The popularity of the TV series "The Age of Awakening" has made the image of Li Dazhao, a revolutionary sage, really and vividly approach us.
Li Dazhao was the earliest Marxist and communist in China and one of the main founders of the Communist Party of China. He was infinitely loyal to the cause of the liberation of the Chinese people, to his faith in Marxism and to the revolutionary future of the proletariat. For the sake of national independence and liberation, the prosperity and strength of the country, and the happiness of the people, Li Dazhao braved the darkness, stepped forward, and dedicated everything he had to the cause of communism.
Today is the 132nd anniversary of the birth of Comrade Li Dazhao. Let us look back on Li Dazhao's glorious life.
On October 29, 1889, Li Dazhao was born in Daheiyuan Village, Laoting County, Hebei Province. He lost his parents at an early age and was raised by his grandfather. When he was young, the master gave him the academic name Qi Nian (耆年), the character Shouchang (寿昌), and later changed his name to Li Dazhao (李大钊), whose character shouchang (守常). In 1905, he entered the Yongping Fu (present-day Lulong County, Hebei Province) Middle School, where he was exposed to "new learning" and admired the works of Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others. From 1907 to 1913, he studied at the Tianjin Beiyang Law and Politics College.
In the winter of 1913, Li Dazhao, with the feeling of worrying about the country and the people, traveled east to Japan and was admitted to the waseda University in Tokyo to study politics. After returning to China in 1916, Li Dazhao actively participated in the emerging new cultural movement. In his article "Youth", he called on young people to "break the shackles of history, cleanse the filth of history, create the life of the new nation, and save the youth of the nation." The victory of the October Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917 greatly encouraged and inspired Li Dazhao. He gradually stood on the Marxist stand and became the first person in China to accept Marxism.
In January 1918, Li Dazhao became the director of the library of Peking University. As soon as he arrived at Peking University, he joined the editorial department of the "New Youth" sponsored by Chen Duxiu, studying theories and writing articles on the one hand, and engaging in revolutionary activities among teachers, students, and the masses of workers and staff members on the other. In July, he published a comparative view of the Franco-Russian Revolution in the quarterly magazine "The Rule of Words", which clearly stated that the October Revolution in Russia was a "revolution based on socialism". On November 15, Peking University held a lecture in front of Tiananmen Square, and Li Dazhao delivered the famous speech "The Victory of the Common People". He then published his famous paper The Triumph of Bolshevism.
From the second half of 1918 to 1919, Li Dazhao enthusiastically participated in and supported the patriotic movement and the new cultural movement, and was invited to guide or serve as an adviser to many patriotic groups and new cultural groups that emerged at that time.
With the outbreak and development of the May Fourth Patriotic Movement, while participating in and leading this anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movement, Li Dazhao studied and propagated Marxism more diligently, so that the influence of Marxism in China was expanding day by day. He published dozens of articles promoting Marxism in the year 1919. In his long treatise, My View of Marxism, he systematically introduces the three components of Marxism, pointing out that these three parts "all have an inseparable relationship, and the theory of class competition is just like a golden thread, which fundamentally links these three principles."
In March 1920, Li Dazhao initiated the organization of the Marxist Theory Research Society at Peking University. In the same month, the Communist International, led by Lenin, sent representatives to China and first went to Beijing to meet with Li Dazhao. They discussed the issue of preparing for the establishment of the Communist Party of China and reached unanimous agreement. Party building activities began here. At the initiative of Li Dazhao, a communist group in Beijing was established in October of that year. In November, the Beijing Socialist Youth League was also established under the leadership of Li Dazhao.
After the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, Li Dazhao guided the work of the North on behalf of the Party Central Committee. At the Second, Third and Fourth National Congresses of the Party, he was elected a member of the Central Committee. At the end of 1924, the Cpc's Northern Region Executive Committee was established, with Li Dazhao as secretary.
As early as August 1921, the party established the Secretariat of the China Labor Union to lead the national workers' movement, and Li Dazhao served as the director of the northern branch of this organization. Under his leadership, the northern party organization sent many comrades to carry out party and regimental work in Hebei, Lu, Henan, Jin, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and the vast areas of northeast China, and successively launched famous struggles such as the Kailuan Minmetals Strike and the Jinghan Road Strike.
Li Dazhao also paid great attention to the peasant issue. As early as February 1919, he published a serial article in the Morning Post, "Youth and the Countryside", calling on young people to go to the countryside. From 1925 to 1926, he successively published papers such as "Land and Peasants" and "The Red Gun Society of Luyu and Shaanxi Provinces", investigating and analyzing the rural situation, and attaching great importance to the peasant land issue and the peasant armed issue.
After the 1924 Coup in Beijing, the Nationalist army led by Feng Yuxiang was attacked on all sides, with Zhang Zuolin in the east, Yan Xishan in the west, and Wu Peifu's men and horses in the south. In the crisis, thanks to Li Dazhao's timely appearance, he obtained Soviet arms assistance through the then Soviet ambassador to China, Garhan. Because of Li Dazhao's campaign, the national army's military resources continued to expand, and it was guided by Soviet military advisers, which had the capital to compete with the northern warlords.
As the leader of the revolutionary movement in the north, Li Dazhao was naturally regarded by the warlords as a "thorn in the eye". In April 1926, the Luyu coalition army entered Beijing with live ammunition and murderous spirits. For the revolutionaries in the city, the public order regulations promulgated by the coalition army immediately stipulated: "Propaganda of red-sidedness, advocacy of communism, regardless of the subordination, shall be punished by death." In June, Zhang Zuolin entered Beijing to take charge of the Beijing government as the "commander-in-chief of the Red Army", and immediately listed the capture and killing of Li Dazhao and others as a particularly urgent military operation.
Li Dazhao did not leave Beijing at that time, and was in the old Russian barracks of the Soviet Embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane, not far from the Shuncheng Palace, which Zhang Zuolin used as the Grand Marshal's Palace. After the 1926 "March 18" massacre, Li Dazhao moved here to avoid being wanted by the Duan Qirui government, and has not appeared in public since.
At that time, China went from north to south, and there was endless war. Li Dazhao, who insisted on staying in Beijing, became the joint point connecting the revolutionary struggle between the north and the south. Piece by piece, military and political intelligence gathered in the small courtyard of the Russian barracks and then secretly distributed them.
From March 1926 to February 1927, the number of Communist Party members in the North grew from more than 300 to more than 1,000, and the number of Kuomintang members grew from more than 2,200 to more than 4,300. Even Zhang Zuolin's grand marshal's mansion also established an underground party branch of the CPC, and the secretary of the branch was Dong Jigao, the secretary of the marshal's mansion.
On April 6, 1927, Li Dazhao was arrested at the Soviet Embassy, along with 33 Communists, Kuomintang "Leftists" and 16 Soviet Embassy staff. The news of the arrest of Li Dazhao and others spread, and the social impact exceeded Zhang Zuolin's expectations. After the incident, various newspapers in Beijing and Tianjin commented on Li Dazhao's appeal. There are also countless people who rescued Li Dazhao, some people talk about jurisprudence, some people have human feelings, some people have donated money, and some people have rushed to work. Under pressure, the Beijing Police Department hastily assigned 15 people for trial the day after Li Dazhao was arrested.
The April 8 issue of the World Journal said: "Li wears a gray cotton robe, a green cloth coat, a beard, a very refreshed spirit, an extremely calm attitude, and a self-proclaimed believer in Marx's doctrine, but he is ignorant of all other actions." Li Dazhao was bright and straightforward, and when asked later, he simply said, "You take a pen and paper, and I will write it myself." Thus, there was the "Self-Statement in Prison" that was later widely recited. Li Dazhao changed his draft three times, and the final draft had more than 2700 words.
Li Dazhao, who has been busy running for the revolution all day, finally took this opportunity to sort out his life. As for the doctrine of communism, Li Dazhao admitted that "reverence for faith is not secreted." He said: "Zhao Zishu sent a letter, that is, he was determined to work hard for the cause of national liberation, to practice what he believed, to practice what he knew, and to do nothing for the sake of merit. "Show a bold and loyal heart, and be open-minded.
Zhang Zuolin, who advocates "seeking red and opposing communism," definitely does not want these things. He even sent his subordinate Yang Yuting, a fellow villager of Li Dazhao, as a lobbyist, xu as a high-ranking official Houlu, but he also failed to get evidence from Li Dazhao that the Soviet Union had "redwashed" China and the Communist Party organized the workers' and peasants' movement. Therefore, on the one hand, the National Police Department claimed to the outside world that "Li Dazhao confessed a lot", and on the other hand, it had to admit that "Li dazhao had no confirmed confession". Even though there was "no confirmed confession," the special court suddenly opened its trial on April 28, and after a 70-minute hasty trial, it sentenced Li Dazhao and 20 others to death by hanging and executing them immediately.
Zhang Zuolin did not dare to publicly execute Li Dazhao at the Tianqiao Execution Ground, so he decided to use a gallows imported from abroad and secretly carry out it in the Beijing Normal Detention Center. The Jingshi Detention Center was the Prison of the Punishment Department of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, Tan Sitong once inscribed a poem on the prison wall, "I smile from the horizontal knife to the sky, to keep the liver and gallbladder for two Kunlun", and then generously died.
30 years later, Li Dazhao came here. He was the first to ascend to the gallows, heroically and righteously, at the age of 38.
The 38-year-old Li Dazhao has no fear of ordinary people for "death". As he said in his essay "Sacrifice" published on November 9, 1919: "The purpose of life is to develop one's own life, but there are also times when one must sacrifice one's life in order to develop one's life." Because of ordinary development, sometimes it is not as good as heroic sacrifice enough to prolong the sound and brilliance of life. The beautiful scenery is mostly in the treacherous mountains. The music is mostly a sad rhyme. Noble life, often in the midst of heroic sacrifice. ”
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