Wang Anshi's 1000th Birthday Appreciation of the Book of The Master

Book of Masters

The literati who taste the words, the etiquette governs Yun'er. Those who have passed on his books and strategies have generally returned [1]. And the cloud person who says "words are not written, but not far away" [2], the words can not be used [3], and the original meaning of non-saint composition is also.

Long since the death of Confucius, Han Zizuo, looking forward to the saint in a hundred thousand years, Zhuo Ran also. The only son Hou named Han and Han, and the son Hou was not Han Biye; however, his literary pawn was matched with Han Yichuan, and haojie was also fearsome. Han Zi tasted the language of humanities, known as Yun Yun, Zi Hou also known as Yun Yun [4]. Those who doubt the two sons, the disciples with their words and ears, the original meaning of the composition, is not as good as its already.

Mencius said, "A gentleman wants his own self-sufficiency." Where there is self-gain, there is peace; where there is peace, there is depth of capital; and the depth of capital is taken from the left and right. [5] Mencius's Yun'er is not directly applied to the text, but can also be thought of as the original meaning of the composition.

And the so-called writer must only make up for the world; the so-called writer, the so-called writer, the carved painting also. Sincerity makes cleverness and brilliance do not have to be applied; sincerity makes it applicable, nor does it have to be clever and brilliant. It is necessary to be based on application, and it is only possible to engrave paintings.[6] Not applicable, not so, not as a device, not tolerated, if it is also? No, also. However, it is not possible to do it, and it is not possible to do it first.

A certain scholar has been studying for a long time, and he has threatened this statement to be autonomous. Those who want to pass on the strategy of the book have yet to be done. Is it right or wrong? Not customizable also. Deacons[7], righteous people, not good people. Ten essays are dedicated to the teachings of the book, and it is possible to teach them so that they are fixed in their right and wrong.

"Four Series" this "Mr. Linchuan Anthology"

【About the Author】

Wang Anshi (1021-1086), courtesy name Jiefu, was a native of Linchuan, Fuzhou (present-day Linchuan, Jiangxi). In the second year of the Qing calendar (1042), jinshi, the judge of Huainan, the judge of Yinxian County, the zhizhou of Changzhou, and the judge of The Three Sidu branches. In the second year of Xi Ning (1069), Emperor Shenzong was promoted to the position of Governor (Vice Chancellor) and actively promoted the new law. Due to the opposition of the old party, he repeatedly resigned and repeatedly used it, and retired to Jiangning in his later years. He is the author of the 100 volumes of the Linchuan Collection. The History of Song vol. 327 is passed down.

【Solution】

The core figures of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, and Su Shi, were all prominent figures in political innovation at that time, and most of them attached importance to the satirical and resentful function of literature and the role of social politics, such as Han Yu advocated that literature be familiar with current affairs, suitable for practicality, and used to apply to others, etc. Liu Zongyuan emphasized that Wensu "gives facts, fears the times and things as the way", "the use of literature, the praise and depreciation of words, and the guidance of irony", "enough to be prepared", "enough to listen when it is moving", and so on. The theory of the Cultural Revolution and the idea of political reform in the Northern Song Dynasty developed almost simultaneously and penetrated each other. Some political reformers have emphasized literature in the service of realpolitik, especially Wang Anshi. The selected text in this article, the Book of Shangren, can be said to be the "Book of Ten Thousand Words" ("The Book of Words of Emperor Shangrenzong" of his transformation, and the relationship between the two books is borrowed from Ouyang Xiu's "Reply to Wu Chong Xiucai's Book" in which Yun Yun is "as vast as ten million words, and less certain and look at Yan, only hundreds of words" is appropriate. At this point, in modern times, Liang Qichao's call for a "revolution in the novel world" to renew his changes in the law can correspond to Wang Anshi's drumming before and after, which should not be just a historical coincidence.

【Notes】

[1] Attribution: Merging, Attributing, Attribution. "Li Yi Yi": "Private favors do not return to morality." "It is not in accordance with morality. In return, it comes down to the rule of etiquette.

[2] Words are not written, not far from deeds: "Zuo Chuan Xianggong Twenty Years": "Zhongni Yue: 'Zhi has it, words are full of ambition, and words are full of words. Who knows? Words are not far away. It means that the article cannot be circulated for a long time without literary style.

[3] The predicate of the word can not be already: "Xunzi Persuasion": "Gentleman knows: Learning can not be done." ”

[4] Han Zi's three sentences refer to Han Yu's "Book of Answers to Li Yi" and Liu Zongyuan's "Book of Answers to Wei's Neutral Theory of The Teacher's Dao".

[5] Mencius's Five Verses: "Mencius Leaves LouXia": "A gentleman who studies deeply is the Tao, and wants him to attain self-sufficiency." If you are self-satisfied, you will dwell in peace; if you dwell in peace, you will be deep in capital; if you are deep in capital, you will take it from the left and right, so the gentleman wants him to be self-sufficient. ”

[6] It is only the appearance of engraved painting: tolerance, retouching, form. It means that the article should be applied as the basis, and the language art form is secondary, that is, "it is not possible to tolerate it, and it is not to be the first to be able to do it".

[7] Deacons: See Wang Anshi's Book of Ancestral Choices, where deacons should refer to ancestors without choice.

【Lecture】

First of all, the core point of this article is the utilitarian value of literature, that is, "the writer must only make up for the world" and "the writer, the etiquette governs the government". That is to say, literature should serve politics and have a strong socio-political functional value. In this regard, he believes that Mencius has the most "original meaning of composition", although it is not explicitly stated in this article, but it actually refers to Mencius's "people-oriented" thought. The Book of Answers to the Ancestral Choice further elaborates on this, that is, "the decree of the church, the so-called wenye of the saints, the policy of the book, and the people of the world who are cited." Secondly, in the relationship between literature and use, that is, words and practicality, he believes that practicality is the foundation, and words are the end, and the two are the primary and secondary relationships of which comes first and which is later. "There is a complement to the world" that is, to "apply", that is, "the so-called word, the Judean instrument has carved painting also." Sincerity makes cleverness and brilliance do not have to be applied; sincerity makes it applicable, nor does it have to be clever and brilliant. It is based on application, and it is only possible to engrave painting. Not applicable, not so, not as a device, not tolerated, if it is also? No also". Therefore, he opposed Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan's "language people with literature", "those who doubt the two sons, the disciples with their words", and believed that "the original meaning of composition is not as good as its already". He ridiculed Han Yu's literary view of advocating linguistic innovation but not to the world, that is, "trying to exaggerate and exaggerate, and pitiful and uncompromising spirit." Of course, this is not fair and comprehensive. It should be pointed out that Wang Anshi does not completely negate the aesthetic characteristics of the engraved paintings of the text and the exquisite and gorgeous ornamentation, that is, "the appearance of the text is not enough, do not be the first to be", but the two have a priority. Finally, in connection with the first two points, Wang Anshi also talked about the issue of immortality, that is, "the person who transmits the book and the strategy". He believed that the original meaning of the saint's composition was "the writer, the ruler of the religion". The strategy of the book, the person who passes it on, is for the government, and ultimately for the people. The relationship between the end and the end is also repeatedly emphasized in the Book of Ancestral Choice: "The decree of the ruler of the church, the so-called wenye of the saints." The strategy of the book, the people of the world, one also. ”

【Keyword Interpretation】

There is supplement to the world

In China's feudal society dominated by Confucianism, the theory of literary value and utility can be said to be one of the key points in ancient Chinese literary theory, from the pre-Qin to the modern era. Wang Anshi's view of "complementing the world" is the most concise and frequently cited term in the category of classical criticism. From the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties' "Poetry and Speech", "Xingguan Qunzhi", "Indoctrination proverbs", "Changing Customs and Customs", "Beautiful Irony", "Persuading Good and Punishing Evil", etc., to the Wei, Jin, Southern, Northern, and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Immortality of the Country", "Revival and Destruction of Chaos", "Wen Yi Ming Dao", "Literature to Carry the Tao", "Supplementing current affairs", "Leaking Human Feelings", "Articles written together for the times, songs and poems combined for the sake of things", "Only songs give birth to the people's diseases, may the Son of Heaven know", and then to the "Giving to things" in the modern era of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, "Abandoning Pepsi is not about the heart", "Supplementing the world", "Supplementing the country", "Doing with deeds", etc., and then to the song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Police time drumming crowd", "true poetry history", "feeling the country change, hurting the race, mourning the people", "reforming the mass governance", "novel new people", "smoking the thorns", "novel to save the country", "sports society", "advocating the trend", "intending to resist, referring to the action", etc. (see Minze and Dang Shengyuan's "Theory of Literary Value"), although the methods are different, they can all be used as "supplementing the world". Its most direct source can be traced back to Wang Chong's "For the world's users, a hundred articles are harmless; not for the world's users, a chapter is not helpful" ("On Heng And Ziji"). The influence on future generations goes straight to Gu Yanwu's words: "The text needs to be beneficial to the world, beneficial to the future, and one more article is beneficial" ("Rizhilu Wensu is beneficial to the world").

【Related Knowledge Links】

As a representative of the Northern Song Dynasty Ancient Literature Movement, due to the ideological and political background of the implementation of new studies and new laws, Wang Anshi's literary thought has similarities with Liu Kai, Ouyang Xiu, and so on, and is also very different. First of all, in his attitude towards the Poetry of xikun, Wang Anshi, like Shi Jie and Ouyang Xiu, gave a more severe blow. For example, the "Preface to the Poetry of zhang punishment" Yun: "Yang and Liu are dyed with their literary words, scholars are fascinated by their ends, they are depressed and poor, they are poor and poor, they are powdered and inked, they are confused, they are confused, and there is no article on the order of the emperor, and their belongings are emotional and cannot be examined." "Shangshao Bachelor's Book" Yun: "A certain taste of the modern world's literature, the words of the Buddha care for reason, the reason for the matter, the accumulation of truth for learning, and the carving and painting of sentences for the refinement." For example, the ying of the strange flowers, the accumulation and play, although the brilliance is beautiful, the fresh and lovely, if you ask for its roots to be used, you will be contemptuous. It also focuses on the defects of Yang, Liu and others who are "concerned about things" and cannot be "used economically", which is a reflection of his "application-oriented" view. Secondly, in the evaluation of the ancient texts of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, Liu Kai, Wang Yuwei, Shi Jie, and Ouyang Xiu all vigorously promoted respect, or even worshipped, while Wang Anshi, from the perspective of application as the basis, believed that although the two were outstanding in the hundreds of years, those who "tasted the language and the text" such as the "Book of Replying to Li Yi" and the "Book of the Neutral Theory of The Daoist Of Answering Wei" believed that they were also "disciples with their words" and could not "complement the world", and accused Han Yu of "trying to make up for the world", and accusing Han Yu of "trying to make up for the vulgarity, pitiful and non-supplemental spirit" ("Han Zi"), the same meaning. This has something to do with advocating new learning and daring to subvert and criticize traditional Confucianism, such as criticizing "Spring and Autumn" as a "broken and rotten dynasty newspaper". Of course, he still had great respect for Han Yu, such as the compilation of the "Four Poems" including Du Fu, Ouyang Xiu, Han Yu and Li Bai.

【Further reading】

Among the selected articles, the Book of Ancestral Choice can be said to be a companion to the Book of Shangren, which further emphasizes and discusses the issue of immortality of "those who have supplemented the world" and "those who have the various strategies of the book", and the two books must refer to each other in order to understand Wang Anshi's literary thought more deeply and comprehensively.

Book of Ancestral Choices

The decree of the church, the so-called literary of the saints. The strategy of the book, the people of the world, one also. The saints are to the Tao, and they are to the heart. Instead of ruling the religious decrees, there is a precedence of the end, the power of the righteous, and one is extreme. The strategy of his book is also the same.

The other is not the case, one is suitable, one is not, the non-flowing is mud, and the non-excessive is not. Even if it is the end of the matter, when the latter is the opposite, none of them will contradict the extreme. He is also in the Tao, not in the experience. The strategy of his book is also, can it not contradict Yahweh? Therefore, the strategy of the book is good, and the people of the world are led to it, but they are not good, and there is nothing. The two emperors and three kings are also the people of the world and the good; Confucius Mencius, the strategy of the book and the good are also: all saints are also, and the land is the same.

A certain student has twelve years of study, and has studied for fourteen years. The so-called writer of the saints has private intentions; the strategy of the book is not also. Occasionally, he moved on to the matter and out of words to warn him of his bowing. If it is applied to friends and friends, it is forbidden to be ugly, and it is not dare to say that it is also a text. The deacons want to receive and teach them, so that they can be sacrificed. Although self-aware, dare to cover up evil? The preface to the book originally said a number of passages, because of what was heard and what was desired, it was dedicated to the left and right, but it was given to the view.

This article is selected from the "Reading Of Ancient Chinese Literature" Dang Shengyuan Xia Jing