Tip: Where did the Mosuo people come from, and which ancient people? They may have come from today's Gansu and Qinghai, and they are the Inuyasha people mentioned in the history books. Not descendants of the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty.
The Mosuo people, an unrecognized nation, a mysterious daughter country.
It has a population of about 50,000 and has its own native language, but no writing.
After the founding of New China, the relevant departments classified the Mosuo living in Ninglang and other places in Yunnan as the Naxi ethnic group, and the Mosuo living in Yanyuan, Muli, Yanbian and other places in Sichuan as Mongolian.
Over the years, the vast number of Mosuo cadres and masses have repeatedly demanded that the problem of ethnic names be resolved and that the Mosuo ethnic names be restored as soon as possible. However, due to its language, psychological quality, geographical and religious beliefs, it is almost the same as that of the local Mongolians, and it has not been approved.
Religious beliefs: The Lugu Lake area of Dabaism is the primitive religion of the Mosuo people, which is closely related to the Dongba religion of the Naxi people in Lijiang, but the development of Dabaism is slower than that of Dongba, and its form is also more primitive than that of Dongba, basically maintaining the characteristics of primitive tribal religion. Named after the shaman Dapa, Daba has no systematic teachings and scriptures, no religious organizations and temples, only a few dozen (Hui) oral chanting sutras, and another kind of divination sutra (commonly known as the Book of Counting Days), which is written in 32 different forms of primitive pictorial script.
Dabbaism has both a witch and a religious component, and it can be said that it is a kind of witchcraft and religion. Da means "cut", ba: is the mark left on the wood after cutting. The general meaning of The Daba religion is that the Daba religion is like an iron tool cutting wood, and an axe appears a trace. Slashing with one knife after another, chanting section by section, the mountains and rivers of heaven and earth and their ancestors will see, and the demons and ghosts will also be cut off section by section. The wise man who can bless the gods, kill the demons, and eliminate the demons' entanglement with the living is the Dapa.
The Daba is a religious practitioner who is not divorced from productive labor, and its canonical rules, mainly, cannot be calculated for remuneration, cannot exploit the people they help, must have compassion for mercy, let alone indulge in wine, must be able to be charitable, sympathetic to the weak, diligent in the teachings of the canon, they can only obey the invitation of the people. For example, folk festivals such as ancestor worship, old age, illness and death, etc., are completely amateur religious practitioners, and they are highly respected among the clansmen.
Dabbah worships ancestors and worships nature.
In the mosuo religious conception, their ancestors are not called ghosts (beginning), but called (you), gods have various kinds, but people do not become gods when they die, but there is a place where they are active, that is, Sbuanawa. There are several kinds of ghosts, divided into ghosts within the clan and ghosts outside the clan, the name of the clan is "Kuchu", and the name of the outer clan is "Bichu". There is also a kind of ghost, that is, the murderous ghost, that is, the murderous person is called "pocket".
The explanation in the Daba classics is: ancestors die, the soul is not destroyed, they live in Sbuanawa, they can watch over the behavior of their descendants, they are blessed, but the living are invisible, when they are hungry or the descendants do not often pay tribute, they will come back, let the family's life a little bit of trouble, this can not be called "chu", that is, the disease, to be called "WoRu", is a way for the ancestors to miss the living, as long as the family is a good preaching place to pay tribute, the patient will recover immediately.
The vast majority of the world's peoples have ancestor worship, but mainly to male ancestors, while the ancestor worship of the Mosuo people is mainly to worship matrilineal ancestors, or, male and female ancestors juxtaposed. This is quite unique.
The phenomenon of nature worship in the Mosuo religion is very prominent. Primitive people, unpredictable and at a loss for the changes in the natural world, coupled with the weak ability to think abstractly, often feel their own smallness and helplessness, thus beginning to fear and worship the power of nature, personify nature, and produce various anthropomorphic natural gods.
Among the natural gods, such as "Mugala" (tenjin), "Hangara" (wind god), "Hyze gala" (mountain god), "juice gala" (water god), "digala" (land god) and so on. In particular, the sacrifices and prayers to heaven, earth, mountains, and water are the most, because the unpredictability of wind, rain, thunder and lightning (heaven), floods and droughts (earth), birds and beasts (mountains), great rivers (water), and the threat to survival prompt people to imagine some way to liberate themselves.
Dabbah religion measures nature in terms of human psychology, and natural objects are like people with joys and sorrows, seeking a balance and harmony by praying or cursing.
In recent years, there has been a voice that believes that the Mosuo people are Mongols, which is very controversial, and some scholars have also published relevant papers, such as Wang Dexiang and Luo Rengui, "The Mongols of Chuandian and Yunnan" (National Unity, No. 10, 1991) and so on. It is believed that in 1253 AD, when Kublai Khan commanded three armies to attack Yunnan via Jianchang, he left a Mongol cavalry led by his general Lata Atta in order to establish the combined department of Sichuan and Yunnan... By 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, this cavalry could not return to the northern grasslands, lata Ata in the three generations under Jianchang, the second generation of Yuan Ping Zhangyue Lu Timur first falsely surrendered the Ming army, then rebelled, and after defeat into Yanyuan... This history has been nearly 700 years ago, so "about 80% of the Mongols who currently live in the border area of Sichuan and Yunnan are the descendants of the above-mentioned Mongol cavalry."
We consider this statement to be ill-examining, disrespectful to history, and even untrue. There are three reasons for this:
First, the concept of time. The Mosuo people are in any case a historical presence that predates the Mongols.
Mosuo was first mentioned in the twenty-third volume of the Book of later Han, "Junguo V", in the article of the school destined to be in the school (present-day Yanyuan, Sichuan): "The county is in the west of the county, and Bingang paid Bai Moshayi with a salt pit." After that, Tang called Mo Xi or Mo Xi, Song called Mo Some or Moses, Yuan called Mo Sha or Mo Xi, Ming called Mo Xi or Mo Xi, and Qing called Mo Xi or Mo Xi.
According to legend, during the Warring States period, one of the leaders of the Qiang people was named Qiong, in order to avoid the threat of the Qin state, led the tribesmen to move south, moved to Gansu, northwest Sichuan, southwest Sichuan, and later migrated to Yuejiao - now the southeast of Xichang, Sichuan and other areas, ancient Yaniuyi or Yueqiang, in the Later Han Dynasty, called "Mo some". The "Mo some" lived in the Dadu River Basin for a long time, and some of them have long since moved to the Yalong River area. Later, the Mosuo people moved south to Dingdi, which is the area around present-day Yanyuan, Yongning, and Lugu Lake in Sichuan.
That is to say, before the arrival of the Mongols, the Mosuo people were already a local hereditary ethnic group.
Second, the concept of history. The historical exchanges and contacts between the Mosuo people and the Mongols began in 1253 when the Southern Expedition of the Dali State and its army entered the Mosuo region. The specific event looks like this:
In June of the second year of Emperor Yuan xianzong (1252), Kublai Khan went to the grasslands to meet Möngke and was ordered to lead an army to conquer Yunnan. In August of the third year of Yuan Xianzong (1253), Kublai Khan led an army from Shaanxi to attack the Dali state located in present-day Yunnan and other places, and on December 12 of the third year of Yuan Xianzong (January 2, 1254), Kublai Khan conquered the city of Dali, the king Duan Xingzhi surrendered, and Kublai Khan destroyed the dali state. The Yunnan region was incorporated into the territory of GreatEr Mongolia. In 1256, Duan Xingzhi went to Mobei and Lin Palace to meet Meng Ge, who was appointed by Meng Ge as the governor of Dali, and his descendants were hereditary.
The "History of the Yuan" records that "the division of the thorns was divided into three ways to advance. The general Wu liang hetai led the western dao soldiers from Yan Dang Road, and the kings copied the same army only to command the eastern soldiers from Bai Man; the emperor was from the middle road." That is, in September of that year, Kublai Khan's overseers marched south to Tula (present-day Dalagou, Diebu County, Gansu), and divided their troops into three routes: Wuliang Hetai led the west road along Yandang Road (present-day Aba Grassland, Sichuan); Zongwang Copied Hehe and Ye Zhilie led the east road through Maozhou (present-day Maowen) to Huichuan (present-day Huilixi) as a diversion; zi led the middle road through Mantuocheng (present-day Hanyuan North, Sichuan) to cross the Dadu River, along the ancient Qingxi Road south, through the valley for more than 1,000 kilometers, and in early November, they entered the Banks of the Jinsha River and sent envoys to the Dali State to surrender.
Rashid recorded in the "Historical Collection" that the Mongol army that expeditioned to Dali had 100,000 people, most of which consisted of the Mongol Thousand Household Army, the Copying Army, the Yelibu Army, and the Han Army, and all of these military horses were uniformly deployed by Kublai Khan. According to the Yuan Shi vol. 121 Wuliang Hetai biography: "The army entered Yunnan from Dandangling, and the two chiefs of Mo some (read Sū) instigated the fire to escape the cause and the tarima to meet the surrender. "The Mosuo surrendered to the Mongols without much resistance, not only the Wuliang Hetai road, but also the two roads are the same. That is to say, the Mongols did not have a major war with the Mosuo, they only "took over" the Mosuo area.
3. The concept of historical books. In the concept of time, we have already said that before the arrival of the Mongols, the Mosuo people had the title of "Mo Some", that is, a national entity, and there was no problem of being a Mongol. And the "History of the Yuan" also has a record of the Mosuo people, and there is no need to call them Mosuo people in the records of the Yuan History. The "Yuan Shi And Geographical Chronicle" records: "Yongning used to be famous in Loutou, followed by Tubo Dongjiao, the place name was Answerlan, and some barbarian lords were expelled from Tubo, so they lived here and lived in Dali. Emperor Xianzong was three years old, and his thirty-first grandson and the character were attached. This shows that before the Yuan Dynasty, there were already thirty-one Mosuo people living here.
Then there is the problem of the Lata Ata cavalry.
This is actually a question of national integration, and no one can accurate it to about 80%, so it is somewhat less rigorous. You know, today's Mosuo people have a qualitative difference or cultural difference with the Mongols in any case, and the study of ethnic issues can start from the perspective of race, but culture is the ultimate determinant.
So, where did the Mosuo people come from, and which ancient people? In fact, this problem, we have already introduced in previous articles, that is, they may come from today's Gansu and Qinghai, and they are the Inuyasha people mentioned in the history books. The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Great Wilderness of the North says that Inuyasha is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor and lists the generations of "lineages" that appeared from the name Ofuya to Inuyasha. In later history, "Rong" was used to refer to different ethnic groups in the area west of the Central Plains, and in addition to "Rong", different ethnic groups in the area west of the Central Plains were often called Qiang or Qiangqiang.
Since ancient times, the junction of qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan has always been a corridor for the integration of the ethnic groups in the north and south of China, and the ethnic group here is the Qiang. Now, people can no longer distinguish what kind of relationship between the Qiang and the Inuyasha in history is, who is who is one, or whether the two are one. For example, according to the modern point of view, the descendants of the Yellow Emperor are basically the same as the Yellow Race ethnic group as the Han People, and the Qiang people in the later generations basically refer to the various ethnic groups of the Sino-Tibetan-Tibetan-Burman language family, so from this point of view, inuyasha is probably also a group that mainly speaks the Tibetan-Burman language. Perhaps, this is one of the reasons why the Mosuo people are not "identified".
References: Dongba Association," "The Teachings and Religious Acts of DapaIsm"; Shi Fengfeng, "The Mosuo People Are Not Descendants of the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty" (Ethnology, No. 1, 1992), etc.
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