What is history: it is the echo of the past to the future, the reflection of the future on the past. - Hugo (French)
Articles categorized | historical anecdotes
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Friends who have seen the Kangxi Dynasty know that Kaldan was the leader of the Dzungar Khanate, who continued to expand during his reign and clashed with the Qing Dynasty. Later, the Kangxi Emperor defeated Kaldan three times. But in history, although Kaldan died, his relatives are still there, and the war with the Qing Dynasty is still not over. For example, Gardan's nephew is a cruel character, leaving the Yongzheng Emperor with no choice, so who is he?
This man's name was Kaldan Tsering, and his grandfather was the leader of the Dzungars, Sangha, the eldest brother of Kaldan. In 1670, after the death of the sangha, Kaldan, who had already become a monk, returned to the world and became the new chief of the Dzungars. Taking advantage of the defeat of kaldan, the eldest son of the sangha, Alabutan cooperated with the Qing Dynasty and officially became the Great Khan of Dzungar in 1698. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has maintained peace with the Dzungars for more than 20 years.
In 1715, the Dzungars clashed again with the Qing Dynasty in Hami and Turfan. Two years later, Alabutan sent an army to attack Tibet and killed Lhazang Khan, who had returned to the Qing Dynasty. The Kangxi Emperor sent the emperor's fourteenth son to lead the army for General Wang. After that, in order to prevent the Heshuo Special Army from allying with Dzungar, the Qing Dynasty launched an attack on the Qinghai region, and its leader, Lobzang Danjin, was defeated by Nian Tangyao and fled to Dzungar.
In 1727, Alabutan died suddenly, and his son Kaldanze Zero succeeded him to the Khanate. When the news reached Beijing, the Yongzheng Emperor was very happy. He felt it was an opportunity to pacify the Dzungars once and for all. In other words, the Yongzheng Emperor did not care about Gao Erdanze at all. However, some ministers strongly opposed the use of force, arguing that "the gaga rebels can make the chiefs remember the virtues of their ancestors and defend them by force." "。 So what kind of person was Kaldan Tsering?
Although he ruled Dzungar for only eighteen years, he was indeed an excellent chieftain, during which time he conquered the western regions, conquered the Kazakh steppe, and dominated Central Asia. At the same time, Gardanze actively studied Western science and technology, appointed Swedish officers, and even formed special artillery and musketeers. Therefore, although the Dzungars had only a few tens of thousands of troops, they were able to resist both Tsarist Russia and the Qing Dynasty.
For this information, the Yongzheng Emperor naturally had no way of knowing, he decided to use force on Dzungar, so in the ninth year of Yongzheng (1731), the two sides launched a fierce battle at Boktoring and Tongbo, Gardan lured the enemy to go deep with zero strategy, the Qing army was eager to win, mistakenly entered the encirclement, the result was a defeat, and finally tens of thousands of soldiers and horses were only left with more than 2,000 people. When the Yongzheng Emperor got the news, he was very sad.
The situation was critical for a time. Thanks to the second order of the Khalkhas, he led his army to crush the Dzungar army. After that, the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungars fell into a confrontational situation, and they could not defeat each other, but could only choose peace talks. After years of negotiations, the two sides finally demarcated the border in the fourth year of Qianlong (1739), with the Busent River and the Altai Mountains as the boundary. After that, Kaldan sent troops to the West and continued to negotiate with Russia and conquer Kazakhstan.
From the fourth year of Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty maintained trade relations with the Dzungars without conflict until another war broke out in 1755. In 1745, Kaldan cigen died of illness, and his sons fought for the throne, and eventually the Dzungar Khanate fell into civil strife and began to collapse. The Qianlong Emperor saw the opportunity and immediately issued an edict to send troops. This time, the Qing army was a great success, and it took only more than a year to capture the last Great Khan of Dzungar, Dawazi.
If Kaldan had not died, the Dzungar Khanate would not have perished so quickly, its rise and fall would have been fast, and this was the Steppe Empire!
References: 1. "The Last Nomadic Empire"; 2. Records of the Qing Dynasty 3. History of the Dzungar Khanate
History has no real scientific value, and its sole purpose is to educate others. - George W. Qu Weilian (English)