There is no such thing as the "Five Tiger Generals" or "Five Tiger Generals" of the Shu Han Dynasty in the History of the Three Kingdoms, but the "Five Tigers of the Shu Han Dynasty" are not fabricated out of thin air: in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 36, five famous generals of the Shu Han Dynasty are combined into one biography, that is, the former general Guan Yu and the rear general Huang Zhong, the Hun General Ma Chao promoted by the Left General, the Che Riding General Zhang Fei promoted by the Right General, and finally the Zhonghu Army and Zhengnan General Zhao Yun, who was promoted by the General Of yijun.
Under Liu Bei's command, there were four generals in the front and rear, left and right plus the middle guard, which is the origin of the term "five tigers". If Guan Yu had not been killed in Jingzhou, it would have been very likely that he would have been made a general and a great sima ( ) , and if Huang Zhong had survived until Liu Bei became emperor , he might have been given the title of general of Wei — Huang Zhong died of illness in August of the 25th year of Jian'an and did not participate in the Battle of Wu to avenge Guan Yu.
Guan Yu and Huang Zhongdu had passed away, and Liu Bei's appointment of military generals would not be so troublesome: Zhang Fei was made the commander of the Che Riding General and the Marquis of Xixiang; the general Ma Chaoqiu was led by Liangzhou Mu and the Marquis of Fengxiang.
The appointment of generals of the third and quasi-third duke ranks was to be solemn, so the historical materials left liu bei's two seal letters to Zhang Feima chao. It is these two pieces of policy that allow us to see that Liu Bei's evaluation of Zhang Fei ma chao is a bit problematic: Zhang Fei is loyal and courageous, and can be compared with the famous minister of the Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Gonghu, which is Liu Bei's comprehensive affirmation of Zhang Fei, but when he evaluates Ma Chao, why does he only say that he is mighty, and still accuses Ma Chao of being disloyal and unjust and unkind?
In the year of receiving Liu Bei's letter of appointment, Zhang Fei was assassinated by Fan Qiang Zhang Da, and in the past few years, the forty-seven-year-old Ma Chao was also depressed, so some people said that Liu Bei's two letters of appointment of the seal book became a hypnotic: praising Zhang Fei and killing Ma Chao, Liu Bei was indeed worthy of being a tyrant in the world, and his use of the code and the anti-words had great significance -- the more he pondered, the more he felt that Liu Bei really had the wisdom of a man of knowledge.
Liu Bei has not praised Zhang Fei to kill Ma Chao, different people will have different opinions, the author may think that Liu Bei has a jealousy of Ma Chao, but he will never believe that Liu Bei is deliberately praising Zhang Fei - Liu Bei has already put forward euphemistic criticism and exhortations to Zhang Fei in the letter of appointment.
In 221 AD, that is, in the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the sixth day of the first month of the fourth month of the second year of Wei Huang's reign (i.e., May 15), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor at the south of Wudan Mountain in Chengdu, and directly changed the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an to the first year of Zhang Wu—until then, Shuzhong had always used the name of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and in fact Liu Xie did not recognize the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an: before he was demoted to the Duke of Shanyang, he had already changed his name to Yuan Yankang in March of the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an, and gave the "Zen throne" to his uncle Cao Pi in that year.
Thus, in 220 AD, three era names appeared: Jian'an before March (lunar calendar, the same below), Yankang from March to October, and Huangchu after October.
In April of the following year after Cao Pi proclaimed himself empress, Liu Bei declared that Liu Xie had died, and he became the heir to the Han Dynasty: "But at noon in April of the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an, the emperor dared to use Xuanmu to inform the emperor of heaven and god houtu gods: ... Ancestral inheritance cannot be replaced for a long time, and the four seas cannot be left without a master. Rate the soil style look, in the preparation of one person. Fearing the destiny of heaven and light, and fearing that Han Yi would be annihilated on the ground, he chose the first day, and went to the altar with Bailiao and was sealed by the emperor. ”
Of course, Liu Bei's "Emperor's Seal" was made by himself, and the great seal that represented the Jiangshan inheritance that was "ordered by Tianjie Shou Yongchang" had long been lost.
Privately engraving seals was a common occurrence at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and before that, Liu Bei had already carved several seals such as "Jingzhou Mu", "Xing Da Sima "Lieutenant Colonel", "Da Sima "Da Sima "King of Hanzhong", and so on.
The cewen covered with the "Jade Seal of the Emperor of the Great Han Dynasty" proves that Zhang Feima Chao is no longer a pseudo-post that was privately entrusted, but these two seal letters, Zhang Feima Chao, looked at it, but he definitely had different feelings. Some cultured Zhang Fei looked at the allusions quoted in it, and he must have been satisfied--Liu Bei compared him to the ancient famous minister Liangxiang: "With Jun Zhongyi, he summoned the tiger with his tracks, and his name was xuanxuan, so he was particularly prominent, Gao Yongjinjue, and concurrently Si Yujing." His birth will be heavenly power, gentle obedience to virtue, rebellion and punishment, called Yuanyi Yan. The poem is not cloudy, 'Bandits, bandits, kingdoms come to the pole.' Zhaomin Rong Gong, with Syr'. Not reluctantly! ”
Liu Bei's edict uses the canon, comparing Zhang Fei to Zhao Bohu (Zhao Bohu saved Prince Jing, that is, the life of King Xuan of Zhou, and helped him succeed to the throne), which is a bit puzzling: The father of Ji Jing, the king of Zhou Xuan, is Ji Hu, the king of Zhou Li, and who is Liu Bei comparing himself to?
Liu Bei compared Zhang Fei to Summoning Bohu rather than Summoning Gonghu, as evidenced by the statements he quotes later.
"Bandit Guilt Bandit Thorn" comes from the ancient Qin style "Jiang Han", singing about the evil beast, King Xuan of Zhou personally marched and stationed on the shore of Jianghan, ordered Bo Hu to lead the army to take the lead. Summoning Bohu to return victoriously, the king gave a great reward, and Zhao Bohu thus made a bronze medal to commemorate his merits, and composed this poem, in which the first and second sentences are as follows: "The king ordered the tiger to be summoned: the style of opening up the four directions and penetrating my territory." Guilt, bandits, kingdoms come to the pole. As for the South China Sea. The king ordered the tiger to come and declare. Wen Wu was ordered to summon Gong Weihan. There is no way to give the boy, and the summoning of the father is similar. Zhaomin Rong Gong, with Syr'er. Ergui Zhen, Indy, A. Sued the literati, Tin Mountain Tsuchida. Yu Zhou was ordered, summoned his ancestors, and the tiger worshiped the head: Ten thousand years of the Son of Heaven! ”
In the song "Jiang Han", King Xuan of Zhou encouraged Zhao Bohu to take Zhao Gonghu as an example, and Liu Bei's seal book hoped that Zhang Fei would take Zhao Bohu as an example and take good care of Liu Chan, and promised that as long as you do your best to build a great contribution, I will give you endless glory and wealth.
Liu Bei raised Zhang Fei too high, and whether he was the King of Zhou Li or the King of Zhou Xuan, he regarded Zhang Fei as the only one he could rely on. After Zhang Fei received this letter of appointment, he was definitely happier than when Guan Yu received Zhuge Liang's letter of commendation: The lord compared me to Zhao Bohu, and it seems that he wanted to entrust Ah Dou to me, and my two daughters-in-law will be your daughter-in-law!
Liu Bei had high hopes for Zhang Fei, and at the same time he also saw that Ma Chao's character was flawed, but he could still use it: "To believe in the northern soil, to be mighty and powerful, to appoint a monarch, to resist the flying tiger, and to be dong wanli, and to seek the people's fistula." Its Ming Xuan Dynasty, Huai Bao Yuan, solemn reward and punishment, to Du Han Hu, to the world. ”
Zhu Jun, a reader who is proficient in ancient Chinese, will surely find that Liu Bei's praise does not compare Ma Chao to an ancient sage, and there is no mention of Ma Chao's loyalty and filial piety and benevolence, and the sentence "believe in the northern soil" is obviously a counter-statement -- the local people's evaluation of Ma Chao is "brave but not benevolent, and it is not righteous to see", Ma Chao's reputation in the north is very bad, and some people regard him as a negative teaching material: "If someone does not love his relatives, can he love people?" ”
In addition to saying the opposite, Liu Bei also earnestly warned Ma Chao: "You must preach dynastic indoctrination, appease and stabilize the four directions, and prudently carry out rewards and punishments (don't slaughter the city and kill women and children without moving), so as to make the blessings of the imperial court thicker, so as to thank the world (you are already sorry for your father, but you can't be sorry for me anymore)." ”
The author's knowledge of ancient Chinese is shallow, but he also knows that Ma Chao only has wei and no faith in the north, Liu Bei said that his faith was written in the northern soil, and did not mention Ma Chao's loyalty and filial piety and benevolence, which in the eyes of those who are familiar with Ma Chao, is a typical scolding of the thief in front of Nojiri Daisa.
Ma Chao also knew that Liu Bei was very uneasy about himself, so he gave Liu Bei a table before his death, telling him about his tragic situation and begging to let it go: "More than two hundred mouths of the Emperor Of the Emperor Menzong, for Meng De (calling the word not a name is respect, why doesn't Ma Chao call Cao Cao a 'Cao Thief'?"). All that has been done is from Di Dai, who should be the successor of the Wei Sect's blood food, and deeply praise His Majesty, and there is no more to say. ”
Ma Chao died a little early, after he joined Liu Bei's camp, he basically did not have too eye-catching performance, but in the twenty-two years of Jian'an, he joined hands with Zhang Fei to fight a battle of inferiority, and the result was defeated by Cao Hong: "Cao Hong broke Wu Lan, beheaded his general Ren Fu and so on." In March, Zhang Fei and Ma Chao walked to Hanzhong, and Yin Pingqiang beheaded Wu Lan and passed on his head. ”
Ma Chao in the main history did not fight with Zhang Fei at Ye Meng Guan, he died young at the age of forty-seven, which must be related to his depressed mood, and whether Liu Bei's seal letter of appointment mocked and beat Ma Chao, readers must also have different ways of interpreting, the author respects everyone's opinions, and doubts whether Liu Bei is ashamed of Ma Chao's heart.
Whether Liu Bei really wants to use the letter of appointment to satirize Ma Chao's disloyalty and filial piety, people who read the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and those who read the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" will definitely have different views, and whether Liu Bei has held Zhang Fei too high, whether he has advised Zhang Fei in the Holy Will, and the readers who are proficient in ancient Chinese will certainly have more incisive views, and the author will not get an axe here...