Text/Wending
Today, talking about the origin of surname and surname, and the difference between surname and surname, may help to understand the Khitan surname.
Last name and surname are the symbols and emblems of human groups. There are all kinds of people in society, etc., and everyone must have their own name to distinguish between them and avoid the phenomenon of duplicate names. In the current household registration book, the first item is each person's name (including aliases), followed by gender, age, place of residence, and place of origin (formerly known as place of origin). In ancient China, to be precise, in the pre-Qin era, people had surnames and surnames to distinguish between relatives and nobles. "Surname" is used to distinguish people's blood relations, and "clan" is used to indicate whether people's identity is noble or low, high or low.
The development of human society is from a matriarchal society to a patriarchal society, from a primitive society without class distinction to a society with class distinction. In matrilineal societies, people's blood relations are determined by their mothers, because at that time, the system of group marriage was prevalent, people often knew their mothers but did not know their fathers, and children could only take their mother's surname. Therefore, the ancient surnames are mostly on the side of the "female" character, such as Jiang, Ji, 嬴, 姒, 妫, 姑, 妗, etc., and the "surname" word itself also has the word "female", which can prove this.
What is the need to distinguish between "surnames" in a crowd? It has to do with marriage. In the long primitive society, people found a phenomenon that children born of intermarriage between close relatives often have physical defects, which are not conducive to physical health and population reproduction. Therefore, marriages of the same surname must be prohibited, i.e. children of the same mother cannot marry, and the same surname indicates that they have the same blood relation. This can be said to be a kind of "customary law", that is, an unwritten law of convention. Social practice shows that people of different castes who are not related by blood can marry.
Later, this "customary law" was relaxed, stipulating that people with the same surname other than wufu could also marry. The so-called five costumes originally referred to five different kinds of mourning clothes worn during the funeral according to the distance of relatives, and later extended to the distance of blood relations. Nowadays, there are many people who marry of the same sex, but they are all outside the five-serving, and intermarriage within the five-serving is still an immoral act of incest.
The original surnames were produced in primitive society and were related to the geographical environment in which they lived, such as rivers, seas, and mountains and geographical characteristics; some surnames such as dragons, tigers, thunder, clouds, etc. were related to totem worship; surnames such as Li, Yang, Bai, and Liu were related to plants; cattle, horses, sheep were related to animals. However, the reasons for the later surname are very complicated, because they have little to do with this topic, and they are omitted.
The ancient "clan" was used only for men, not for women, and this must be made clear. After entering patriarchal society, especially class society, the status of men in society has increased unprecedentedly. Because in the war for wealth, men can play a greater role. Those who received military merit were often rewarded with titles and fiefs, thus becoming a special group of people who were different.
The official titles and fiefs they received became their clans. The Eastern Han Dynasty Ying Shao's "Customs and Customs" divides the sources of clans into nine types, of which the official titles and feudal states are the main ones. Sima Qian's "Chronicle of the Twelve Princes" has a "Chronology of the Twelve Princes", and these twelve princes are the clans. The fiefdoms of the princes are large and small, and their titles are high and low, which can be used to indicate the level of their social status, and they all belong to the nobility.
In other words, only nobles had clans, and commoners and slaves had no clans. Therefore, the Song Dynasty Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi Clan Strategy" said: "The clan is so don't be noble and lowly, the noble one has no one, and the unworthy one has a name and no clan." In ancient times, sons were preferred to women, men had clans, and women had no clans, so Zheng Qiao also said: "Men are called clans, and women are called surnames." "The line between surname and surname is clear.
Those who have obtained a clan are immediately lost if they are relegated to commoners and slaves if they commit a crime or a crime. Therefore, the oath of alliance between ancient princes often used "fallen to the dead, its country" as a curse word, and its reason lies in this.
In the Warring States period, there was great social turmoil, and many nobles lost their original status and privileges and were reduced to ordinary people. Once they lost their aristocratic status, they lost their clans. Especially after Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, the original kings and magnates of the Six Kingdoms were reduced to commoners, and they were truly "dead and dead, their country". Therefore, only in the pre-Qin period did surnames and surnames coexist, and by the time the Qin and Han surnames had merged into one, no longer distinguishing between surnames and surnames.
Because in ancient times, the clan was used to indicate the social status and identity of the nobility, so later generations often used a certain clan to refer to each other in the writing, showing respect for the other party, such as calling Wang Guowei the Wang clan and Guo Moruo as the Guo clan, which is a kind of custom among the literati, which can still be seen today.
According to Chinese etiquette, it is impolite to call him by his first name, and he can be called by his official name, and those who do not have an official name are called characters and titles more civilized, such as calling Wang Guowei Wang Jing'an and Wang Guantang, calling Chen Yuan Chen Yuan'an, calling Jin Yudi Jin Jing'an, and so on.
In today's books and publications, you can still see the surname, most of which refers to the surname, which is completely out of the convenience of the writing.