Now, it must be emphasized that the Uyghur people are the historical and realistic proposition of China's unique ethnic group, and that china's ethnic formation, population and regional characteristics over thousands of years have created the Uyghur ethnic group, and that there is no Uyghur ethnic group anywhere in the world outside of China.
Turning over the ancient Chinese books, it is not difficult for people to find such a fact, the ancient Chinese northern ethnic groups either went south to integrate with the Central Plains peoples, or from the east and the west, gathered with the western region of ancient China, that is, today's Xinjiang, China, and completed ethnic integration in the western region. Some caravans from the west have lived in China for a long time because of the glory and prosperity of Chinese civilization, and are unwilling to return to their own homeland, and there have been some integrations with the ethnic groups along the Silk Road, especially in Xinjiang, but this integration is insignificant in the history of the nation, and it is impossible to change the composition of the Chinese nation, and the Persians and Arabs in history have not been able to change this fact, so there is no Persian or Arab in China.
Similarly, if you look at history, you will find that more than 2,000 years ago, the armies of the Han Dynasty were able to cross the desert Gobi in the southern Xinjiang Basin of present-day Xinjiang and the Dawan State in the Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan. Dawan is in the western foothills of the Pamir, on and in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River, and the original inhabitants are mainly Serbs in ancient Chinese books. In ancient Greece, Alexander's crusade to the East, at the Battle of the Syr Darya (present-day Leninabad, Tajikistan) was rebuilt into the city of Antioch during the construction of the "Far East Alexander" Seleucid Dynasty, and did not go east into the territory of Dawan. At its height, especially during the Northern Expedition of Otidmus, it occupied the land and built forts in villages and towns in a Greek way, but the Pamirs to the east were still deterred.
Later history is also like this, The Persians, Arabs, etc., in addition to doing business with Chinese and carrying out cultural exchanges, their armies have not been able to cross the Pamir to the western part of China, and the large-scale integration with the peoples here has a very limited impact on the formation of Chinese nationalities in this region. On the contrary, it is Chinese has been moving from the western region to the west, completing the improvement of its own strength and the development of culture to the west.
In the Han Dynasty, Li Guangli led an expeditionary army to attack Dawan, and while obtaining DawanMa and establishing another King of Dawan, he also made Dawan belong to the Han Dynasty and accept the jurisdiction of the Western Regions Capital Protectorate. Previously, according to the Book of Han, "Around 155 BC, after being defeated by Wusun's Kunmo Hunting, the Ōtsuki clan migrated southwest and passed through Dawan to establish a royal court in the north of Bactria, cutting off the connection between Dawan and hellenistic Bactria, and then expanding further south, destroying the Bactrian kingdom around 125 BC and establishing the Kushan Empire in India." "Now, both from a historical and humanistic point of view, the Yueshi people should belong to one of the ethnic minorities and tribes in ancient China.
After the Tang Dynasty defeated the Western Turks, it set up a Persian governor's palace in Persia to administer northeast Persia, and Persia became a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty, and even Persian princes came to the Tang Dynasty as hostages. According to the Old Book of Tang, when the Arabs invaded the Persian Sassanid Dynasty in 661 AD, the Persian prince Balus traveled to Chang'an to request military assistance from the Tang Dynasty, who was then ruling China. The Tang Dynasty then set up the Persian Governor's Mansion in the Persian city of Zelling (present-day Zabole, Iran), and appointed Belus as the Governor, which was subordinate to the Anxi Metropolitan Protectorate.
In 662 AD, Li Zhi abolished the Persian governorate and made Belus the king of Persia, so that all the city-states in Central Asia at that time became the tang dynasty's feudal state capital, which made the Arabs very headache, but the strength of the Tang Dynasty made them feel that Chinese was not a paper tiger, and continued to send envoys to friendly exchanges with the Tang Dynasty, and the city of Bilus was temporarily maintained for more than ten years. Before or after that, some Persians came to China and left their own names in Chinese history, known as Sinicized Persians, such as Aluo Shout, who served as the ambassador of the Fulin Kingdom, Li Yuanyu, a famous general of the Middle and Tang Dynasties, Li Xun, a poet of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and Li Shunxian, the former Shu Emperor Wang Yan.
In 675, the Arabs captured the city of Lingling, and Belus and his son Ni Neshi fled all the way to Chang'an, and in 679, Pei Xingjian escorted the Ni Ne shi back to China and sealed it, at that time, shanye city (the hometown of the great Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai, located in Central Asia, east of Bishkek, the capital of present-day Kyrgyzstan, near the city of Tokmak in the Chu River Valley. Along with Guizi, Shule and Khotan, known as the "Four Towns of Anxi" in the Tang Dynasty) also garrisoned the tang dynasty's army, which was also the westernmost garrison of the Tang Dynasty, and although it was still Tang territory to the west, it was already a place of bondage.
The final battle between the armies of the Tang Dynasty's Anxi Protectorate and the Muslim and Central Asian states of the Arab Empire was the Battle of Qiluo. The battlefield was north of the Onion Ridge (present-day Pamir Plateau), but the exact location is not fully determined. Between July and August 751 AD, due to the sudden rebellion of Ge Lulu, which led to the defeat of the Tang army, it became the only battle to defeat the Anxi army in several border conflicts between Arabia and the Tang. After the battle, the Tang Dynasty still controlled the western region, and the Arab Abbasid Dynasty (the black-clad eater) immediately sent people to make peace with the Tang Dynasty, the Arabs no longer had the strength to expand eastward, and the Tang Dynasty seemed to have no ability to open up to the west.
This is history, and in the process of this one can see that only Chinese crossed the Pamir and tried to the west, ensuring the smooth flow of the Silk Road connecting Eastern and Western civilizations, while the Westerners were blocked by the towering Pamir Plateau. This effort by the Chinese also led to a large-scale westward migration of the northern peoples of ancient China, from the Cypriots and Yueshi to the Xiongnu and Ruoran (a branch of the Xianbei people, the headquarters of the yujiulu clan, the highest ruling tribe, derived from the Xianbei. Its peak period was from about 410 to 425 AD, and its power spread throughout the north and south of the desert: north to the shores of Lake Baikal, south to the northern foothills of the Yin Mountains, northeast to the Daxing'an Mountains, bordered by Didouyu, southeast of Kumoshi and Khitan on the Xilamulun River, far west and the Junggar Basin and the Ili River Basin, and once entered the Tarim Basin, making the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains subservient to the states. In the process of development of Rouran, other ethnic components were gradually integrated. The Jorans, who migrated from Asia to Europe in the middle of the eighth century AD, and established the Avar Khanate in present-day eastern Bavaria), this was the case with the Turks. Subsequently, the Khitan and Mongol nationalities in Chinese history were also like this.
In this way, the ancient and civilized Silk Road turned Xinjiang into a melting pot of national integration, where all the ethnic groups in ancient Chinese history met in the clouds, you sang and I appeared, repeatedly becoming the hometown and hometown of many nationalities in ancient Chinese history, the remaining nationalities gave birth to new nationalities, and those who traveled west could only sing nostalgic songs and go away. If you take the end of the Tang Dynasty as the boundary, it is not difficult to see that the ethnic groups living here are nothing more than the ancient Qiang, Sai, Bai (commonly known as Tocharians), Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turks, and the Ancestors of the Han and Han throughout. These people carried out an ethnic integration in today's Xinjiang that cannot be completed in other regions, and also gave the ethnic groups in today's Xinjiang a Chinese characteristic in ancient times.
To clarify the nationalities, it is necessary to solve the problem of the main source of nationalities. The main source problem is very scientific, it is the foundation, it is the mainstream, it is the direction and the necessity of national development and generation. Solve and study this problem poorly, sometimes make some jokes, make some very low-level mistakes. Just as in a certain ethnic group, one day a man or woman of a different ethnic group suddenly appears, and this man or woman is said to be the ancestor of this ethnic group.
The ethnic origin of the Uyghur people can be traced back to the 3rd century BC nomadic Ding Zero (Ding Ling, Ding Ling) between the north and northwest of China south of Lake Baikal, the Irtysh River and Lake Balkhash. It is also believed that the ancestors of the Uyghurs were related to the Huns. In the 3rd century BC, Ding Zhi lived in mountain forests and the northern edge of the Mongolian steppe, making a living from hunting and animal husbandry, and was enslaved by the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Ruoran Khanates on the steppe. That is to say, Ding Zero's blood also flowed with the ethnic integration of the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Ruoran people.
In the 3rd century BC, Ding Zhi lived in mountain forests and the northern edge of the Mongolian steppe, making a living from hunting and animal husbandry, and was enslaved by the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Ruoran Khanates on the steppe. After the 4th century, Ding Zero, also known as Tiele, Tieli, Chile or Shule, was distributed in the northern Eurasian steppe of the West Volga River and east to the Xing'an Mountains in the east. Because of the tall wheels they use, they are also known as tall cars. Active in the area of Lake Baikal is known as the Eastern Tiele, and the Yuan Qibu became the head of the Gaoche tribes in the 5th century, that is, the Wei Qi of the Tiele tribes in the 7th century.
This history is Chinese well known, if you erase the specific details and turn it into a song, Chinese children will probably recite it, it is: Shule River, under the Yin Mountain. The sky is like a vault, and the cage covers the four fields. The sky is clear and the wilderness is vast. Wind blowing grass low to see cattle and sheep. It was written into the primary school Chinese textbook "The Song of Shule". In northern China at that time, the Shuler people chanted it, singing the richness and magnificence of the northern grasslands, expressing their infinite love for the water and soil that nurtured them and for the nomadic life. Of course, there are also some of them who have a longing for their hometown after they have gone south to integrate with the Central Plains peoples.
In the middle of the 5th century, in the eastern part of the Junggar Basin, a Tiele tribe with Ashina as the core emerged, known as the Turks. In 552, Ashina established a Turkic khanate that included the entire Mongolian steppe and the Dzungar Basin, making a number of other Tiele tribes its subordinates. The brutal rule of the Turkic nobility provoked revolts among the various Tiele tribes. In order to compete with the Turkic nobility, the nine tribes of the eastern Tiele, such as Wei Qi, Shugu, Tongluo, and Bayegu, formed a regional alliance of Hui tribes, known as the Nine Surnames Tiele, referred to as the Nine Surnames.
This is the historical origin of the Uyghurs, who are not Turkic, but rebels in the face of brutal Turkic rule. The people who unified the nine surnames of Tiele were called Bone Li Peiluo, and they were also the first generation khans of the nine surnames of Tiele. In 744, the Uighur Alliance led by Theolphur Khan, with the cooperation of the Tang Dynasty army, overthrew the Turkic Khaganate and established the Northern Uighur Khaganate. This was the first khanate that stood at the historical source of the Uyghur people, and the Bone Li Peiluo Khan accepted the Tang Dynasty canonization as Huairen Khan, and the Hui Khanate thus became a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. With the strength of the khanate, the territory included the Mongolian steppe areas south of Lake Baikal, north of the Yin Mountains, west of the Xing'an Mountains and east of the Altai Mountains, and the subjects under the khanate began to consider themselves Uighurs, and later changed their names to Uighurs, meaning whirlwind as swift as waging.
The Falcon is also called the Falcon, and wang Qinruo of the Song Dynasty edited the "YuanGui of the Book" volume 780 , And the knowledge said that the falcon or the eagle and the eagle and other birds of prey, from which you can see that the Uyghur ancestors, like other ethnic groups in the northern grasslands, were very fond of eagle eagle birds. In the mid-9th century, the Uighur Khaganate was defeated by the Uighurs. The Uighur tribes scattered, some were captured by the Jurchens, some moved south to the interior, and some reached western Gansu and defected to Tubo, but most moved to the western region, into the jurisdiction of the Anxi Capital Protectorate and the area west of Khotan. This was the beginning of the Uighurs, the main source ethnic group of the Uyghurs, entering today's Xinjiang.
There were two main routes for the Uighurs to move west from the north of the desert in that year: one was that the north of the desert crossed the Gobi Altai Mountains of present-day Mongolia, to the area of Ejina Banner in present-day Inner Mongolia, along the Heihe River, into the western end of the Hexi Corridor, where they stayed for a part, and later formed today's Yugur people. The other part thus entered the area of present-day Hami and Turfan in Xinjiang. The second is to cross the Alta Mountains, about the area of Beita Mountain in present-day Qitai County, Xinjiang, and enter Qitai and Jimsar. Due to the shortage of water and grass in Qitai and Jimsar at that time, the Uighurs migrated to the masses, so instead of making too many stops here, they entered the hami and Turpan areas, and from Hami and Turfan to the west into the southern Xinjiang basin and the central Asian steppe region.
The Westward-moving Uighurs established two regimes in Xinjiang and Central Asia, the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang and the Qarakhanid Dynasty. The Uighur kingdom of Gaochang was in the area of Xizhou, Beiting, and Luntai, that is, in the area of present-day Hami, Turpan, Jimsar, and Urumqi; during the heyday of the Qarakhanid Dynasty, it had a vast area from Kucha in the east, Lop Nur in the southeast, to the Aral Sea and Huarazm in the west, to the Amu Darya River in the south, and to Lake Balkhash and the Seven Rivers In the north, covering contemporary Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan, and central and western Xinjiang in China. It was roughly "most of the areas under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty's Anxi and Beiting Capital Protectorates".
The establishment of the khanate regime meant the continuous integration of the Uighurs with the previous local indigenous peoples, including the aforementioned ancient Qiang, Serb, Bai (commonly known as Tocharians), Huns, Xianbei, Turks, and the Han ancestors and Han Chinese throughout, and their integrated descendants. In particular, the ethnic composition of the Qarakhanid dynasty is more complex, in addition to the Uighurs themselves, there are also Sample Mill, Gelulu, Chuyue, etc., which may be one of the reasons why the Uyghurs look and dialect today, and the Hami and Turpan areas are slightly different from the southern Xinjiang region. Because of its belief in Islam, the Qarakhanid Dynasty eventually fought and killed and brothers with the Uighur kingdom of Gaochang, which believed in Buddhism.
At the beginning of the 12th century, some Khitans, under the leadership of Yelü Dashi, moved from northeast to central Asia, conquered the Qarakhanid Dynasty and the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang, and established the Khitan regime, known as the Western Liao. At the end of the Western Liao Dynasty, Mongolia was strong. The Uighurs of Gaochang decided to rely on the Mongol Khanate to escape western Liao rule. They designed to get rid of the young prisoners sent by the Western Liao, and announced that they would break away from the Western Liao and submit to Genghis Khan. The Uighur kingdom of Gaochang became a vassal state of the Mongol Khanate. After that, the "Uighurs" were gradually replaced by the "Fearful Vultures".
At this time, history gave the same definition for "Fearing Wu'er", that is, the Uighurs who settled in the western region after moving west not only integrated the Turkic language departments that had long been distributed in the nomadic grasslands north of the Tianshan Mountains and the western steppes, but also integrated the Han people who had migrated here since the two Han Dynasties, and they had long-term coexistence with the people who originally lived in the vast areas of southern Xinjiang, such as the People of Yanqi, Guizi and Yutian, as well as the Tubo, Khitan and Mongols who later moved in, and multiplied and developed, and by the beginning of the 16th century, the Uyghur people were formed.
In the long course of the formation of the Uyghurs, it is not difficult for people to find the fact that in the ethnic composition and ethnic formation of Xinjiang in Present-day China, the ethnic groups from the west are basically absent and completely negligible, so the Uyghurs have become a unique and exclusive ethnic group in China, and have no substantive relationship with other ethnic groups and ethnic groups outside China. At the same time, the unique topographic structure of southern Xinjiang also illustrates this point very strongly: when the Tarim Basin, formed by the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountain Range, was blocked by the Pamir Plateau at the western end, the source of ethnic integration in the Tarim Basin could only be the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Hexi Corridor in present-day China, as well as the northern Part of ancient China, the Desert North, the vast area north of the Gobi Desert in Northern China, and the present-day Mongolia and its north.
The pictures in this article are from the network, thanks to the original author!
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