From the founding of the dprk to the demise of the DPRK, the problem of corruption has always been very serious. This was true even during the Yongzheng period.
Most of The Yongzheng anti-corruption campaign is aimed at fighting for power and profit, and most of the anti-corruption and anti-corruption are the "Eight Kings Party", and the nature of the crackdown is too obvious
Although Yongzheng was "selfless with an iron face", he mainly targeted his political enemies, and the various cases that occurred during his tenure, especially the major cases, were related to brothers, the royal family, Nian Qianyao, Long Keduo and others, and few were truly corrupt. The other is the corruption-related case in Yongzheng's "literal prison".
For example, in the case of the directly subordinate governor Cai Jue, the Governor of Sichuan Fa Min, the envoy Fo Xi, and the envoy Cheng Rusi who killed the merchant, Cai Jue exposed that Nian Qianyao had meritorious service, and instead of being arrested, he was reused. Later, Cai Jue framed Yue Zhongqi and encountered Yongzheng's bottom line before he was arrested.
For example, the establishment of the "Examination Institute", which is the first independent "audit department" in China's history, should be a "pioneering" work, and will also have a great inhibitory effect on anti-corruption. However, the "Examination Institute" only existed for three years, during which it was mainly "strictly audited" for the so-called "Eight Masters" and their Ministry of Works.
Therefore, the anti-corruption problem of the Qing Dynasty is not what we think, and Yongzheng is very powerful and very iron-faced.
Yongzheng was generally strict with officials in the Qing Dynasty
To say that the most iron-faced and selfless in Chinese history should be the Hongwu Emperor, and the Qing Dynasty can be regarded as the more iron-faced Shunzhi, but he also has the consideration of suppressing the Manchu nobility.
Of course, I am not saying that Yongzheng was not harsh on corruption, but that even when Yongzheng reigned, the corruption problem in the Qing Dynasty was still very serious. Generally speaking, the Yongzheng Emperor should have been the more severe treatment of corruption among the Emperors of the Qing Dynasty. For example
On March 22, 1734 (April 23, 1734), He sentenced Henan Xuezheng (Sanpin) to death for accepting bribes and selling academic diplomas during the imperial examinations.
In December (January 1733), Yongzheng was beheaded by the Red Banner Han army Du Tong and the third rank of Bo Li Li. In the diary written by the famous Jin Yong in the history of Chinese literature, Jin Yong's ancestral ceremonial attendant Cha Siting rebelled and cheated, asking him to commit suicide after committing suicide.
However, under the circumstance that Yongzheng is fighting corruption on its own, and the characteristics of personal interests are too obvious, the problem of corruption cannot be solved at all. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty from the beginning of its establishment to the end of the corruption is very serious, why can it exist for 267 years?
The most fundamental reason is that after the Qing Dynasty unified China, it quickly implemented "dual-pattern governance.".
That is, the implementation of traditional Confucian rule in the Han areas, the emphasis on the imperial examination, etc.; in the border areas still retained the original system, such as the Tibet region, during its reign completed the political recognition of the two living Buddhas and the formulation of rules for reincarnation, etc., the use of Tibetan Buddhism to rule Mongolia and Tibet.
The ancient Han people did not measure the legitimacy of their rule by blood or region, but by culture, in fact, it did not matter who became the emperor. In the Confucian view, as long as you respect Confucianism. Therefore, most of the intellectuals are at ease. At the same time, civil rule, the Qing Dynasty, was also handed over to the gentry who were deeply influenced by Confucianism. In this way, the family is used ideologically to control the people.
Then, since the rule is solid, it depends on how serious the problem of corruption really is.
The problem of corruption did not affect the qing dynasty's upward trajectory, which depended on respect for "unspoken rules"
The Qing Dynasty was corrupt but had a bottom line, and the corruption of the Qing Dynasty was mainly "bad rules" corruption. However, from the unification of China by the Qing Dynasty to the late Qianlong period, the operation of the "bad rules" was relatively gentle. The "bad rules" are all bribes paid by low status to high status, then, although bribery is very problematic. However, once the amount of "bribery" is determined, no one can change it. More than three or four Qing dynasty officials were deposed by the imperial court because of the more than three or four bribes demanded by the inspectors exceeding the amount of bad regulations.
For example, Yang Tingzhang, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, was arrested in the 29th year of Qianlong for bad rules and forced loans from subordinates, and Qianlong changed his dismissal to a demotion to a minister of scattered affairs.
Fu Lehun, the former governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Yade, the successor governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, were arrested in the sixtieth year of Qianlong in the sixtieth year of Qianlong because they forcibly demanded 55,220 and 45,000 taels of salt merchants, respectively, during the two terms of office, and the former was issued to Rehe and the latter to Serve in Ili.
Xu Song, a scholar and politician in Hunan Province, was reported by Inspector Chu Pengling for demanding bribes and selling books, and was sentenced to exile on December 28, 1813 (February 10, 1813) in Jiaqing.
Wait a minute.
There is a characteristic of the bad rules: "As long as you don't exceed the number of unspoken rules, everyone (please note these three words) acquiesced to this matter", which is the reality of the Qing Dynasty. Zuo Zongtang is very clean, but he also accepts the "bad rules", because if you don't accept them, you will break the rules.
However, after Zuo Zongtang finished receiving it, he turned it into office funds. Therefore, he served as an inspector of the first rank for more than twenty years, and his family property was only five thousand taels per son. That's the equivalent of eight or nine months of his salary and bonuses.
There is a mystery in this: the people know how many bad rules to give each year, then, in fact, they have the bottom in their hearts. What the people are most afraid of is corruption and bribery, which is the most terrible thing.
Corruption in the Qing Dynasty was brought under control in the early and middle periods, depending on the fact that every once in a while, an emperor who constantly tossed officials would come and beat them up
For example, Shunzhi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Xianfeng all did what they should have done under the circumstances of extremely serious corruption in a certain period of time.
After Shunzhi gained real power, he fully restored the methods of punishing corruption during the Ming Taizu and Ming Chengzu periods, reused the Han people, and suppressed the manchu aristocratic forces, thus exchanging the foundation of the Qing Dynasty's rule.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, because of the contradictions among the Manchus, the contradictions between the Manchus and the Han, the unification problems, the security of the frontiers, and many other issues, more attention was paid to the issue of corruption, because during this period, it was more important to protect the rivers and mountains than to rule the officials. After the recovery of Taiwan, Kangxi spent a huge amount of money on the sixth trip to Jiangnan, causing a deficit in the world, because of the "original sin" problem, coupled with the relatively stable national reunification at that time, so Kangxi did not strictly investigate.
The Yongzheng Emperor's iron-fisted politics pioneered the system of raising incorruptible silver. In the early qianlong period, the problem of corruption was also very severe. As a result, these thirty years of time had a certain effect on Kangxi's connivance of corruption.
In the middle and late qianlong period, the heavy use of the great corrupt officials and the yan, with the hezhen as the core, formed a super-large corrupt group, which directly contributed to the great uprising of the White Lotus Sect. To this end, the Jiaqing Emperor quickly slashed the mess.
During the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, because of the threat of the Great Uprising of the White Lotus Sect, these two people were still conscientious, but after the defeat of the "Opium War", the Daoguang Dynasty was rampant in corruption, and the Xianfeng Emperor rectified the bureaucracy. After Xianfeng's death, the Qing Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty became more and more serious about corruption and eventually perished.