Editor's Note
On October 30, 2021, sponsored by the Fuzhou Municipal People's Government, the Fuzhou Municipal Bureau of Cultural Heritage, the Fuzhou Municipal Forestry Bureau and the UNESCO Asia-Pacific World Heritage Training Center, the Fuzhou Municipal World Heritage Expert Demonstration Meeting was held in Fuzhou, and 20 well-known domestic experts and scholars conducted research and demonstration around the World Heritage Project of Sanfang Qixiang, Fujian Shipping Administration, and the World Natural Heritage Project of minjiang River Estuary Wetland. Experts discussed the elements, values and feasibility of the application for the heritage, such as Sanfang Qixiang, Fujian Shipping Administration, and Minjiang Wetland Park, as well as the options, subjects and paths and methods of the next step of fuzhou's application for heritage, and provided suggestions for the city's heritage application. This newspaper today excerpted the statements of experts for the benefit of readers.
Background of the application
Fuzhou is a national historical and cultural city with a history of more than 2,200 years of founding, which has bred a rich and profound Culture of Mindu, with many rich historical relics and complementary landscape patterns.
Sanfang Qixiang Historical and Cultural Block: The only remaining "living fossil of the Lifang system" in Chinese cities. There are more than 200 ancient buildings preserved in fang lanes, and it is also known as the "Ming and Qing Dynasty Architecture Museum" and "the settlement of celebrities in Mindu".
Fujian Shipping Administration: The birthplace of China's shipping culture and the cradle of modern navy. In 1866 (the fifth year of qing tongzhi), Zuo Zongtang, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, founded the Fujian Shipping Administration in Mawei, Fuzhou, and carried out activities such as building shipyards, building warships, making airplanes, running schools, attracting talents, and sending students to study abroad, and cultivated a number of outstanding modern industrial and technical talents and outstanding naval officers.
Minjiang River Estuary Wetland Reserve: With rare and endangered wild animal species such as Chinese crested terns, spoon-billed sandpipers and black-faced spoonbills, water bird resources and estuarine wetland ecosystems as the main protection objects, 4 ecological indicators have reached the assessment standards of internationally important wetlands.
Excerpts from the speeches of the Expert Symposium on World Cultural Heritage
Sun Hua, Director of the Cultural Heritage Protection Center of Peking University, Director of the Academic Committee of the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University, and Professor
Recognize and refine the value theme of Fuzhou's heritage
Fuzhou has a profound history and rich cultural heritage, and the three lanes and seven alleys, Fujian Shipping Administration, Haisi Relics, Yongtai Zhuangzhai, etc., all have their own characteristics and high value. In particular, Sanfang Qixiang and Fujian Shipping Administration, the former is the place where China's ancient and modern urban elites live, and is the largest and most valuable historical block among the largest cities in the mainland provincial capital; the latter is the industrial base for the design and manufacture of ships, the cultivation of ship administration talents and the administration of ship administration in modern China, and is the best preserved and most systematic industrial heritage of the same type of heritage in the same period. The selection of Fuzhou's representative cultural heritage of China and the uniqueness of the world, and the recommendation to apply for world heritage, is conducive to the protection and utilization of Fuzhou's cultural heritage.
Due to the large number of important cultural heritage in China, in order to declare these cultural heritages in Fuzhou, it is necessary to strengthen the basic research of the heritage, clarify the value composition and related background of the heritage, recognize the characteristics of the heritage and refine the value theme of the heritage.
Wang Lijun, Director of the Institute of Architectural History, China Architectural Design and Research Institute, is a professor-level senior architect
Get to know heritage sites from a larger perspective
From the perspective of OUV, which is a prominent universal value in the world, Sanfang And Qixiang is a very typical representative of traditional Chinese urban residence, and the pattern is very well preserved, witnessing the enlightenment of modern Chinese thought and traditional values. Fujian shipping administration is more prominent in modern naval construction and modern industrial system, and it does have outstanding significance and value in China's history. But from a global perspective, whether they can have the global outstanding universal value of OUV, there are still some challenges.
On the issue of integrity, Three Lanes and Seven Alleys, although it is a fragment of the history of the city, it has the value and significance it carries, and is interrelated with OUV. Fujian shipping administration reflects China's modern shipbuilding industry, navigation education, etc., from the preservation status, there are some incomplete, follow-up research should be targeted, such as archaeological work.
On the question of authenticity, The Three Lanes and Seven Alleys, its overall integrity and the evolution of the community, can show the functional evolution and the real situation of the neighborhood. The authenticity of shipping administration may need to be re-examined and further confirmed through a more scientific method. In summary, can we put two heritage points under a larger perspective, such as from the perspective of the overall structure of the city, and consider the positioning in the modern development process.
Jiang Bo is the vice chairman of the International Council on Monuments and Sites and a professor at Shandong University
Sanfang Seven Alleys and Fujian Shipping Administration are unparalleled precious heritage
Sanfang Seven Alleys is a precious heritage of China's traditional urban neighborhood ecology, inheriting the afterglow of classical cities and the new wind of modern cities, which can be called a living fossil in the history of China's urban development. Here the streets and alleys are connected, the doors and closed houses are permeated with human fireworks, and the high-wall tile house contains the artistic conception of the heavens and the earth in the pot; the white ash wall, the stone road, the WenruFang, the celebrity residence, read the vicissitudes of the world! She showed us an ink painting of traditional Chinese urban ecology. She is precious, miraculously preserved in the rolling torrent of urban construction, and has become a homeland where one can foster the soul; she is unparalleled, although it is an old street, ancient alley and old house, it is the endless home of the local people, and it is a living heritage that has been passed down for thousands of years.
Fujian Shipping Administration can be called a historical witness to the embrace of modern industrial civilization in traditional China. It is the cradle of China's shipbuilding, steel and aviation industry in modern times, the place where China's modern navy was prepared, and the memorial place that witnessed the tragic history of the Chinese nation's self-improvement and self-help. In a sense, Fujian Shipping Administration is also a representative relic of China's industrial heritage.
Dong Wei is a professor at the School of Architecture of Southeast University and the chair of the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Resources Management
Look for a path that meets the characteristics of Fuzhou
First, according to local conditions, starting from the historical and cultural characteristics of Fuzhou city and a series of cases of successful application for heritage in recent years, we should strengthen the concept of the city that applied for heritage, tell the urban story of The southeast coastal area of China and show the characteristics of the superior mountain-river-lake-sea natural environment of Fuzhou and its surroundings.
The second is to use innovative heritage application as the driving force for efficient application. Examine Fuzhou's resource endowments from a global and Asian perspective, and look for a heritage path that meets Fuzhou's cultural characteristics, current conditions and development direction. Highlighting the historical trajectory of thousands of years since the Neolithic Era, such as the founding of the country, the center of Fujian, the settlement of ethnic groups, the promotion of cultural context, and the glory of modern times, the "Three Lanes and Seven Alleys" will be regarded as a prominent representative of the urban transformation of modern Fuzhou, and at the same time, Fujian Shipping Administration and Mawei Shipyard will become the first typical cases of the first national industrial special zone in the process of industrialization in modern China.
The third is to further expand the international vision and improve and deepen the OUV in Fuzhou. Strengthen comparisons with other Asian heritage cities such as Mumbai, Ahmedbad, Penang, Malacca, Hue and other cases to further improve the international readability and visibility of Fuzhou's historical and cultural characteristics.
Shao Yong, Professor, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Executive Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Research and Training Centre for the Asia-Pacific Region (Shanghai).
Look at Fuzhou Sanfang Seven Alleys and Fujian Shipping Administration with the eyes of the world
Fuzhou Sanfang Seven Alleys and Fujian Shipping Administration have an extremely important position in China's ancient and modern history, but how to interpret their outstanding universal value needs to be identified and demonstrated from the perspective of the world.
As a typical representative of ancient Chinese cities, Fuzhou City has experienced many times of expansion, forming a basic urban pattern of "three mountains standing tall, two towers facing each other, and the central axis has not changed for thousands of years", and the three squares and seven lanes have been incorporated into the city from the Tang Dynasty, witnessing the historical process of the city from closed management to open development, in which celebrities showed their concern for the fate of the country and the active cognition and promotion of modern Western culture, which has important historical significance.
The Fujian Shipping Administration suggested that from the remaining planning, construction and other literature, it was further demonstrated that it combined with the functional layout of the international advanced industrial small towns at that time, and Chinese the unique axis symmetry and social harmony of the planning ideas, and this spatial pattern has been basically preserved so far.
Du Xiaofan, Director of the Land and Cultural Resources Research Center of Fudan University, Professor, Vice President of the East Asian Cultural Heritage Protection Society, Vice President of the World Heritage Research Committee of the Chinese Cultural Relics Society
Tell the logical story of Fuzhou's residential construction
The houses, ancient houses, zhuangzhai and other houses distributed in the urban and rural areas of Fuzhou all reflect the cultural dissemination and integration brought about by the large-scale migration from the Central Plains to the mountainous areas of Fujian in ancient China, forming a social settlement form with "family settlement" as the core in urban and rural areas, the inner spiritual pursuit with "Xiu Qi Zhiping" as the core, and at the same time interrelated in the economic development of mountains and forests, economic and trade exchanges, urban and rural population flows, etc., which is a model of ancient Chinese urban and rural ethnic settlement, land development, economic exchanges, population migration and spiritual life.
Sanfang Qixiang and Yongtai Zhuangzhai constitute the production, life and trade system of traditional Chinese society with the family as the core, which affects the material form composition and social and cultural atmosphere of urban and rural society, and serves as material witness and cultural connection in the era of rapid urbanization, preserving integrity and continuing to play a social function and utility. The construction logic of urban and rural residents' architectural isomorphism reflects the profound regional construction skills and reflects the distinctive architectural and decorative characteristics of Fuzhou, and Fuzhou should tell this construction logic story well.
Qian Wei is the dean and professor of the Institute of Science and Technology History and Cultural Heritage of the University of Science and Technology Beijing, a member of the Disciplinary Review Group of the Academic Degree Committee of the State Council, and the deputy director of the Industrial Archaeology and Industrial Heritage Research Committee
Fujian Shipping Administration Building Complex Witnesses "West Wind Eastward"
Fujian Shipping Administration is one of the cradles of China's modern industry, giving birth to a number of "China's firsts" in shipbuilding, power, steel, aviation and other industries, and also leading the way in science and technology, education, military, culture and other aspects, promoting the process of China's modernization. From the perspective of relics, the Fujian Shipping Administration Site Group not only has physical remains such as the engine workshop, the painting institute, the iron water flat, and the iron wall factory, but also contains a large number of monumental ancillary facilities and former sites, which is the best preserved state of the industrial heritage of the Western Affairs Movement.
Of course, there are still many missing links in the work, and first of all, it is necessary to strengthen industrial archaeology, including field archaeological investigation and excavation, age identification of buildings, supplementary collection of machinery and equipment, and combing of historical documents and archives, in order to accurately depict the evolution of technological processes and industrial and transportation layouts, and to verify and evaluate the core items to ensure their authenticity and integrity. Secondly, it is also necessary to pay attention to the relationship between protection and utilization to avoid overexploitation. At the same time, the relationship between ship politicians, events and three lanes and seven alleys can also be considered, and the Fujian ship administration site group as the core forms a witness to China's baptism of Western industrial civilization.
Jianwei Zhang Deputy Dean of the School of Archaeology and Archaeology at Peking University and Executive Deputy Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Training Centre for the Asia-Pacific Region (Beijing).
Fuzhou: The dawn of modern times as a historical city in East Asia
In declaring a World Heritage Site, uniqueness and comparative advantage should be emphasized when stating outstanding universal values. When applying for the World Heritage, Fuzhou should pay attention to the difference between the time period and nature and the world heritage that Fujian has successfully declared, and clarify and tell the unique value and heritage story of Fuzhou.
Since the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, Fuzhou has gradually developed into a southeastern metropolis; since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the architectural style has had a clear influence on Ryukyu and Japan; modern times have played an important role in the process of Chinese history. Fuzhou has so far preserved a fairly complete traditional residential neighborhood (Three Lanes and Seven Alleys - ZhuZifang), Consulate Building (Yantai Mountain), Fujian Shipping Industry System, etc., which is a concentrated microcosm of the transformation and enlightenment of this ancient civilization in modern Times, and is also a prominent representative of the encounters of East Asian civilization in modern times. The key to the interpretation of values lies in witnessing the transition from historical accumulation to modern enlightenment, rather than looking at the two parts separately. Fuzhou reflects this value of a series of urban archaeological relics, neighborhoods, celebrity residences, consulates, hospitals, churches, factories, industrial areas, etc., in China, unparalleled, authenticity and integrity. It is proposed to take "Fuzhou: The Dawn of Modern Times in East Asian Historical Cities" as the theme, refine and connect related resources, and organize the declaration of World Heritage Sites.
Zheng Guozhen, former director of the Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics, vice president of the Chinese Society of Cultural Relics, and expert of the expert database of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage
Deepening and upgrading against World Heritage standards
For the three lanes and seven alleys that have been included in the preliminary list of China's world cultural heritage, it is necessary to deepen and improve them according to the standards of world heritage. For those who have the conditions and have not been included in the preliminary list, such as Fujian Shipping Administration, we must actively strive for it.
Sanfang And Qixiang is a living fossil of the Chinese Lifang system. In the application for the heritage of Sanfang and Seven Lanes, we must continue to deepen and optimize the uniqueness we have in accordance with the OUV highlighting universal value standards. It is recommended to organize a three-lane and seven-lane seminar at least once a year to discuss several criteria for applying for heritage and existing problems, and sort out their uniqueness.
Fujian Shipping Administration's application for heritage should change its ideological concepts. The concept of ship administration protection should move from cultural relics protection to heritage protection, and fujian shipping government should have the concept of industrial heritage. In addition to architecture, there are production lines, technological achievements, education, humanities, etc., which affect the process of modern and contemporary Chinese society in many ways, as well as the industry, humanities, value ideas of the whole of China, etc. It is necessary to highlight the outstanding universal value of the World Heritage site as a whole, and then upgrade it.
He Jingping, Director of the Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology Division of the Fujian Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics, and an expert of the Expert Database of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage
Three Lanes and Seven Lanes Applying for Heritage Highlighting Three "Attentions"
The application for the heritage of Sanfang And Qixiang should pay more attention to the study of architecture - the decorative arts of Sanfang and Qixiang, architectural layout, etc., are very Chinese and fuzhou. It is necessary to deeply study the regional, chronological and cultural characteristics of the sanfang and seven lane buildings, reflect the characteristics, and strengthen the study of the relationship between the block and the city, such as the role and status of the block in the city, and the relationship between the development of the block and the city.
Greater emphasis should be placed on professional protection – comprehensive protection from point to point and line in accordance with the criteria of completeness and authenticity of World Heritage sites. At the same time, it is necessary to scientifically delineate the demarcation of protected areas, increase monitoring and disaster prevention and early warning systems, and meet the protection requirements in the choice of business formats.
It is necessary to pay more attention to mechanism construction - establish and improve a protection management mechanism that meets the needs of cultural heritage protection and meets the requirements of World Heritage management. Clarify the main responsibilities of party committees and governments, separate protection management institutions from operating institutions, and institutionalize protection management measures.
Fujian Shipping Administration's application focuses on value research and refining OUV. It is necessary to do a good job in archaeological work according to old photos and drawings, so as to combine architecture and site protection.
Lou Jianlong (Vice President of Fujian Museum, Director of Fujian Minyue Wangcheng Museum, Expert Of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage)
Archaeology is the only expression of the authenticity of historical and cultural heritage
In the authentic expression of world cultural heritage, the empirical material that archaeology can provide or display is particularly important. For Sanfang And Qixiang, archaeology is an important means to make a reasonable interpretation of its spatio-temporal system, and the underground ruins, relic specimens and related data analysis exposed or obtained through scientific excavation have also become the only expression of the underground historical and cultural heritage of Sanfang and Qixiang. The archaeological work of Sanfang and Qixiang should not only focus on the excavation of the pattern of Fangxiang and the water system road, but also carry out systematic archaeological investigation of ground buildings. Over the years, fuzhou urban archaeology practice has confirmed the historical status of Sanfang and Qixiang in Fuzhou's urban formation, community evolution and early city-building engineering technology, and it is necessary to strengthen the effective display and rational use of these acquired archaeological data.
For Fujian Shipbuilding Architecture, more in-depth archaeological work will contribute to the complete interpretation of this modern industrial heritage. It is suggested that the scope of the archaeological survey should be extended to the minjiang river in the Fuzhou area, and while searching for the remains of shipbuilding and docks, defensive military facilities such as fort buildings in similar periods should be taken as an organic part of the shipbuilding architecture and included in the overall scope of the application for heritage.
(Fuzhou Daily)