In September 1708 (the 42nd year of Kangxi), the 55-year-old Kangxi Emperor made a decision that made him both angry and helpless, and the then 35-year-old emperor's second son (concubine) Yin Rong was publicly deposed as crown prince, thus officially opening the curtain on a historical event - the seizure of the ninth son.
Regarding the seizure of the nine sons, presumably friends have some understanding, and regarding its specific cause and effect, today Shi Haijun will make a specific analysis from the following three aspects: the new system of Kangxi Lichu, the intensification of the contradictions between the three parties, and the formation of factions of the princes.
Kangxi, who respected the Han style, was a unique Li Chu
Of course, with the development of the times, in many aspects of the system, Manchuria is also gradually developing and integrating towards the Han family customs. In 1636 (the first year of Chongde), the 45-year-old Emperor Taiji officially called the emperor and changed the name of the country "Jin" to "Qing", at the same time, following the ming Dynasty, it began to call the imperial daughter a princess (the concubine was "Gulun" and the concubine was "Heshuo"). Especially after the Shunzhi Emperor entered the Central Plains in 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi), the characteristics of Sinicization were more obvious.
Kangxi stills
Empress Shōjo Shōshū ren, of the Hersheri clan, was the Daughter of the Minister of Auxiliary Administration and First Minister Sonny Sun, the Minister of the Interior. In July of the fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, she was made empress.
In 1661 (the eighteenth year of Shunzhi), on the seventh day of the first lunar month, the Shunzhi Emperor died in the Yangxin Hall of the Forbidden City. Two days later ( the ninth day of the first lunar month ) , the 8-year-old third son , Xuan Ye , was enthroned as emperor with the assistance of his grandmother Empress Xiaozhuang and four auxiliary ministers , and changed his name to Yuan Kangxi the following year. Because of his young age, it was not until the eighth day of September in 1665 (the fourth year of Kangxi) that the emperor's wedding ceremony was held, and the person married was the granddaughter of the Elder Sony of the Four Dynasties and the daughter of Gabula, who was then the minister of the interior, which is also known as the first empress of Kangxi, Empress Xiaocheng.
It is no exaggeration to say that in Kangxi's mind, the Herschel clan did have true feelings outside the marriage between the royal family and the Xungui, and the Herschel clan was also a precedent set by Xiaozhuang for the emperor's grandson (abandoning the tradition of the Two Dynasties of Taizong and Shizu after the election of Horqin). The love between the two after marriage is very enviable. On December 13, the fifth year of his reign (1670), the Herschel clan gave birth to Kangxi's eldest son, Chenghu, but regrettably, the prince, who was "very much loved" by Kangxi, died on the fifth day of February in 1672 (the eleventh year of Kangxi). This incident really caused the Herschel clan and the Kangxi Emperor to fight a lot, and in the second year after the early death of the eldest son, the Herschel clan finally had joy again, which should have been a fortunate thing, but in 1674 (the thirteenth year of Kangxi), just after the birth of the next son Yin Rong, he died of difficult childbirth at the age of 21.
Statue of Empress Xiaochengren of the Hersheri clan
In May of the thirteenth year, he gave birth to the second son of the Emperor, Yun Rong, that is, the sun collapsed, at the age of twenty-two. Empress Dowager Renxiao.
The death of his wife was so grief-stricken that Kangxi not only gave him the supreme title of "RenXiao", but also with the permission of his grandmother Borjigit, on the occasion of the birth of his eldest son Chenghu in 1675 (the fourteenth year of Kangxi), he officially held a grand ceremony for yin, who was only 2 years old, at the Taihe Temple, and Yin Rong became the first crown prince (and the only one) of the Qing Dynasty to be publicly pre-designated before the emperor's death.
The reason why Kangxi set this precedent is that on the one hand, it does have the credit of the Hesher clan, and on the other hand, it is inseparable from Kangxi's respect for the Han family's thousand-year-old "Li Yan Li Chang" li chu system. Under the special care of his father (personally taking on the responsibility of raising him), Yin Rong was the crown prince for more than 30 years under the envy of his brothers.
Pampering and arrogance will eventually lead to the intensification of the contradictions between the three parties and the great future of self-destruction
Prince Yunrong of Limi, the second son of Shengzu. In December of the fourteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Shengzu was appointed crown prince by the title of empress dowager and empress dowager.
In 1679 (the eighteenth year of Kangxi), Kangxi ordered his people to change the Fengci Hall to Yuqing Palace as the eastern palace of his beloved son Yinrong; in 1687 (the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi), kangxi personally selected Tang Bin, Geng Jie and other famous teachers for Yin rong to assist; in 1696 (kangxi thirty-five years), the Kangxi emperor personally conquered Gardan and ordered the crown prince to supervise the country. Pile by pile, all reflect the special importance attached to this concubine, not so much pre-erection, in the eyes of outsiders, in fact, there is no difference between it and the official crown prince.
Stills of Yin Rong
Originally, according to Kangxi's thoughts, he was particularly favored by the prince, and Yin Rong was bound to have a brilliant life like the ancients looked forward to Jackie Chan. But unfortunately, he forgot a truth, and things must be reversed. For his father's favor, Yin Rong was able to develop in a good direction at first, proficient in both literature and martial arts, and performed well for his father's worries, but over time, along with his father's doting and flattery of his ministers, he began to pamper and be proud, not only scornful of the elders and important ministers, but also did not fulfill the filial piety that his father should have, and even did not hesitate to conspire with others.
In July of the 29th year, Shangqin marched on Kaldan, stationed at Guru FurJianjiahunga Mountain, and summoned the crown prince and the third son of the emperor to the palace. The prince was sick and carefree, and he was not ashamed, and sent the prince to return first.
In July 1690 (the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi), Kangxi fell ill at the Gulu Fuer Jianjiahunga Mountain Palace during the Western Expedition to Kaldan, and Yin Rong went to visit but "looked at him without worry", which made Kangxi very unhappy; in 1697 (the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi), he was severely punished by the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the rebellious behavior of the people under the Crown Prince's Palace, but it also caused Yin Rong to "lose his love", and the contradiction between the emperor and the prince began to grow. In March of the following year, the Kangxi Emperor was promoted to the title of adult prince for the first time, and in addition to the crown prince Yin Rong and the sixth son Yin Zuo (early death), a total of two county kings (胤禔, 胤祉), four Dorobelle (胤禛, 胤祺, 胤祐, 胤禩), not only that, he also gave these princes the power to participate in government affairs and subordinate them.
Portrait of the Yongzheng Emperor
Kangxi's move was obviously the beginning of a deliberate attempt to weaken the power of the crown prince Yin, which can be seen as a test and tempering for Yin, and can also be seen that there is a gradual sense of disappointment in Yin. But he did not expect that the act of dividing up the princes made the princes feel that hope was coming, and the prince's holy family was no longer there, so he wanted to move his own thoughts, which gave rise to two new contradictions (the emperor and the princes, the prince and the princes).
Under such an embarrassing dilemma, if Yin Rong can converge slightly, there may be a turnaround, but it is easy for him to change his sex, which has already been formed. In May 1703 (the 42nd year of the Kangxi Dynasty), he was a scholar of the Bohol Temple, and the minister of the interior of the imperial guard, Hesheli. Suo Ertu (who was also Yin Rong's maternal grandfather) was imprisoned in the Zongren Mansion for "discussing state affairs and forming a party and acting in a vain manner", and it was Yin Rong who conspired with him. Just imagine, the Kangxi Emperor was in the heyday of his prime, how could he allow such rebellious and disobedient things to happen, not to mention that he carefully raised a concubine who attached great importance to him, and the case of Suo Ertu became the fuse for Yin Rong's fall from favor.
Portrait of Soetu
Yun Rong is lawless, disobeys the precepts, abuses the masses, commits violence and fornication, and tolerates for twenty years. It is its evil that is more and more tense, insulting the courtiers, specializing in authoritarianism, gathering the party and peering into the movements of the people.
After the fall of the pillars within the team, Yin Rong's sense of security was suddenly lost, and he even confronted his father bluntly during Kangxi's tour outside the country, and ignored the serious illness of his younger brother Yin Gong (the eighteenth son of Kangxi), and also advised Kangxi to focus on state affairs, and even more often peeped at Kangxi's big tent at night, which made people have to wonder whether there was any rebellion. At this point, the contradiction between father and son finally intensified, and Kangxi announced in Public at Burhasudae in September 1708 (the 47th year of Kangxi) that he would formally abolish Yin Rong's crown prince position on the grounds of "lawlessness, disobedience to the precepts, and wanton abuse of the public".
The crown prince was deposed, and the princes had their own thoughts and factions
The crown prince was deposed, and the equivalent of a future heir to the throne became unknown. The princes who had reached adulthood and had knighthoods felt that there was an opportunity to take advantage of it, so they began to form a team to establish a faction in the open and in the dark, of which nine were the most representative, they were: the eldest son Yin Zhen, the second son Yin Zhen, the third son Yin Zhen, the fourth son Yin Zhen, the eighth son Yin Yu, the ninth son Yin Yu, and the tenth son Yin Zhen. The thirteenth son Yin Xiang and the fourteenth son Yin Yu, the name of "Nine Sons Seizes the Wife" is derived from this, of course, nine sons did not form the Nine Parties, and in different periods, the factions of the nine people were also different.
Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor
In 1708, Yin Rong's first abrogation, the emperor's eldest son Yin Yu strongly supported the eighth son Yin Yu to become crown prince, while the ninth son Yin Yu and the tenth son Yin Yu were deposed. Also attached to Yin Yu. The third son of the emperor, Yin Rong, was attached to Yin Rong, and the fourth son, Yin Rong, was still a strong advocate of restoring Yin Rong's position as prince during this period, so he should also belong to the line of princes. Seeing that the contradictions between the princes and the princes were getting worse, Kangxi could only restore Yin Rong's position as crown prince again 6 months after the first abolition of the prince (March 1709 [Kangxi 48]), and in order to alleviate the contradictions between the sons and between the princes and the sons, Kangxi carried out the second division of the titles of the princes.
For the re-establishment of Yin Rong as the crown prince, on the one hand, because Kangxi really has deep feelings for this child, on the other hand, according to his concept of Li Chu, only Yin Rong is the most suitable to enter the Eastern Palace, and he also wants to let AiZi know that he can change his mistakes. However, this time, Yin Rong was even more "crazy", and soon it was rumored that the crown prince had formed a party with Shangshu Qi Shiwu and others in the Punishment Department and had the intention of forcing his father to abdicate, and under the painful thought, Kangxi finally abolished the position of Prince Yin rong again on September 30, 1712 (Kangxi 51), and detained him in the Xian'an Palace.
After the crown prince was deposed for the second time, Yin Zhi, who had previously been attached to Yin Rong, realized that the general trend had gone and took the initiative to withdraw from the battle; and Yin Chan also felt that there was no hope for Yin Rong's restoration, so he began to invisibly accumulate his own strength, and the good brother Thirteen Brother Yin Xiang was willing to join the fourth brother's camp although he had no power; as for Yin Yu, he turned to support the fourteen brothers Yin Yu, who was particularly valued by Kangxi in his later years, and the eight brothers and nine brothers followed closely behind. At this point, two camps were formed, led by the Eight Brothers (named Supporting the Fourteen Brothers, but the actual organizer was Yin Yu) and the Four Brothers. On November 13, 1722 (the 61st year of the Kangxi Dynasty), the 69-year-old Kangxi Emperor collapsed in Changchun Garden. The fourth son of the emperor, Yin Chan, was ordered to "kecheng da tong", and Yongzheng became the ultimate victor of this event.
Stills of Yin Xiang and Yin Chan
Shi Haijun said:
In fact, the reason why Kangxi established the crown prince early, in addition to the reasons for his wife and Sinicization, there was another layer of intention: to avoid the princes from fighting each other for the throne. But he did not think that the good move he had planned for a long time was created by his excessive attention and harshness, which made him regret for the rest of his life.
Things will be reversed, pampered and proud. Yin Rong's failure, on the one hand, is due to his father's excessive doting, but also because of his poor self-control. Kangxi's meticulous planning not only failed to avoid the struggle between the sons, but also caused the irreconcilable adverse results of the three-party contradiction to exacerbate, which was very regrettable.
In the end, the victory of the four brothers yinchen lies in his usual strength, and in the fact that his team is excellent and everyone is of great use. Fortunately, after a chilling battle between you and me, Yongzheng's succession to the throne, through the efforts to rule the Dynasty, pushed the prosperity of Kangqian to a higher peak, so that the ending can also be regarded as comfort.
Resources:
The Four Genealogies of the Qing Dynasty
"Cases of the Great Qing Dynasty"
Records of Emperor Shengzuren
Zhao's "Miscellaneous Records of the Shouting Pavilion"
Zhao Erxun's Draft History of the Qing Dynasty. Shengzu Benji", "Qing History Manuscript. Volume 214. Liechuan I", "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty. Volume 220. Column VII
Copyright note: This article is the author of the author "Shi Hai ZhenKe Bai Xiaosheng" original ownership, without authorization may not be reproduced plagiarism, violators will be investigated.