When Russia entered Siberia (1582), world history entered a new chess game. In this chess game, Dzungar and Daqing formed the most deadly alternative competition. Therefore, the three generations of Kang Yongqian were requisitioned at any cost, and finally used the three bilateral treaties between China and Russia to determine the fruits of victory.
The dangers of the Dzungars
Due to the Ottoman blockade of Eurasian land traffic, the Region of Inner Asia entered a period of decline in the 15th and 17th centuries. Numerous inland powers declined one by one, and in the confrontation with the Ming Dynasty on the nine sides, Mongolia was divided into three parts: The Weyrat Mongols in the west, the Khalkha Mongols in the south, and the Desert Northern Mongolia in the north; among them, the Veyrat Mongols in the west, due to their proximity to Central Asia and Russia, took the lead in contacting the concept of the "absolutist state" popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This concept originated in Western Europe, with strong nationalist connotations, with the goal of establishing an absolutely centralized state, and has a strong ability to integrate ethnic groups.
The Complete Chronicle of the Imperial Dzungars: ... Kaldanze zero, died in an ugly year. Tse-deluded Doljinamzar is young. His sister Oranbayar and half-mother Iya. Every persuasion with kind words. Forbid sexual immorality. Tse-deluded Doljinamzale, older. It is not subject to its prohibition. And listen to the rumors. It is said that his sister wants to emulate Russia and establish herself as a Khan of Khoken. He then imprisoned Oranbayar. And kill Dozaisan. Later, the slaughter of dogs and the theft of wives. Do everything. Benefits are not to be feared.
This brought a new trend to the East Asian continent, and in the process of mutual shaping of the confrontation with Russia, the Dzungars of the Veyrat Mongols, under the leadership of the Batur Huntaiji and the Sangha, established the "Veyrat Alliance", formulated the Mongolian Veyrat Code, and incorporated the four veyrat ministries into a ruling system. In 1672, Kaldan ascended the throne, and in 1675 defeated the second most powerful of the four divisions of the Verat, the Heshuo Ministry, and formally established the Dzungar Khanate, also known in foreign history as the Verat Empire.
The Dzungar Khanate was completely different from the tatar nomadic empire seen before, it was a new concept and power;
I. Kaldan established the "Potala Palace-Ili" system, using Lamaism as a unified ideology, and the secular power center was located in Ili, forming a power structure similar to Russia's "Orthodox Church-Kremlin", which was unprecedented in the steppe;
2. Kaldan practiced absolutism within the Khanate, adopted centralized rule, advocated modern nationalism in the western Style, placed various feudal nobles under his own power, and even actively campaigned in Moscow to demand the repatriation of fleeing nobles from Tsarist Russia;
Kaldan actively introduced Ottoman firearms, established a new type of firearms cavalry, and actively updated its tactics, becoming the leading force in the entire region;
Kaldan had a clear geographical picture of power and ambitions for the whole of Mongolia in the northern part of the East Asian continent; furthermore, after annexing all of Mongolia, the occupation of the south of the Great Wall was naturally the meaning of the title.
There is no doubt that this constitutes an alternative competitive relationship for the Jianzhou Jurchen Great Qing Kingdom, which originated from the south of Northeast Asia, and has more advantages in all aspects.
Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar wax figure
Background of world history
How did the Dzungar Khanate undergo such a transformation? This was because of the sudden emergence of Tsarist Russia in Eurasia.
The expansion of Tsarist Russia was not the migration of nomadic peoples, but carried a more rigorous way of social organization, including camps, fortresses, castles, layers of layout, network control; as well as flintlock guns, rapid-fire guns, fortresses and other systematic military forces; in addition, communities, courts, prisons, colonial institutions, industrial and commercial subjects and so on. This method was able to completely destroy the will of the nomads to resist, and they were incorporated into the whole system, reduced to cheap labor dependent on the economy of industrial and commercial towns, working day and night for the European market for fur and metal products.
In their confrontation with the Russians, the Dzungars learned of Russia's new conception of an "absolutist state" and a new concept of nationalism, and they followed suit and soon established the Veyrat Empire in imitation of Russia. Compared with the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars had more modernization factors, which could not but cause panic among the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. If the war with the Dzungars failed, the entire East Asian continent could be incorporated into the imperial system by the Dzungars.
The reason why the Dzungars failed was on the one hand because of Kaldan's overconfidence and difficulties, and on the other hand, because Russia did not want an empire homogenized with itself in the East, and they preferred that the East continue to remain backward and closed, waiting for their own strength to be stronger, and then slowly plotting again, so they signed the Treaty of Nebuchu with Kangxi and betrayed Dzungar.