Lake Baikal, known as the North Sea in ancient China, is known as the "Pearl of Siberia", which means "rich lake", named after the abundance of fish in the lake, and has long become the inner lake of Russia.
In 646 AD, Emperor Taizong of Tang established the Governor's Palace of Hanhai, which was the official administrative organ of the Chinese government in the Baikal region. The Liao, Jin, and Yuan, who followed, all placed Lake Baikal under the jurisdiction of the regime.
In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens in northeast China rose up and established the Later Jin regime, and before they entered the customs to unify the country, they had unified a vast area from Lake Baikal in the west to the sea in the east.
After the Jurchens established the Great Qing Dynasty, they chose to enter the GuannanXia to compete with Daming for the world, because the Qing Dynasty itself was sparsely populated and the troops were stretched. Dorgon raised 100,000 Qing troops to the south, causing the northeast of the land of The Great Qing Dynasty to be empty, which indirectly created favorable conditions for Tsarist Russia to invade the northeast.
In 1632, after expanding into the Lena River valley in eastern Siberia, Tsarist Russia established the city of Yakutsk as the main base for invading China from the south.
In 1643, golovin, the governor of Yakutsk, Russia, sent Poyakov to lead 132 men down the Lena River to invade the south, cross the Transhingan Mountains, and invade Chinese territory. The exterminating and humane killing and eating of China's Daur people is called "man-eating demons" by the people of Heilongjiang region.
This group of cannibal demons built the first military fortress in the Baikal region near the confluence of the Ingoda and Chita rivers. In 1666, a wooden military fortress was built on the banks of the Uda River, on Udinsk.
At that time, the Qing Dynasty was busy with national reunification and peace in the San Francisco Rebellion, allowing Tsarist Russia to invade and occupy the Chinese territories of Nebuchu and Yaksa, and built forts there, set up fortifications, and continued to harass and plunder the people of northeast China. The Kangxi Emperor, out of consideration for the situation, only sent envoys to negotiate and warn many times, but none of them worked.
In 1681, when the Qing army entered kunming, the city of Yunnan Province, Wu Shipan committed suicide, and the eight-year San Fan Rebellion was quelled, establishing stable Imperial Rule of the Qing Dynasty.
In the second year of quelling the Rebellion of the Three Domains, the Kangxi Emperor went to the eastern part of the Kwantung Regions, and after learning about the situation there, especially the Heilongjiang River Valley, he decided to expel the Russian invading army, and the Battle of Yaksa broke out.
The first Battle of Yaksa of the Qing Army was mainly composed of 1,500 troops from Ninguta led by Sabsu, plus 500 Shengjing soldiers and 500 additional Rattan soldiers, for a total of about 2,500 people.
Under the command of Peng Chun, the Qing army, armed with warships, shotguns, artillery, spears, shields and other weapons, set out from Aihun and marched to Yaksa by land and water.
The Qing army fired artillery at the city of Yaksa, and the invading army suffered heavy casualties and was unable to support itself, and was forced to surrender and evacuate Yaksa. With Peng Chun's consent, the Russian army withdrew to Nebuchu, and after the Qing army drove away the invading army, it destroyed the city of Yaksa and returned to the division.
In 1685, the Tsarist thieves were not dead, and sent 600 troops to reinforce Nebuchu and once again occupy Yaksa. This treacherous act of the Russian army caused great indignation from the Qing government. After receiving the report, the Kangxi Emperor immediately ordered a counterattack, and the Second Battle of Yaksa broke out.
More than 2,000 Qing troops entered the city of Yaksa, dug trenches on the south, north and east sides of the city to besiege it, and sent warships to patrol the west river of the city to cut off the foreign aid of the defending enemy.
The invading army was besieged, many died of illness and disease, 826 invading troops, and finally only 66 people remained. The Russian regent Sophia hurriedly requested qing to withdraw the siege and send envoys to agree on a border. Qing agreed to the request and allowed the remnants of the invading army to withdraw to Nebuchu.
After the end of the Yaksa counterattack, China and Russia began to negotiate a border. At first, the Qing Dynasty still made a claim to the sovereignty of Lake Baikal.
In May 1688, the Qing Dynasty minister Suo Ertu proposed that "Nebuchu, Yaksa, the upper and lower levels of the Heilongjiang River, and the rivers and streams that pass through this river belong to our land and should not be abandoned to oros." It put forward the view that the Lena River is bounded and Lake Baikal also belongs to China.
Just as the negotiations between the two sides were deadlocked, Kaldan in the northwest led the Mongol cavalry across the Mongolian plateau, and the army reached Ulaanbutong, not far from the city of Beijing.
This made the Kangxi Emperor feel great pressure and was forced to choose to compromise with Russia, and the two sides concluded the "Sino-Russian Nebuchu Treaty", stipulating that the outer Xing'an Ridge to the Haiger Biqi River and the Erguna River were the eastern borders between China and Russia, and the area north of the Heilongjiang River, south of the Waixing'an Ridge and east of the Ussuri River were all Qing Territory. Sovereignty over Lake Baikal was given upright.
The Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchu was the first equality treaty signed by China, and although it was not humiliating to China, China did not take advantage of it, but instead lost a small part of the territory north of the Waixing'an Mountains and the northeastern region of Mongolia centered on Nebuchu.