In 1938, Zhou Enlai sent someone to take a fourteen-year-old child to Chongqing, and then sent to Moscow by Mao Zedong's younger brother Mao Zemin, where he exchanged letters with Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi personally took him back to China, and more than a decade after his death, Russian President Putin personally issued him a commemorative medal.
He is Cai Bo, the son of revolutionary martyr Cai Hesen and Xiang Jingyu.
Pictured| Cai and Sen and Xiang Police gave wedding photos
After reading this article, you will know why he deserves so much attention.
All this must start with his father. His father's name is Cai Hesen, born in 1895 in Xiangxiang, Hunan, Hunan referred to as Xiang, Hunan is called Xiang place is also more, there are Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, Xiangyin, everyone often says that Hunan is the land of Sanxiang. In the history of the party and the army, Hunan has produced many talents, and Cai Hesen is undoubtedly a very dazzling one.
First, Although Cai Hesen's childhood is not miserable, it is also very unfortunate.
Cai and Sen's childhood life was not very happy, mainly for the following three reasons:
1, his father does not learn well, do not be strong.
Pictured| farmers working in the fields
His father was originally a small clerk in Shanghai, and he was a working class, and his life was still better than that of peasants. But he could not resist the temptation of the drunken gold fans of Shanghai, and not only learned to smoke opium, but also begged his little wife. This undoubtedly caused a lot of unhappiness to Cai Hesen's mother and Cai Hesen, so when Cai Hesen was four years old, his mother took him back to his mother's home in Shuangfeng County, Hunan Province. A few years later, his father also lost his job and returned to Cai and Sen and his mother.
2, his family is poor, when there is a little money, his father does not know to cherish.
After unemployment, family conditions are even worse. And the children of poor families are free-range, running like cattle and sheep, and when they are hungry, they can get some food to fill their stomachs, so Cai and Sen did not leave any remarkable deeds before the age of thirteen. At the same age, Mao Zedong had already attended six private schools, and Zhou Enlai had read five private schools.
Pictured | young Zhou Enlai
3) His father did not support him in studying.
When Cai and Sen were thirteen years old, they were sent to their uncle's shop as an apprentice to learn how to make hot sauce. His father wanted Cai and Sen to learn a craft and rely on it to support his family. However, Cai Hesen, with a desire for knowledge and expectations for the future, is obsessed with reading, and often hides in the corner to read, so it is inevitable that he will be invited to parents, so he will be punished by his father.
Just when Cai hesen's apprenticeship expired and he could stand on his own, sixteen-year-old Cai hesen resolutely chose his own path, that is, to study, and also received strong support from his mother.
Second, don't look at Cai hesen's low starting point, the apprentice instantly becomes a bully.
Cai Hesen is an authentic scholar, with the following four main manifestations:
1. Complete primary school in one and a half years.
Figure | Guozijian
Cai and Sen began to attend elementary school at the age of sixteen, which was already a very old age at that time, and many people were already married at this age, such as Mao Zedong, who married at the age of fourteen, of course, that was the parents' opinion. Because of their old age, Cai and Sen were ridiculed as "too students". Taixue was the highest school in the Qing Dynasty, Guozijian, and Taixue was equivalent to what is now called a college student. It can be seen how different Cai and Sen were in the pile of elementary school classmates at that time.
However, Cai he and Sen did not start from the first grade of primary school, he read directly in the third grade, and only read for one semester, and then jumped to high school. At that time, primary schools were generally divided into primary and high schools, with primary schools being in the first to fourth grades and high schools being in the fifth to sixth grades. It took half a year to complete four years of primary school study, which was just the beginning of Cai and Sen Biao's career as a bully. Then, in a year, he completed the high school that others needed two years of high school. Six years of elementary school, he spent a total of one and a half years, but he graduated from elementary school at the age of eighteen, which was also a bit on the side at the time.
Pictured| Cai and Sen
2. Admitted to Hunan Railway School.
After graduating from primary school, Cai he came to Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province. It coincided with the Hunan Railway School recruitment, so he went to register. But he was not allowed to take the exam because he did not have the relevant primary school diploma.
Cai and Sen argue that the school break the old rules and allow him to take the exam. If this had been done before, it would have been impossible. But at that time, it was 1913, after the baptism of the Xinhai Revolution, the whole country was abolishing the old and establishing the new. The Hunan Railway School was founded by members of the Ideologically Progressive League, so the school finally agreed to let him take the entrance exam.
Picture | the Xinhai Revolution
Cai he sen really had the strength and was admitted to the Hunan Railway School with excellent results. In particular, his composition actually broke through the full score and got one hundred and five points, because the teacher felt that the article was written, from the content to the form, from the viewpoint to the language, it was impeccable, and the words were particularly well written.
Figure | Cai and Sen calligraphy
Cai and Sen entered the Hunan Railway School as they wished, but the time was relatively short. Just as the so-called "success is also Xiao He, defeat is also Xiao He", the reason why he was able to enter this school was because this school was progressive and enlightened, and the reason why he lost the opportunity to study again was also because this school was progressive and revolutionary, and it was ordered to stop operation by the Beiyang government.
3. Meet with another genius in the Hunan First Division.
Although a school was stopped, under the tide of the era when the new wind was gradually rising, many new schools sprung up like mushrooms, and Hunan First Normal School was one of them, and it was also a free school, not only did not charge tuition, but also did not charge food.
Figure| On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China
After the founding of New China, it also attached great importance to teacher education, and has been giving financial subsidies to the teacher training majors of normal schools, so as to cultivate more educational talents. Of course, there are generally corresponding requirements, that is, teacher training students need to engage in educational work for more than four years after graduation, otherwise they will have to pay back the training fees of some teacher training students.
Speaking of Cai hesen, as long as there is school enrollment, then for a bully like him, the entrance examination is certainly not a problem, he has passed the pass all the way, passed the initial examination, re-examination, and finally was admitted to the Hunan First Division. A year later, Mao Zedong was integrated from the Hunan Fourth Normal School into the First Division, and the two became classmates of the same grade and like-minded friends. They and Xiao Zisheng are also good friends, known as the "Three Friends of Xiangjiang".
Pictured| young Mao Zedong
Although Cai and Sen formed a lifelong friendship with Mao Zedong, the Hunan First Division was obviously unable to make Xueba stop skipping grades. A year and a half after the two classmates, the twenty-year-old Cai Hesen jumped to the Hunan Higher Normal School. Two years later, Cai and Sen graduated from the High School, and Mao Zedong graduated from the First Division a year later.
Third, there are many kinds of school bullies, and Cai and Sen are not dead readers.
Many people's impression of Xueba is that they don't hear anything out of the window, but Mao Zedong and Cai and Sen are obviously not, and they are different from ordinary students, mainly in the following three points:
1. Pay attention to exercise.
Everyone knows that the body is the capital of the revolution, and a strong physique should be exercised from a young age. When Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen were in the First Division in Hunan, they not only insisted on taking cold baths, but also ran outside when it was windy and raining heavily. The two also often went to climb the mountain and camp, at that time everyone was relatively poor, there was no camping equipment, and the wind meal was almost the same.
Picture | the former site of the Xinmin Society
2. Pay attention to social and people's livelihood.
Neither Mao Zedong nor Cai Hesen were dead readers, and they were particularly concerned about the changes in the current situation and the trend of thought in society, and worked hard to explore the way to make China rich and strong. In 1918, the Three Friends of Xiangjiang initiated the establishment of the Xinmin Society, and the place where the association was founded was cai hesen's home. But the person in charge was not Mao Zedong or Cai Hesen, but Xiao Zisheng, who was the director general.
The Xinmin Society was not only a progressive group, but also a relatively closely organized group, initially more than twenty people, and later developed to more than seventy people, of which He Shuheng, Luo Zhanglong, Li Weihan, Xie Jueya, Xiang Jingyu, Yang Kaihui, Cai Chang, Xia Xi, etc., all played an important role in the later historical stage.
Picture | group photo of members of the Xinmin Society
3. Carry out in-depth investigation and research.
Both Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen took the initiative to go deep into reality and understand social conditions and public opinion. Once, they used half a month to go deep into five counties to conduct research, went into factories, went to the countryside, mastered a large amount of first-hand information, and had a tangible understanding of the people's suffering. They didn't even have money to eat at that time, but this could not stop their pace of curiosity, they relied on helping people to do things, writing for food, eating, of course, they could not avoid the wind and food, and they were often hungry and full, but they also learned knowledge that was not available in school, and increased their talents.
Mao Zedong and Cai and Sen were like-minded good friends, not only studying together, studying problems together, but also taking care of each other in life. After Cai and Sen's mother moved her family to Changsha, it became the main place for Mao Zedong and other members of the Xinmin Society to meet, and Mao Zedong's mother also lived in Cai Hesen's house when she went to Changsha to see a doctor.
Pictured| the former residence of Cai Hesen
In 1923, the two were in Shanghai, and they became good neighbors upstairs and downstairs with their wives. Others were busy, while Mao's wife, Yang Kaihui, often took care of household chores. After arriving in Wuhan, Cai and Sen fell ill, and Yang Kaihui gave him stew soup to supplement his body.
Of course, Yang Kaihui took such care of Cai and Sen not entirely because of Mao Zedong. Yang Kaihui's father, Mr. Yang Changji, was a professor at the Hunan First Division at that time. Mr. Yang admired Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong very much, how good was it? After graduating, Cai and Sen lived in Yang Changji's home, and Mao Zedong later became Yang Changji's son-in-law. At that time, the teacher-student relationship was really a teacher and a friend!
Pictured| Yang Changji
Fourth, Cai and Sen studied abroad with their families, and all of them are heroes.
In 1918, Mr. Yang Changji went to Peking University as a professor, and of course he could not forget Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong. As a progressive patriot, he felt that going to France for work-study was a good opportunity to find a way out for China, so he suggested that Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong and others go to France to study. Later, Cai and Sen consulted with Mao Zedong, and the result was that one person went abroad to study, and one person developed at home. Cai and Sen studied in France, not alone in battle, but a large family in battle.
1. Cai hesen's mother, Ge Jianhao.
Ge Jianhao was born in 1865, and was already fifty-four years old when he went to France for work-study, twelve years older than Xu Teli, who went to France at the same time. She came from a famous family, took her children back to her hometown when her husband was addicted to low-level fun, was influenced by her compatriot "Jian Hu Woman" Qiu Jin and leaned towards revolution, although the second daughter and eldest son died one after another, but still strong and optimistic to face life.
Picture | Qiu Jin
Although the family has no money and she still has two daughters around, when Cai and Sen want to study, she still firmly supports it, and she will pawn her dowry for this. Her husband wanted to sell her daughter Cai Chang to a landlord as a concubine for five hundred oceans, and she supported her daughter to take refuge in Changsha and enroll in sports school.
Later, she simply took her eldest daughter Cai Qingxi and her granddaughter to Changsha and came to Cai Hesen and Cai Chang's side. At that time, a family of five was studying in Changsha. Later, she returned to her hometown to start a school and went to France to work and study.
In France, she wakes up early and goes to bed late, studies hard, and stays up late embroidering, in exchange for living expenses not only to support her family, but also to help other international students. After the birth of Cai Chang's daughter, she had to take care of her granddaughter while studying and working, until she returned to China four years later, when she was already fifty-eight years old. After returning to China, he continued to engage in education and participated in the feminist movement, and died of illness in 1943 at the age of seventy-eight.
Pictured| Ge Jianhao (front row, second from left) in France
2. Cai Hesen's sister Cai Chang.
Cai Chang is five years younger than Cai and Sen, and with the support of his mother, he enrolled in girls' school. At the age of thirteen, she became a music and physical education teacher. She loves to learn, except for the two classes when she is a teacher, other times she sits in the classroom and learns math, Chinese and so on with students.
Later, with the support of his mother, he hid in Changsha to escape marriage, enrolled in Zhounan Girls' Normal School, and stayed on to teach after graduation. After going to France to study, she married Li Fuchun, and the witnesses of the wedding were her mothers Ge Jianhao and Deng Xiaoping. The couple continued to engage in the revolutionary movement and later served as vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, while Li Fuchun held positions such as vice premier of the State Council. Because Li Fuchun was younger than Cai Chang, Zhou Enlai affectionately called the couple Changchun brothers and sisters.
3. Cai hesen's wife xiang to the police.
Xiang Jingyu is the same age as Cai Hesen, she is a big girl in Pu County, Hunan Province, she received a good traditional education and a new style of education from an early age, at the age of sixteen went to Changsha to study, became Cai Chang's classmate, and thus became acquainted with Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong.
Figure | to the police
The Hunan First Division has the Three Friends of Xiangjiang, and the Zhounan Female Division has the Zhounan Sanjie, who are Xiang Jingyu, Tao Siyong and Cai Chang. After graduating from zhounan female teacher, Xiang Jianyu returned to his hometown to establish a primary school, actively participated in the May Fourth Movement, went to France with Cai hesen and others to work-study, and in May 1920, he married Cai and Sen as a revolutionary partner. The combination of the two was called the "Xiang Cai Alliance", which shows that the revolutionary comrades-in-arms at that time were very recognized by Xiang Zhenyu's ideas and talents.
In 1922, Xiang Became the First Female Central Committee member of the Communist Party and served as a Minister for Women. While writing and publishing articles, she organized women's activities, which were highly praised by her comrades, but became a thorn in the enemy's eye and a thorn in the flesh. In 1928, he was arrested and killed for betrayal by traitors.
Tsai he and Sen made outstanding contributions to the party and the revolutionary cause, but unfortunately died young.
Cai Hesen's revolutionary deeds are more numerous, and only three are more representative:
1. The first to propose the establishment of the Communist Party of China.
Since the May Fourth Movement, aspiring young people have been studying, thinking and exploring China's way out. However, at that time, the thinking was still relatively chaotic, there were all kinds of doctrines and doctrines, and the more influential one was anarchism, and those who held this view advocated moderate reform through education.
After Cai and Sen arrived in France, they quickly established their communist beliefs and found a correct way out for China. In July 1920, he proposed the establishment of the Communist Party of China and the implementation of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and wrote to Mao Zedong, who expressed his full approval.
This is two months earlier than the main founder of our party, Mr. Chen Duxiu, so Cai and Sen are known as one of the founders of the party, although he joined the party after the ccp's congress. Like Cai and Sen, Xiang Also joined the Communist Party after the Ccp's First Congress, but is also known as the founder of the Communist Party, and is the only female founder.
Figure | South Chen Bei Li
2. One of the main leaders of the occupation of the Sino-French University of Lyon.
Cai Hesen and others went to France to study work-study, and the main target school was the Sino-French University of Lyon. Before the university was built, people studied French while working.
But by the time the university was built, things had changed. On the one hand, the opportunities for part-time work are becoming less and less, and the life of international students is difficult to sustain. On the other hand, the organizers of the school did not agree to accept international students without examinations, especially to adopt a hostile attitude towards the young students studying abroad in the progressive revolution.
Under these circumstances, Cai Hesen, Zhao Shiyan and others organized scattered overseas students to forcibly occupy the Sino-French University of Lyon, and Cai Hesen was also sent back to China.
Picture | Zhao Shiyan
Cai and Sen did not stay in France for a long time, and spent less time with Zhou Enlai, but they formed a deep friendship. They often discuss problems together and climb mountains together. Cai Hesen's enthusiasm for learning and revolutionary spirit greatly inspired Zhou Enlai. Zhou Enlai once said that his friendship with Cai Hesen made him very rewarding.
3. One of the main leaders of the May Thirtieth Movement.
After returning to China, Cai and Sen became the party's leaders. In 1925, the May Thirtieth (sà) Movement broke out, and in the face of the excited workers, Cai Hesen proposed to the Party Central Committee to organize demonstrations, and convened a meeting of the responsible persons of the Shanghai Party organization, the workers' organization, and the student organization to carry out extensive mobilization, and also personally took to the streets to give speeches, and finally formed a situation of workers' strikes, merchants' strikes, and student strikes, setting off a revolutionary climax throughout the country.
Figure | May Thirtieth Movement
In addition, Cai and Sen also carried out a lot of theoretical research and writing, and published a monograph. Unfortunately, like Xiang Jingyu, he was arrested and killed for betrayal by traitors, at the age of six Chinese New Year's Eve.
6. How are the children doing after the death of their parents?
Cai he and Sen and Xiang Had a son and a daughter, and their daughter Cai Ni was born in 1922, and two years later his son Cai Bo was born. At that time, the revolutionary work was very tense, and Cai and Sen and Xiang Jingyu threw themselves wholeheartedly into the revolutionary work, neither had the time nor the money to take care of the two children, and the children with them could be in danger of life at any time. So four months after Cai Ni was born, she was sent to her mother's house to be raised by her uncle. Cai Bo was even more pitiful, and after a month of birth, he was sent to his mother's house to be raised by his aunt.
After Ge Jianhao returned to China, he was all raised by Ge Jianhao, and they lived with Cai Bo's great aunt (Cai Qingxi) and cousin (Cai Qingxi's daughter Liu Ang), as well as Cai Chang's daughter Li Tete. Parents sometimes come back to see their children, and the children can tell which is their mother, Xiang Jingyu and Cai Chang, but they can't tell which is Their father, Cai Hesen and Li Fuchun.
Pictured| Li Fuchun and Cai Chang
In 1929, Cai and Sen brought Cai Bo to the Soviet Union, but soon returned to China to work, leaving only the children themselves in the International Children's Hospital. At that time, it was the early days of the revolutionary base areas, and the Party was not yet able to give more care to the children of the revolution. It was not until the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists that more children were sent to the Soviet Union, and Cai Bo entered the International Children's Hospital of the Soviet Union in 1939.
After the victory of the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, it began to help the countries of the world carry out the proletarian revolutionary movement, first establishing the Communist International to guide the party building and revolution, and later establishing the International Children's Institute to raise and educate the descendants of the Communists of all countries.
But after Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the two sides fought a big war, that is, the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. At that time, the two sides invested a total of 26 million troops. Although the Soviet Union finally won the victory, it also paid a terrible price, and more than five million Soviets were killed.
Pictured| the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union
During the four-year Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union, the children of the International Children's Institute were able to save their lives but also suffered severe poverty and hunger. At that time, food was strictly supplied, and only children who learned well had one meal a day, and this meal was nothing more than a vegetable soup with a few vegetable leaves.
If you don't have food, you can only find wild fruits to eat, you really can't resist, you have to pawn the things around you for some bread, and many children are puffy due to hunger.
Despite the difficult conditions, the revolutionary descendants of various countries still actively participated in the revolutionary movement. Although they did not go to the battlefield, they engaged in war support work, taking on tasks such as nursing the sick and wounded, agricultural production, and sewing military uniforms. Therefore, on the occasion of the seventieth anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War of the Ussrica (2015), Russia awarded them commemorative medals.
In 1949, after Cai Bo returned to China with Liu Shaoqi, he used what he had learned to work at the Angang Iron and Steel Factory, overcoming many technical difficulties and dying of heart disease in 1991.
Cai Ni returned to China a few years later than Cai Bo, working first in Beijing Children's Hospital and then as a professor of Russian at the Beijing Institute of Foreign Chinese, and died in 2012.
Pictured| Cai Bo and Cai Ni
In the agrarian revolution, the War of Resistance Against Japan, and the War of Liberation, there were many outstanding Party members and brave soldiers who gave their precious lives, and we should remember their names and stories.