About Empress Xiaozhuangwen Borzigit. Bumubutai, presumably everyone will not be unfamiliar, this woman who played an important role in the history of the Qing Dynasty, through the three emperors (Taizong, Shizu, Shengzu), assisted by two young lords (Shunzhi, Kangxi), played a positive and indelible influence on the development of the Qing Dynasty. Of course, in addition to these brilliant things, there is also the mystery of "37 years of temporary security in the temple", which is worthy of our deep consideration.
Statue of Empress Xiaozhuangwen of the Borjigit clan
First, holding heavy power and not being good at specializing, a generation of virtuous queens is truly deserved
Empress Xiaozhuangwen, borjigit clan, Horqin Belle Zhai Sangnu, Empress Xiaoduan's nephew also. The Mandate of Heaven comes in February of the tenth year. In the first year of Chongde, she was crowned as a concubine of Yongfu Palace. Three years of the first month of the first month, the ancestors were born. Shizu ascended the throne and was honored as empress dowager.
Born in 1613 (the 41st year of the Ming Dynasty), Borzigit. Bumubutai came from an aristocratic family of the Mongolian Horqin tribe, whose father was Bellezhaisang. Her aunt Zhezhe married Huang Taiji when she was 2 years old (April 1614), and 11 years later (1625 [Ten Years of Mandate of Heaven]), the 13-year-old Bumubutai also married Huang Taiji, who was 21 years older than herself. In 1636 (the first year of Chongde), after Emperor Taiji changed the name of the country to Qing, Bumubutai was given the title of Concubine of Yongfu Palace, and gave birth to a son and three daughters for Emperor Taiji in his lifetime.
In 1643 (the eighth year of Chongde), the 52-year-old Emperor Taiji died suddenly, and under the stalemate between the two forces (Dorgon and Hauge), he finally adopted a compromise approach and established the 6-year-old Emperor's ninth son Fu Lin as emperor, and Bumubutai became the concubine of Emperor Daxing as the biological mother of Emperor Si to the empress dowager of the dynasty. On August 26, the enthronement ceremony was held at the Shengjing Dugong Hall, with the following year as the first year of Shunzhi.
Portrait of Emperor Taiji
Xiaozhuang is known as a generation of sages, and he deserves it. From the beginning of Shunzhi's succession in 1643 (the eighth year of Chongde), she held great power and was not good at it, even because the emperor was young, she never did anything to listen to the government, and in terms of style, Bumubutai advocated frugality, even in the prosperous world, she was still simple for more than 40 years, which is why she can have a high prestige and great admiration among the emperors of later generations. However, it is precisely such a highly respected filial piety that has been temporarily settled in the temple for 37 years after his death, which is really incomprehensible.
Second, anecdotal rumors are self-defeating
The question of why the coffin of Xiaozhuang stopped for so long has left many interesting and nonsensical accounts. The reason why it is interesting is that these rumors are full of jokes, and at the same time, nonsense shows that everything is groundless and self-defeating.
Stills of Empress Xiaozhuang
The first theory is that Xiaozhuang was ashamed of Emperor Taiji because he married Dolgun, so while he had no face to bury with Emperor Taiji, he also let the future emperors have a lot of criticism of her so that he could not be buried after his death; the second theory is that after xiaozhuang died, when the golden coffin was transported to Zhaoling (Emperor Taiji Mausoleum) on the way through Changrui Mountain (Dongling), due to the sudden heaviness of the golden coffin, it was difficult for the barman to walk, and on the night Xiaozhuang entrusted his grandson with a dream to bury himself in the present place.
The second is clearly full of deities and is not enough to believe. First, until now, there is no conclusive conclusion as to whether Xiaozhuang really married Dolgun, and there is still a lot of evidence that this claim is simply untenable: first, Xiaozhuang's sacred tablet is located next to the Emperor Taiji Divine Tablet, and jointly ascends the Taiji Temple for future generations to worship; second, Bumubutai's posthumous title is "Empress Xiaozhuangwen", which is taken from the Emperor Taiji's "Emperor Taizongwen Emperor" and is strictly determined by the method of Emperor Qi's temple, so its status is obviously recognized by later emperors; third, the name of the mausoleum set for him in the early years of Yongzheng is "Empress Xiaozhuangwen". Zhaoxi Mausoleum", which is a system that echoes the Zhaoling tomb of the Emperor Taiji of Shenyang, and the status of orthodoxy is clear at a glance.
Qing Zhao Mausoleum
Third, the real reason why Xiaozhuang did not bury zhaoling stemmed from subjectivity
So why Xiaozhuang did not bury Zhaoling, in fact, the root cause is not the Qing Dynasty's method of burial, but her subjective intentions.
In the Qing Dynasty, the method of zhao burial gradually imitated and integrated the Chinese burial method from the original cremation to the entry into the customs, and underwent several relatively large changes, one of the very obvious branches is the topic of whether the empress built a mausoleum alone.
Before the Kangxi Dynasty (1662), the empress of the Qing Dynasty was strictly in accordance with the Han method of zhao burial, which meant that whether she died before the emperor, she should be buried with the emperor in the imperial tomb underground palace, in short, not to build a separate mausoleum, this system was not broken until the Kangxi Emperor was buried for his adoptive mother Empress Xiaohuizhang (the second empress of Shunzhi). In this way, Empress Xiaohui's Xiaodong Mausoleum became the first separately established hou mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty, of course, it must meet the conditions that the empress died after the emperor and was already the empress dowager.
Statistical table of the repair time of the seven houling camps in the Qing Dynasty
According to normal understanding, on the axis of time, after setting a precedent from Xiao Dongling, and then there are those who meet the conditions, they should build a separate mausoleum. Empress Xiaohui died on the sixth day of December 1717 (Kangxi 51), and at this time Xiaozhuang had been dead for 29 years (January 27, 1688 [Kangxi 26 December 25]), but because she could not be buried late, she was still temporarily buried in the Bongdian until the time of Empress Xiaohui's burial, and if according to the time of burial, it seems reasonable to build a separate mausoleum for Xiaozhuang.
But everyone seems to have forgotten one point, that is, in terms of generational division, Xiaozhuang was the highest generational score at that time, and was the grandmother of the Kangxi Emperor. In that era, when special attention was paid to the orderly dignity and inferiority, everything was divided into generations first. Therefore, even if Xiaozhuang wants to be buried, it should be determined according to the queen burial method of the Emperor Taiji. According to the burial method of his aunt Empress Xiaoduan (who died after Emperor Taiji [April 17, 1649], but was still buried with Emperor Taizong), Xiaozhuang was also buried in the Zhaoling Underground Palace. But the final result is that she was not buried in the Zhaoling Tombs, but was buried in Zunhua Changrui Mountain, thousands of miles away from Shenyang, and the fundamental reason was still a testament she left behind.
Statue of Empress Xiaozhuang
Emperor Taizongwen's Zi Palace has been enshrined for a long time, and it is not allowed to move lightly for me. In fact, I am in love with Emperor Ru and Ru, and I cannot bear to go away. If I choose Ji'anCuo near the Xiaoling Tomb, I have no regrets.
Bumubutai's testament is mainly divided into two parts, the first point is that the reason why he did not bury with Emperor Taiji was that "Emperor Taizongwen has been enshrined for a long time, so he is humble and respectful", and the second is that he explains his ideal goal for the future burial house- Chang Ruishan, the main reason is that she wants to accompany her son and grandson for a long time, "I love Ru father and son can't bear to go away", in fact, it is also correct to think so, because in Xiaozhuang's 76 years of life, 51 years were spent with children and grandchildren, occupying two-thirds of all time.
Fourth, why kangxi did not bury his grandmother in time
In 1661 (the eighteenth year of Shunzhi), when he was the seventh son of the first month of the first month, Shunzhi, the "First Emperor of Entering Customs", died at the Yangxin Hall at the age of 24. Two days later, xuan ye, the third son of the emperor, who was only 8 years old, ascended the throne at the Taihe Temple, and the following year was the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty. Because of Kangxi's young age, not only were he assisted by four auxiliary ministers, but also the then 49-year-old Bumubutai was promoted from empress dowager to empress dowager. In Kangxi's eyes, he had great respect for this grandmother, and Bumubutai also made every effort to put the education of Emperor Sun in the first place.
It is also because kangxi has great respect for his grandmother, so he naturally obeys his grandmother's will. After the death of Xiaozhuang in 1688 (the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi), because his grandmother did not build a mausoleum before her death, Kangxi arranged for someone to choose a blessed place for his grandmother near Changrui Mountain as a temporary spiritual resting place, called "Temporary An Fengdian Hall".
Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor
Under the attention of Kangxi at the moment, the fengdian project was completed in only three months, not only thanks to the deployment of all skilled craftsmen to work overtime, but also the demolition and relocation of the new hall in the palace where the grandmother lived before her death to the fengdian for reconstruction, reflecting the filial grandson's wishes everywhere. On the seventh day of April of that year, the Kangxi Emperor personally escorted his grandmother Zigong to the Fengdian Feng'an. According to the normal procedure, the temporary Anfeng Hall only played the meaning of temporary an house, and Empress Xiaozhuang would eventually be buried in the underground palace, but to everyone's surprise, the matter could not be resolved in the final Kangxi Dynasty, which was obviously seriously inconsistent with Kangxi Ping's style of filial piety.
In fact, in the matter of repairing the mausoleum for his grandmother's camp, it was not that Kangxi was unwilling to speed up the progress, but in fact, there was something difficult to say.
First, the Changruishan Imperial Mausoleum is based on the Shunzhi Emperor's Tomb of Filial Piety, which is a fact that has long been determined, and all subsequently established mausoleums should be built on the east and west sides of the Xiaoling Tomb, showing the situation of "arching the stars", then the problem is that if the mausoleum of Xiaozhuang is also built within the scope of the Changrui Mountain Imperial Mausoleum, it is obviously contrary to the principle of "respect and inferiority and order", and it should be known that she is the birth mother of the Shunzhi Emperor of the main mausoleum, and is the person with the highest generation at that time. Not only that, but in the matter of the gurudwara of the later emperors, it is necessary to pay homage to the gurudwara in strict accordance with the order of honor and inferiority. The Xiaoling Tomb is already the main mausoleum, and the Xiaozhuang Mausoleum, which is higher than it, can only meet the law of orderliness of honor and inferiority if it is placed outside the Imperial Mausoleum of Changrui Mountain.
Built to the east of the Feng Shui Wall of the Qing Dynasty Tombs, the Zhaoxi Mausoleum
Second, although Empress Xiaozhuang intended to accompany her descendants for a long time in her will, yu li could feel the heavens and the earth, but Yu Li was still untenable. After all, she was the empress dowager of Emperor Taiji, and belonged to the same line as Emperor Taizong, so even if the tomb was to be built separately, it should be built near the Zhaoling Tomb in Shenyang, and being buried in Changrui Mountain actually violated the traditional method of burial, so this is why Kangxi only agreed to temporarily install his grandmother in Changrui Mountain, but the actual burial was delayed.
Shi Haijun said:
Therefore, it is not that Kangxi is unwilling, but that there is really no best of both worlds, which can satisfy both the grandmother's wishes before her death and the traditional method of burial. It was precisely because of his admiration for his grandmother that he was worried, and he was unable to complete this important task until his death.
Fortunately, after his son Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, the matter was completed early. On the fifth day of February in 1724 (the second year of Yongzheng), the Yongzheng Emperor finally decided to establish the Hou Mausoleum directly on the original site of the Fengdian On the grounds that the country had been "long, haiyu Qi'an, and descendants of the descendants" since the establishment of the Great-Grandmother Fengdian, and nine months later, according to the ancient legal name of the great-grandmother's mausoleum" as "Zhaoxi Mausoleum", construction began in February 1725 (Yongzheng III), and was completed in November, taking only nine months. In the first ten days of December of the same year, the Xiaozhuang Zi Palace, which had been temporarily resting in the Fengdian For 37 years, was finally buried in the Zhaoxi Ling Underground Palace, and finally realized his and Kangxi's long-cherished wishes.
Resources:
"Tomb Easy to Know"
The Four Genealogies of the Qing Dynasty
"Changrui Mountain Ten Thousand Years of Tongzhi"
Zhao's "Miscellaneous Records of the Shouting Pavilion"
Records of Emperor Shizuzhang, Records of Emperor Shengzuren, Records of Emperor Sejongxian
Zhao Erxun's Draft History of the Qing Dynasty. Shizu Benji", "Qing History Manuscript. Shengzu Benji", "Qing History Manuscript. Sejong Benji", "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty. Volume 214. Column 1
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