introduction
On October 23, 1997, Guo Ruzhi died in a car accident at the age of 90. After his death, the Central Military Commission held a solemn memorial service for him and evaluated his life, saying that he had made great contributions to the people's cause of liberation and the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, and praising his life as "a life of thrilling twists and turns, rich and profound.".
Photo | guo rujie's later years
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="8" >01 Why did Guo Rujie lose contact with the organization after joining the party</h1>
On January 19, 1949, Yu Jinyuan, commander of the Kuomintang 72nd Army, surrendered his weapons in the Chenguanzhuang area west of Xuzhou. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek gave this title to Guo Rujie. But what Chiang Kai-shek did not expect was that the 72nd Army had another Yu Jinyuan.
Guo Rugui was born in 1907 in Tongliang County, Sichuan Province, to a family of scholars, originally known as Guo Rugui. At the age of 12, he followed his father to Chengdu to study.
In 1925, he graduated from the high school he attended. Later, he applied for the Whampoa Military Academy at the suggestion of his cousin Guo Rudong, who was then the commander of the Sichuan Army. In this way, Guo Rugui successfully became a student of the fifth student team of the fifth political section of the Whampoa Military Academy and changed his name to Guo Rugui.
At that time, with the frequent news of the Northern Expedition, the Nationalist government moved the capital to Wuhan, and Guo Rugui also followed the school to Wuchang. At that time, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were in the first period of cooperation, and many of the political instructors of the Whampoa Military Academy were communists. People like Xiao Chunu, Wu Yuzhang, Yun Daiying, and others we are familiar with have all served at the Whampoa Military Academy and served as Guo Rujie's teachers.
Under the influence of these people, Guo Rugui gradually realized that only by completely overthrowing the rule of feudal warlords and imperialism can China be truly unified, and only by practicing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal New Three People's Principles can socialism be realized and China truly revived.
Pictured| Guo Rujie, teachers and classmates in his youth
After accepting the idea of communism, Guo Rujie gradually changed from the Three People's Principles of worshipping Sun Yat-sen to the idea of communism, believing that communism was more progressive and more revolutionary, and he gradually sprouted the idea of joining the Communist Party.
When he learned that his friend Yuan Jingming, who had entered the Whampoa Military Academy with him, was a member of the Communist Party, Guo Rugui asked him to recommend him to join the party, but considering Guo Rugui's special status, Yuan Jingming told him that he would have to go through a period of testing before he could join the party.
On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek supported his troops in Nanjing and launched the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup that shocked China and foreign countries, in direct opposition to the Nationalist government in Wuhan.
Not long after, Wu Yuzhang, who was in charge of school affairs, called Guo Rugui and Fu Bingxun to the office and told them to hurry back to Sichuan and graduate from school early.
Pictured| Whampoa Military Academy
In addition, Wu Yuzhang also gave them a special task: to return to Sichuan as soon as possible and inform Guo Rudong to find a way to prevent Yang Sen from going out of Sichuan to attack Wuhan, and if he stopped it, there was no way to let him wait until Yang Sen left Sichuan, waiting for the opportunity to move and let it collapse. Even this will not help, then let Guo Rudong not send a single soldier to support Yang Sen.
Guo Rudong was Guo Rujie's cousin and Fu Bingxun's brother-in-law, and at that time he was already the deputy commander of the Sichuan-Hubei Border Defense Command, with two divisions and one brigade. Therefore, with the instructions given to them by Wu Yuzhang, Guo Rugui and Fu Bingxun returned to Sichuan and went to Fuling, Guo Rudong's residence, and conveyed Wu Yuzhang's opinion to him.
Guo Rudong said that he would not support Yang Sen, but behind his back, he sent a special envoy to the Nationalist government in Nanjing to show allegiance. For this, Guo Rugui was not aware of it.
During his stay in Sichuan, Guo Rugui gave speeches everywhere and publicized with the local people the three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers." Soon, he became a famous local figure in Fuling.
Soon, the National Government in Nanjing and the National Government in Wuhan "merged" and the Great Revolution failed vigorously. Guo Rujie also lost contact with Wu Yuzhang, and he could only remain in Guo Rudong's troops.
Photo | Wu Yuzhang
At that time, the whole country was in the midst of a white terror. Witnessing all this, his desire to join the Chinese Communist Party became even stronger. On August 8, 1925, under the introduction of Yuan Jingming, he officially joined the Communist Party of China and fulfilled his wish for many years.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="20" >02 After more than a decade, Guo Rugui got in touch with the organization</h1>
In 1930, the Central Plains War broke out in China, and Chiang Kai-shek asked Guo Rudong to lead his troops to Hubei to garrison. In July of the same year, Guo Rujie, who had already served as the commander of the third battalion of the first regiment of the Independent Brigade, was ordered to come to the Guangshui area and the Pinghan Road Garden to protect the road.
At that time, Yuan Jingming had left Guo Rudong's troops and was responsible for the underground work of Pinghan Road traffic. One night, he secretly found Guo Rujie and asked him to lead his troops to cooperate with the Red Army guerrillas and hold a military riot.
However, due to the deviation of communications, which caused confusion between the enemy and us, the Third Battalion, which was preparing to cooperate with the Red Army, was attacked by the Red Army, and Guo Rujie was also shot and wounded, and was sent to Hankou Tongren Hospital for medical treatment.
After he was discharged from the hospital after recovering from his illness, Guo Rugui learned that because the losses suffered by the three battalions were too great, the establishment had been abolished, and his introduction to the party, Yuan Jingming, had also been brutally killed by the Kuomintang. Since then, Guo Rujie has lost contact with the organization.
Soon after, he was transferred to the 20th Army of Huangzhou as a staff officer. In order to strengthen the control of the 20th Army, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Guo Rudong to eliminate the Communists from his army.
Although Guo Rujie and Fu Bingxun did not admit to being members of the Communist Party, in order to cope with Chiang Kai-shek, Guo Rudong persuaded them to study at the Japanese Military Academy. Originally, he thought that studying in Japan would make more contributions to the revolution. But what he didn't expect was that he didn't get in touch with the organization until 15 years later.
In this regard, Guo Rugui recalled in his later years:
"Unexpectedly, this actually became a turning point in my political life, and I have taken a detour for more than a decade since then."
In this way, Guo Ruzhi came to Japan to study. During her studies in Japan, Guo received rigorous military training and education. At the same time, because of his Chinese status, he also suffered a lot of discrimination and humiliation.
Figure | Japanese Army Non-Commissioned Officer School
In this regard, Guo Ruzhen recalled:
"During our study in Japan, Japanese officers tried their best to hinder our study of new weapons and some key military technologies."
In 1931, China shocked The 918 Incident, in which the Japanese army brazenly invaded and occupied the three eastern provinces. After hearing about this, Guo Rugui and a group of excited international students spontaneously came to the Japanese Army Province to apply for withdrawal from school and asked to return to China.
Therefore, the patriotic Guo Rujie returned to the motherland and came to the tenth session of the Chinese Army University to study. During his three years at the Army University, he had excellent grades, and then he continued his studies in the third phase of the Army University Research Institute.
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1937, the patriotic Guo Rugui, on the recommendation of his classmates, came to the 18th Army led by Chen Cheng as a commander, specializing in fighting and training.
Soon, Guo Rujie emerged on the battlefield. Later, he fought several beautiful battles in succession. Especially in the Battle of Songhu, a brigade was also created to annihilate 3,000 enemies.
The soldiers | fighting
In the Battle of Wuhan, Guo Ruzhi was good at strategic planning. Soon, his combat ability was appreciated by Chen Cheng, and he was promoted to chief of staff of major generals in the 18th Army.
In 1940, when Guo Rugui moved to Chongqing with his troops, he met Ren Lianru, who joined the Communist Party with him in the early years. In this way, he finally got in touch with the organization after years of interruption.
At that time, Ren Lianru was working at the Central Military Academy, and the leader was Dong Biwu. Soon, Ren Lianru brought Guo Rugui to Dong Biwu. After the organizational inspection, Dong Biwu believed that although he had lost contact with the organization for many years, he had a Communist temperament in many aspects, so he let him stay within the Kuomintang to engage in underground work.
In this way, Guo Rugui not only found the party organization, but also successfully restored the organizational relationship.
Photo | Dong Biwu
In September 1940, on the recommendation of Chen Cheng, minister of military affairs, Guo Rugui was transferred to the General Staff Headquarters as the chief of the division, mainly responsible for the establishment of military affairs. In October of the same year, Guo Rugui was responsible for editing the Sequence of Nationalist Combat Troops, which was a military secret.
Guo Rugui printed five copies of it and handed them to Chen Cheng, Chiang Kai-shek, and He Yingqin. In addition, Guo Rugui secretly handed over one of them to Dong Biwu and transferred it to the headquarters of the Eighth Route Army in Yan'an.
In February 1945, on the recommendation of Minister of Military Affairs Chen Cheng, Guo Rugui served as deputy director of military affairs of the Military Affairs Department of the Nationalist Government, in charge of the establishment and equipment of various military divisions across the country, and also served as vice president of the National Defense Research Institute.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="36" >03 Guo Rujing's red spy career</h1>
On August 15, 1945, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was finally won. He Yingqin asked Guo Rujie to accept the surrender of Japan as his follower. Unexpectedly, shortly after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the civil war began.
Photo | guo rujie's early years
Subsequently, the United States came forward to "mediate" the establishment of a military investigation group, which included Marshall, Zhang Zhizhong, and Zhou Enlai, while Guo Rugui served as Zhang Zhizhong's deputy.
At the Shangqing Temple in Chongqing, Guo Rujie met zhou Enlai, a deceased man who used to be at the Whampoa Military Academy. Seeing Zhou Enlai, Guo Ruzhen shook his hand and shouted, "Teacher! At this moment, he has a lot to say, but in the end, it is difficult to say.
Soon, Guo Ruzhi saw Dong Biwu again. Dong Biwu told him that in principle, he could restore his party membership organizationally, but he must wait patiently for a while. At the same time, Elder Dong also instructed him: We must act carefully, never expose our identity, and ultimately return to the credit.
Gradually, Guo Rujie entered the upper echelons of the Kuomintang and gradually had the opportunity to have direct contact with the military and political leaders of the Kuomintang. Just at the Central Training Corps, he had the opportunity to listen to Chiang Kai-shek's speeches on many occasions.
In the spring of 1946, the Kuomintang government returned to Nanjing, and Guo Rugui followed Chen Cheng to the General Headquarters of the Huangpu Road Army in Nanjing. Soon, the Army General Command was changed to the Ministry of Defense. Under the strong recommendation of Chen Cheng, Guo Rugui served as the director of the Third Department of the Ministry of National Defense.
Old photo of Chiang Kai-shek |
But over time, Guo Ruzhen has also been suspected by some people. At a meeting of ministers of national defense, Chiang Kai-shek proposed that Guo Rugui be appointed director of the Third Department to solicit opinions from everyone.
There was a contradiction between He Yingqin and Chen Cheng, and at the meeting, he said that Guo Rujie had a relationship with the Communist Party in his early years. It turned out that He Yingqin came to visit the mansion where Guo Rujie lived, and saw that his home was very simple, except for a bookcase, there was no furniture. After his careful observation, He Yingqin also found that he never went to the Qinglou and did not covet women.
At the meeting, He Yingqin said: "Let's talk about how many of us, apart from the Communist Party, can do this. ”
After the meeting, Chiang Kai-shek sent his son Chiang Ching-kuo to conduct an on-the-spot inspection. When I came to Guo Rugui's house, I saw that their family was eating lunch, and there were only a few very simple vegetarian dishes on the table, and on the table were several military books such as "Sun Tzu's Art of War".
After Chiang Ching-kuo returned, he reported what he saw to Chiang Kai-shek, and said with emotion: "Guo Ru is full of warp and has two sleeves of fresh wind. If all the senior generals in our Party are like him, our Party and country will be saved. ”
Pictured| Chiang Ching-kuo and Chiang Kai-shek after his return from the Soviet Union
After listening to his son's words, Chiang Kai-shek said: "Guo Rugui is the pillar of our party-state, and he is the director of the Third Department. ”
During his more than two years as director of the Third Department, Guo Rugui submitted a piece of intelligence to the underground party almost every week, and sometimes even once a day, risking his life to provide the PLA with a lot of core military intelligence and making many contributions to the victory of that war.
However, because of his outstanding character, Guo Rugui was more and more valued by the high-level leaders of the Kuomintang, and he maneuvered among Chen Cheng, Gu Zhutong, He Yingqin, and Bai Chongxi.
On the afternoon of May 12, 1947, Guo Rugui received a phone call from Yu Jishi, the director of Chiang Kai-shek's attendant room, asking him to attend a dinner at the official residence in the evening to study how to fight in Shandong.
It turned out that the military situation on the Shandong side was urgent. Chen Yi led our East China Field Army to make a mess of things. At the meeting, Chen Cheng reported on the battle plan and troop deployment. On the spot, Chiang Kai-shek determined the target and direction of the attack on the spot:
Tang Enbo's corps attacked Yishui, Ou Zhen's corps attacked Nanma, and Wang Jingjiu's corps attacked Boshan to encircle the communist army.
Tu | Du Yuming when he became the commander of the Northeast Security
For this battle plan, Guo Ruzhi quickly wrote it down. After returning to his residence, Guo Ruzhi wrote down the combat deployment on paper.
Just after writing it, just when Ren Lianru was visiting, he handed over the combat deployment to Ren Lianru, and also particularly emphasized: In this battle sequence, there are integrated 74 divisions, all of which are American-style equipment, under the jurisdiction of three brigades, a total of 37,000 people, and the combat effectiveness is very strong. The commander of the division is Zhang Lingfu, a famous anti-Japanese general, and he must be particularly careful.
Sure enough, in this Battle of Menglianggu, the People's Liberation Army, due to the advance information, successfully annihilated this unit, killed the division commander Zhang Lingfu, and completely destroyed Chiang Kai-shek's plan to focus on attacking Shandong.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="54" >04 Guo Rujie led the uprising, and Chiang Kai-shek beat his chest</h1>
On October 29, 1948, on the eve of the Battle of Huaihai, Gu Zhutong invited He Yingqin, Guo Rugui and others to hold a combat conference. At the meeting, they put forward the idea that "guarding the river must guard Huaihuai" and also made a decision:
The concentration of superior forces formed a key point on the two sides of the Jinpu Railway between Xuzhou and Bengbu, and sought opportunities to fight a decisive battle with the communist army. He also instructed Guo Ruzhi to formulate a battle plan and send it to Chiang Kai-shek for approval.
Before this song plan could reach the relevant Kuomintang troops, Guo Rugui reached the command organ of the People's Liberation Army through Ren Lianru.
Photo | Ren Lianru
In November of the same year, before the Liaoshen Campaign was over, the Battle of Huaihai began, and Chiang Kai-shek drew up a new battle plan, including nine top-secret battle plans, which Guo Rugui handed over to Ren Lianru and handed over to the organization.
Unexpectedly, Ren Lianru's direct contact person left Shanghai, and could only be handed over to the relevant person in charge of the underground party by commissioner Wang Baozhen. Coinciding with the destruction of the underground organization, Wang Baozhen was unfortunately arrested and tortured by the enemy, but guo Ruzhen's true identity was not revealed.
Guo Rugui's frequent provision of top-secret information to the CPC Central Committee is inevitably met with suspicion by those who have a heart. Seeing the repeated defeats in the battlefields of East and North China, Du Yuming suspected that Guo Rujie, then director of the General Staff Operations Department and director of the Third Department, was a spy, but Chiang Kai-shek did not believe it at this time.
On November 28, 1948, after Chiang Kai-shek's troops were surrounded and annihilated by the People's Liberation Army in Shuangduiji, Chiang Kai-shek summoned Du Yuming to Nanjing to attend a military conference. At that time, Du Yuming decided to stick to Bengbu and abandon Xuzhou.
Pictured| news when Wang Baozhen was arrested
Unexpectedly, on the way to the division, Guo Rugui repeatedly advised Chiang Kai-shek to change his mind three times. Eventually increased the confusion of the troops and the chances of being surrounded and divided by the PLA. At that time, Du Yuming was very nervous, but it was useless for him to believe that Guo Rujie was a spy.
After the Battle of Huaihai, Guo Rugui organized all the officers and men of the 72nd Army to launch an uprising in Yibin, Sichuan on December 11, 1949. At noon on this day, the sky over the ancient city of Yibin in southern Sichuan was clear, and the streets and alleys were full of lights to celebrate the liberation of Yibin, Sichuan.
At noon on the same day, all the officers and men of the 72nd Army entered the city in a mighty way and solemnly held a grand uprising meeting. At the meeting, Guo Rugui first read out a telegram to Commander-in-Chief Zhu and Chairman Mao on the uprising, and also spoke to the soldiers and civilians attending the meeting, solemnly announcing: The 72nd Army has revolted!
The day after the uprising, the 18th Army of the People's Liberation Army came to Yibin one after another. Guo Rugui reported the situation of the uprising to the commander of the 18th Army, and the commander Zhang Guohua conveyed to him the work instructions of the Erye Commander to the 72nd Army. Immediately afterward, the Eighteenth Army also held a meeting in Yibin to welcome the uprising of the 72nd Army.
Picture | old photo of the Liberation War
On December 19, Xinhua Officially released the news of the uprising led by Guo Rujie:
All the more than 10,000 men of the Nationalist Seventy-second Army, led by commander Guo Rugui and division commander Zhao Deshu, revolted in Yibin, southwest of Sichuan, on the 11th. General Guo and others have reported the uprising to Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping. Generals Liu and Deng have sent a telegram of condolence.
The news of Guo Rujie's successful uprising soon reached Chiang Kai-shek's ears. He was angry for a while, and he beat his chest and said: "It turns out that he is the biggest communist spy in the Kuomintang, no wonder Mao Zedong knows my every move so clearly." ”
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Guo Rugui successively served as a member of the Southern Sichuan Bureau and director of the Department of Communications, and later as a teacher at the Nanjing Military Academy. At that time, the dean of the Nanjing Military Academy was Liu Bocheng, who repeatedly asked Guo Rugui and his students to introduce their experiences.
In this regard, Guo Rugui only said lightly: "I just did what I should do, in fact, there is nothing to talk about." I am now just an ordinary instructor, and most of the trainees are senior commanders and combat heroes of the People's Liberation Army, and their exploits are worth learning for a lifetime. ”
After retirement, Guo Rugui returned to his hometown to retire and enjoy the treatment of deputy corps. During this period, Guo Rugui returned to his hometown of Nanjing many times to revisit. In addition, he began to write books on the art of war. In order to write a good book, he often went to the Second Archive of Chinese History to look for relevant materials.
Soon, Guo Rugui also met Du Yuming, who had been pardoned and also served as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, in Nanjing, and the two met and smiled and hated each other. In 1982, Guo Rugui and his friends went to visit Du Yuming and couldn't help asking: "Why did you say that I had contact with the Communist Party, speculation or basis?" ”
Du Yuming replied: "There is a basis, it is a Shandong person and I said it." Guo Ruzhen asked, "Who is it?" Du Yuming replied, "This is a secret and cannot be told to you." ”
For this question, the two have their own conjectures. After Du Yuming became seriously ill, he also grabbed Guo Rujie's hand and said, "I asked you one last time, were you a communist at that time?" ”
Photo | Du Yuming's early years
Guo Rujie only replied intermittently: "Guangting, the two of us belong to different political views. ”
Because he had been lurking within the Kuomintang for many years, Guo Ruzhi was known as "the most successful big spy in ancient and modern China and abroad." The reason why Mao Zedong was able to strategize and win victories thousands of miles away was inseparable from Guo Rugui's loyalty and providing intelligence to the party for many years.