The Honnoji Rebellion occurred during the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan, on June 2, 1582, in the 16th year of Tenshō, and on June 21, 1582, in a rebellion at Honnoji Temple in Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto Prefecture. Oda Nobunaga's vassal, the sengoku period general Mitsuhide Akira Mitsuhide, rebelled against Oda Nobunaga, who was located inside Honnoji Temple, and forced his eldest son Oda Nobunaga to commit suicide. A fire broke out during the change of Honnoji Temple, and Nobunaga's bones were lost in the fire. This rebellion plunged the fast-to-unify Japan into war again.
I. The decline in the attitude of Oda Nobunaga, the "Yoshi-master", towards his subordinate "Ten Guards" Wise Mitsuhide, the cause of the change in Honnō-ji Temple
Oda Nobunaga, who lived from the Muromachi shogunate period to the Azuchi Momoyama period, was later known as one of the "Three Masters of the Sengoku of Japan", born in Owari Kuni Naguno Castle, now Nagoya City, Japan, and the son of Oda Nobuhide, the daimyō of Owari Kingdom. After attacking Imakawa Yoshimoto's army in 1560 and killing Imagawa Yoshimoto in the barrel narrow space, he became famous throughout the country, and then put forward the political ideology of "Tenma Bubu" and began the road to unifying the country.
The Warring States Period was an era of success and defeat, and if you want to survive and defend your homeland in this land, you must have a strong enough military force. While other daimyōs used swords as weapons, Oda Nobunaga was already interested in firearms. Oda Nobunaga has been stubborn since childhood, never following the rules, and is even more willing to do naughty things, and because his father doted on him, he made a stunning move such as the Kiyoju Castle Fire. Twenty years after astronomy, his father died, and Oda Nobunaga naturally succeeded him to the throne.
After Yoshimoto Imakawa defeated Imakawa, Oda Nobunaga set his sights on Mino Domain, which was endangering the interests of the Owari Kingdom, but the sudden death of the Mino lord Saito Yoshiryu split the family. Due to the mediocrity of the new head of the family, Saito Ryuko, most of the courtiers defected to Oda Nobunaga and took Mino Kuni into his pocket after killing Saito Ryūko in 1567. At the same time, Nobunaga also began to use the idea of "TenshiBubu" to unify the world with the samurai regime.
The following year, Oda Nobunaga assisted Ashikaga Yoshiaki in becoming the last shogun of the shogunate on the pretext of unifying the world, and Ashikaga Yoshiaki also needed Nobunaga's strength and agreed to assist. By this time, Mitsuhide was already under Ashikaga Yoshiaki's men. As Oda Nobunaga's power continued to expand, ashikaga Yoshiaki's power was gradually limited, and Ashikaga Yoshiaki began to oppose Oda Nobunaga.
Takeda Shingen, Asai Nagamasa, Miyoshi Miyoshi, and many other daimyōs and even temple forces formed a siege against Oda Nobunaga. After three years of conquest, Oda Nobunaga destroyed the daimyo and Ashikaga Yoshiaki who surrounded the net forces one by one, ending the Muromachi period that lasted for more than 200 years. Over the next five years, Oda Nobunaga and his ally Tokugawa Ieyasu conquered the west, destroying the encirclement network completely.
During Nobunaga's period, he made a number of moves to politically control the power of the shogun. In 1570, Nobunaga enacted it for Ashikaga Yoshiaki
"The general's letter to the daimyo must be accompanied by a letter from Nobunaga. If the general does not have a territory at the time of the reward, he can give it nobunaga's territory. All the affairs of the world were handled by Nobunaga, and he could conquer the princes without asking the generals. ”
These stipulations were forced by Ashikaga Yoshiaki to agree, and it can be seen that Nobunaga seized power over the shogun. After the implementation of the family rule and the expansion of Oda's power, the territory also continued to expand. Previously, it was a lord of a country, but Nobunaga gave territory to his subjects, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Mitsuhide to rule the northern part of the river and Shiga Commandery respectively.
Born in mino province, Wise Mitsuhide was originally a vassal of the old Saito clan, and immediately after the new lord took the throne, he attacked the Wise family, and Wise Mitsuhide fled. In 1568, he met Ashikaga Yoshiaki and plotted to seek the assistance of Oda Nobunaga and succeeded in making him a shogun of the Seiyi. Out of a thirst for talent, Oda Nobunaga asked Mitsuhide to join the Oda family as a Vassal of the Ashikaga family.
During the years he followed Oda Nobunaga, Mitsuhide Yuki consulted with him and built countless battles, and Nobunaga gave shiga-gun the land. In 1581, when celebrating the New Year in Azuchi Castle, Oda Nobunaga entrusted all the ceremonies to Mitsuhide, and he did a good job of doing as he was entrusted, Nobunaga was in a good mood, regarded Mitsuhide as a confidant, and held a very high position among the courtiers, and handed over the Yamain Army to Mitsuhide's command.
On May 15, 1582, Oda Nobunaga invited his ally Tokugawa Ieyasu to Azuchi Castle, where he valued the Tokugawa family and ordered Mitsuhide to be in charge of the banquet and all receptions. It is said that during the banquet, Nobunaga discovered that some fish was not fresh or even smelled, and angrily humiliated Mitsuhide in public, and immediately stepped down as the person in charge.
The feeling of suddenly falling from heaven to hell is unbearable for anyone, and it is a conceited person like Wise Guangxiu, which may be the trigger for his sudden mutiny.
2. "The enemy is at Honnoji Temple!" Why did Mitsuhide mutiny, causing the sixth day demon king Oda Nobunaga to die in Kyoto
Although Oda Nobunaga publicly humiliated Mitsuhide, he still maintained trust in him, and Nobunaga's great cause of reunification was just around the corner. On the 15th, toyotomi Hideyoshi was fighting against the Maori clan, and did not think that the Maori army was strong, so he asked Nobunaga to send reinforcements. On the 17th, Nobunaga immediately ordered Mitsuhide to return to Sakamoto Castle to prepare for the battle, and on the 26th, Hikari arrived in Tanba to prepare for the battle, and Nobunaga, as commander-in-chief, also arrived at Honnoji Temple on the 29th.
On June 1, Mitsuhide 13,000 soldiers arrived in Kyoto on the pretext of being inspected by Nobunaga, while Nobunaga was hosting a tea party. Wise Mitsuhide, who had long been rebellious, quietly surrounded Honnoji Temple, and the soldiers did not know that it was Oda Nobunaga who was going to attack, and in Wise Mitsuhide's "Enemy is at Honnoji Temple!" Under the order, the soldiers rushed up.
Nobunaga heard the sound of the sword, not knowing what the situation was, the bodyguard Senran Maru returned the army as the kirito banner seal, as if the wise Lord Mitsuhide had launched a rebellion, Nobunaga responded that there was no time to investigate the reason, took up the weapon to take the lead in meeting the enemy, but there were only a hundred guards around him, how to defeat Mitsuhide's ten thousand troops and horses. In the early morning of June 2, Mitsuhide's army surrounded Honnō-ji Temple, and Nobunaga's bodyguards were all killed, and Nobunaga retreated into the inner room with injuries, lit a flame, and died in the abdomen.
"At this time, the imperial palace was already on fire, and it was difficult to see the last figure of Nobunaga, and it was expected that he had committed suicide in the depths of the imperial temple."
Wise Mitsuhide's mutiny seemed sudden, but in fact he should have thought about it earlier. According to later records, there are mainly
Mitsuhide treats Tokugawa Ieyasu thoughtfully, but the dishes he prepares smell badly, and When Nobunaga finds out, he refuses to listen to the explanation and directly resigns as the person in charge. Nobunaga had a precedent of expelling kunishi, causing Mitsuhide to have a great sense of crisis and resentment and a mutiny.
It is also said that Wise Mitsuhide, as a vassal of Ashikaga Yoshiaki, wanted to restore the rule of the Muromachi shogunate, and the increasingly powerful Oda Army was already difficult to stop from military strength, and Honnoji Temple was a great opportunity, and Wise Mitsuhide carried out this action.
It is also said that the imperial family had asked Oda Nobunaga to choose one of the major generals, Sekibai, and Taizheng ministers, but he did not choose, which led to the promotion of the three positions. The imperial family believed that he wanted to get the throne, so they hired Mitsuhide to sign a secret agreement with the imperial family to "anti-Nobunaga Alliance", and honnoji's change was to prevent Oda Nobunaga's ambition to unify the world and take the throne.
There is still theory that Mitsuhide of The Wise wanted to enjoy the fruits of Oda Nobunaga's unification of the world and waited at Honnoji Temple for the opportunity to launch a rebellion. However, this claim is not recorded in historical records, and its credibility is very low.
3. Oda Nobunaga fell, and "Monkey" Toyotomi Hideyoshi inherited the overall cause and finally completed the unification of Japan
Regardless of Mitsuhide's motives, history has changed dramatically, and Japan, which was about to be unified, has once again entered the war, and the Oda clan has since withdrawn from the stage of history.
On the second and third days of the mutiny, Mitsuhide attempted to persuade daimyo to surrender, but the daimyo were shocked by the news of Oda Nobunaga's death and had no intention of surrendering. On the fourth day, he returned to Azuchi Castle and was appointed by the imperial family as the guardian of Kyoto, followed by the Battle of Tennozan, in which he was defeated and killed.
After Nobunaga's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu's alliance with the Oda clan was dissolved. Escorted back to mikawa Province by Hattori Hanzo, he recuperated in preparation for the Battle of Sekigahara, which would determine the world, and laid the foundation for the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Oda Nobunaga's vassal Toyotomi Hideyoshi received news of the death of his lord, made peace with the Maori clan who were fighting and immediately returned to China (as the western part of Honshu Island, Japan), and joined forces with Ikeda Hengxing, Kiyohide Nakagawa, and Takayama Tokine to defeat Mitsuhide at the Battle of Tennozan.
The Oda family split over who would inherit the power, and Hideyoshi eventually became the new head of the family. Nobunaga's second son, Oda Nobuo, opposed this decision and was surrendered in 1584 against Hideyoshi. In 1585 Toyotomi Hideyoshi began his conquest of Shikoku, in 1587 he fought the Battle of Kyushu, followed by the Battle of Odawara to complete the basic unification of Japan.
bibliography
Oda Nobunaga
Historical Materials of the Legal System in the Middle Ages
Nobunaga Kojiki