able to rule, and the emperor would not have to work hard all night. Therefore, later emperors spoke highly of Zhuge Liang, and Sima Yan, the Emperor of Jinwu, once said: "If I have this person to assist myself, how can I have today's labor!" "From the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, the emperors continued to promote Zhuge Liang to the rank of Knight and give the temple a plus number. Zhuge Liang was originally the Marquis of Wuxiang, and during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was crowned the King of Wuxing; the Tang Dynasty renamed the King of Wuling and gave the temple; the Song Dynasty gave the title of "Yinghui Temple", plus the name "Renji"; and the Yuan Dynasty added the title of "King of Renji of Weilie Zhongwu Xianling".
▲Statue of Zhuge Liang, Shu Han Dynasty Minister
When Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang approved the "Emperor Gao", he selected 37 famous ministers, "Marquis Zhongwu and Yongyan"; in the Qing Dynasty, not only did zhuge liang ancestral halls in various places be renovated for people to worship, but also every spring and autumn when the temple was worshipped, the imperial court would also worship Zhuge Liang. Many ministers in successive dynasties have taken Zhuge Liang as an example, but unfortunately they have not learned the essence. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty commented on Zhuge Liang: "As a subject, only Zhuge Liang can hear such an ear." The Qianlong Emperor even praised "Zhuge Kongming as a first-class figure of less than three generations, about his life, also known as gongzhong" two words. There is no self, no self, no self, and then the ambition is clear and reasonable. ”
▲Exterior view of Wuhou Ancestral Hall (Han Zhaolie Temple).
However, Zhuge Liang was not loved by all emperors, such as the second emperor of the State of Wei, the Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui, who repeatedly refuted and scolded Zhuge Liang on various occasions. Cao Rui, the eldest son of Emperor Cao Pi of Wei, was born in the ninth year of Jian'an (204 AD), and was very intelligent from an early age, with unforgettable skills, so he was deeply loved by his grandfather Cao Cao. In the seventh year of the Huang Dynasty (226 AD), Emperor Wen of Wei became seriously ill and made his eldest son Cao Rui crown prince. After Cao Rui ascended the throne in Luoyang, Zhuge Liang organized the Northern Expedition many times, and Cao Rui was overwhelmed by sleep and food. Therefore, Cao Rui was very dissatisfied with Zhuge Liang in his personal feelings.
▲ Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui stills
According to historical records, Cao Rui once wrote in the edict: "Zhuge Liang abandoned the country of his parents, the party of the thieves, the gods and men were poisoned, and the evil accumulated and destroyed." The viciousness of this passage is not inferior to chen Lin's angry scolding of Cao Cao's "Yuzhou Wen for Yuan Shao". However, Cao Rui was the emperor after all at this time, every sentence he said was a golden mouth, or pay attention to the image, even if he was dissatisfied with Zhuge Liang, he would not scold like ordinary people, so from Cao Rui's point of view, his accusations against Zhuge Liang were basically "reasonable and well-founded".
▲Zhuge Liang stills
First, Zhuge Liang's dictatorship is arbitrary. When Cao Rui resisted Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, he pointed out in his text that "(Zhuge Liang) liang established the name of foreign affairs as an orphan, and internal greed was good at it." In the second year of the Shu Han Dynasty (222 CE), when Liu Bei was entrusted with isolation in the White Emperor's city, Zeng Lishangshu made Li Yan Zhuge Liang's deputy, hoping that Shu Han would maintain a certain political balance. A few years later, however, Zhuge Liang impeached Li Yan for delaying the military situation, reducing him to poverty and exiled to Zitong County.
After Zhuge Liang took sole power, the rear lord Liu Chan was reduced to a puppet-like decoration, and military and political affairs were decided by Liang. Historically, Liu Chan has been called "the unsupportable Adou", and until now some people still use Liu Chan as a negative teaching material to educate future generations. Although Zhuge Liang was loyal to the Shu Han regime, objectively speaking, in history, almost no powerful minister has been able to nail the emperor to the pillar of shame in the name of great righteousness like Zhuge Liang, and from this point of view, there is indeed something wrong.
▲ Stills of Liu Chan, the lord of the Shu Han Dynasty
Second, Zhuge Liang was exhausted. The Shu Han Dynasty was located in the southwest, and most of the territory in the territory was mountainous, and the roads were extremely steep and difficult to cross. Zhuge Liang spent countless manpower and financial resources every time he went out on the Northern Expedition, and the people of Shu Han needed to bear the cost of this war all the time. The national strength of the Shu Han Dynasty was originally weak, and Zhuge Liang ignored the interests of the Shu Han people, constantly drank and quenched their thirst, and overdrawn the wealth of the people in large quantities. In the later period of the Northern Expedition, the economic strength and population of the Shu Han Dynasty were greatly reduced, and it was difficult for Zhuge Liang to raise enough military salaries when he sent troops to the Northern Expedition, and soon after barely leaving the mountains, he had no choice but to retire due to the exhaustion of grain and grass.
▲Schematic diagram of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition
Cao Rui commented on this: "Zhuge Liang drove away the officials and stole the Qishan Mountains... Belligerence was fruitless, and domestic fatigue was ineffective. After Zhuge Liang's death from Wuzhangyuan's illness, his heir Jiang Wei tried to complete Zhuge Liang's last wish to continue the Northern Expedition, although he achieved certain results, but did not change the overall pattern. Because Jiang Wei's prestige in Shu Han was far inferior to Zhuge Liang's, he was strongly opposed by Shu Han's monarchs during his Northern Expedition. To some extent, the unification of the Three Kingdoms was the trend of the times, and Zhuge Liang worked hard during the Northern Expedition until his death, although he failed to change the fate of the fall of the Shu Han, but his behavior was also admirable. Moreover, no matter how much the Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui scolded Zhuge Liang, his historical status and contribution could never surpass Zhuge Liang.
bibliography:
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, Chronicle of Emperor Wen", "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Shu, And Biography of Zhuge Liang"