Li Dazhao was not only a pioneer of the Chinese communist movement, a great Marxist, one of the main founders of the Communist Party of China and an outstanding proletarian revolutionary, but also a well-known professor and scholar. From his return from studying abroad in May 1916 to his heroic righteousness in April 1927, how did Li Dazhao realize the transformation from a scholar to a famous professor at Peking University and a great proletarian revolutionary in China? How did you get on the political stage of modern Chinese society?
The main contents, types and characteristics of Li Dazhao's community activities can be divided into two periods, namely, Li Dazhao's tenure as the director of the Library of Peking University in January 1918. During this period, Li Dazhao also actively participated in the struggle against Yuan Shikai's signing of the "Twenty-One Articles" with Japan and against Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, and paid the price of being expelled from waseda University in Japan on the grounds of "long-term arrears". The Peking University period mainly refers to Li Dazhao's work at Peking University, from January 1918 as the director of the Peking University Library, and later as a professor of political science and secretary of the president's office, until his heroic inauguration in April 1927. Of course, during the Peking University period, Li Dazhao also had some newspaper (periodical) activities, such as founding the Weekly Review with Chen Duxiu, serving as the editor of "New Youth" and the director of the editorial department of "Young China", and serving as an adviser or guide for "New Wave" and "National". During this period, Li Dazhao's activities in editing newspapers and periodicals in Li Dazhao's community activities were relatively reduced, and Li Dazhao's previous activities to edit newspapers and periodicals have been significantly different, and during this period, Li Dazhao played more of a leadership and guidance role in community activities. Taking Li Dazhao's entry into Peking University in 1918 divided into two periods, namely the period of studying and running newspapers (periodicals) in Beijing and the period of Peking University, it can more objectively reflect the actual situation and basic characteristics of Li Dazhao's life and activities, not consciously avoiding the use of words that can highlight the "revolutionary" color, but because I do not agree with the time limit of Li Dazhao's transformation from a democrat to a Marxist when discussing Li Dazhao's community activities. What's more, the academic community's views on the time and mark of Li Dazhao's becoming a Marxist are very divergent, which makes people disagree.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >, study and Beijing newspaper period</h1>
Li Dazhao entered the private school in 1895 to receive enlightenment education, and successively experienced three private school teachers, namely Shan Ziao, a student (that is, Xiucai), Zhao Huidou, and Yougong Huang Baolin, all of whom were local famous teachers. In 1905, in the process of Li Dazhao's second participation in the child examination, coinciding with the abolition of the Imperial Examination and the revival of the School, Li Dazhao was admitted to Yongping Fu Middle School because of his excellent grades, and began to receive a new type of education, "learning enlightenment science" and English. Abolishing the imperial examination and reviving the new school was one of the important measures of the New Deal at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and this kind of epochal progress, embodied in Li Dazhao, was an important turning point in his personal life. YongpingFu Middle School was restructured from the original Jingsheng College, which reflects the characteristics of the combination of new and old in curriculum setting and teaching management, such as the curriculum is mainly divided into two categories: one is the traditional "middle school" curriculum, including classics, history, literature, etc.; the other is the new "Western learning" curriculum, including mathematics, gezhi, English, foreign history, gymnastics, etc. Li Dazhao studied very diligently and achieved excellent results; in addition to studying, he was very concerned about major state affairs, especially liked to read articles by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and others; under the influence of Kang Liang's reformist ideas, he began to seriously think about social reality problems, and produced the patriotic idea of saving the country and saving the people, which accompanied him all his life and became more and more sincere and intense. In August 1907, with a variety of options, Li Dazhao was admitted to the Tianjin Beiyang Law and Politics School with excellent results. The school aims to cultivate higher legal and political professionals, and is divided into lecture courses and specialized subjects. Li Dazhao was admitted to a special subject, with a six-year study system, the first three years were preparatory subjects, the last three years were main subjects, and the main subjects were divided into two subjects, law and politics, and Li Dazhao's professional direction of study was political science. The school's management is relatively strict, stipulating the academic year examination, and those who fail twice are ordered to withdraw from school. In addition to the courses of Chinese language, arithmetic, Qing Dynasty law, etc., the three years of preparatory courses are mainly to learn foreign languages, which are divided into the first foreign language, the second foreign language, the first foreign language 12 lessons per week, the second foreign language 6 lessons per week, and the third academic year increases by 4 hours. Three years of formal studies, mainly studying professional courses. Li Dazhao and others have studied more than 30 professional courses, mainly including political science, economics, sociology, general theory of law, criminal law, the essence of civil law, comparative constitution, public international law, private international law, comparative administrative law, local autonomy theory, electoral system theory, police science, finance, currency theory, general business theory, foreign trade theory, Chinese legal and political history, diplomatic history, recent world political history, Chinese and foreign trade history, and so on. In August 1905, the first superintendent of the Hokyo Hokyo School, graduated from Chuo University in Tokyo, Japan, obtained a bachelor's degree in law, and soon after returning to China, he was appointed as the superintendent of the Hokyo Hokyo School, which belonged to the constitutional faction politically, and he advocated modeling the Japanese school system, which employed a number of Japanese students and Japanese scholars as teachers, such as the famous Japanese scholars Yoshino Sakuzo, Imai Kayuki, and Ōi Tsuyoshi, Nawatsu, etc., who taught at the school in their early years, and Sakuzo Yoshino, Kayuki Imai and Li Dazhao had a relatively close relationship. After graduation, Li Dazhao still kept in touch with them. Because Li Dazhao received strict and systematic professional education and academic training in Western bourgeois politics, law and other theories, he laid a good professional foundation, had strong research ability and work ability, and began to gradually emerge among his classmates, and "the interest in rebuilding China is also rising day by day." Shortly after graduating in June 1913, he went to Beijing at the invitation of his classmates Feng Yu and Xi Ming to work as the editor of the "Fayan Bao" funded by the Progressive Party, and immediately became the editor-in-chief. In August 1913, Yuan Shikai ordered the ban on the Socialist Party, arrested and killed Chen Yilong, the head of the Beijing branch of the Socialist Party, wanted the Socialists, and sealed the Fayan Bao, and Li Dazhao was forced to take refuge with his classmate Guo Xujing in Xiangyun Island in Laoting County and Jieshi Mountain in Changli County. Li Dazhao, who was in the middle of asylum, received a letter from a classmate inviting him to study in Japan. Because of the family difficulties, the trip was made with the help of Tang Hualong. Tang Hualong used the funds of the Progressive Party to sponsor Liu Daoheng, Chen Bosheng, Li Qiquan, Zhang Zifang, Nan Shuxi and Li Dazhao, as well as their classmates Zhang Runzhi, Huo Xianbai, Li Ningxiu and other nine people to study abroad together, each with an annual subsidy of 300 yuan. Li Dazhao, Zhang Runzhi, and Li Ningxiu arrived in Tokyo, Japan at the end of the same year, began to seriously review, remedial English, prepare for the entrance examination, and finally entered the private Waseda University on September 8, 1914, undergraduate study in the department of political economy. On February 2, 1916, he was removed from Waseda University for his anti-Yuan activities on the grounds of "long-term arrears." In May 1916, Li Dazhao resolutely returned from Japan and arrived in Shanghai in the middle of the year, where he was warmly welcomed by Sun Hongyi and others, who kept talking about their views on the current situation with Bai Jianwu and Zhang Zemin; in July, he was sent by Tang Hualong to Beijing to found the Morning Bell Newspaper, and served as the director of the editorial department, and was soon forced to resign because of political discord. In January of the following year, at the invitation of Zhang Shizhao, he was appointed as the editor of the daily magazine Jiayin, and edited the quarterly magazine "Yanzhi" and the "Constitutional Gazette". In January 1918, on the recommendation of Zhang Shizhao, Li Dazhao entered Peking University to succeed Zhang Shizhao as the director of the library, and gradually transformed into a Marxist.
1. Li Dazhao's club activities during his studies at the Beiyang Law and Politics School.
During his studies at the Beiyang Law and Politics School, he began to participate in club activities in 1909. When Li Dazhao began to participate in community activities, it was the time when the Chinese community in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty set off another climax. Before and after the Xinhai Revolution, the qing dynasty's autocratic system was destroyed, and the Republic of China was initially established, and at this critical moment of changing dynasties and rising storms, all kinds of political forces listened to the wind and formed political parties one after another, intending to make a difference, so there was a situation of many parties. According to preliminary statistics, in the seven cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuhan and Guangzhou alone, from October 1911 to April 1913, a total of 386 associations (including some previously established associations that are still active) were established. During this period, the development of associations was characterized by the fact that the associations in the southern cities were more developed than in the north, and the associations in the coastal cities were more developed than inland; Among the above 386 associations, 271 are political parties, accounting for 70.2%, and 115 other associations, accounting for 29.8%. Among them, Tianjin, the city where Li Dazhao studied and studied, and Beijing, the second largest city where Li Dazhao visited in his lifetime, the total number of associations ranked fourth and second in the above seven cities, respectively. There are 47 associations in Tianjin, accounting for 12.2% of the total number of associations; 30 political parties, accounting for 63.8%, and 17 other associations, accounting for 36.2%. There are 66 associations in Beijing, accounting for 17.1% of the total number of associations; 51 political parties, accounting for 77.2%, and 15 other associations, accounting for 22.8%. Judging from the above statistics, whether it is the overall situation of the associations in the seven cities or the actual distribution of the associations in Tianjin and Beijing, it shows that the establishment of political associations initiated by revolutionaries, constitutionalists and bureaucratic politicians occupies an absolute logarithmic number, accounting for about two-thirds. The emergence of a large number of associations, especially political party organizations, has stimulated people's political enthusiasm and incomparable yearning for a new type of democratic politics. As a young man who was about to graduate from college, Li Dazhao was also wrapped up in the trend of this era and began his own club activities. This small step of intervening in society gradually pushed Li Dazhao to the center of China's political stage.
According to the available information, Li Dazhao's first official participation in the community activities was in mid-October 1909, when he participated in the Directly Affiliated Industrial Research Association initiated by Wen Shilin, Wang Faqin, Sun Hongyi and others, and served as a clerk. If it is said that the Zhili Industrial Research Association is still a community organization with a certain "academic" nature, then Li Dazhao's first participation in the political activities related to the organization of the association began at the end of 1910. In December 1910, tianjin scholars launched the Fourth Constitutional Petition Movement, and Li Dazhao was an active participant as one of the backbones. Since the Qing government announced the preparation of the constitution in 1906, the constitutionalists have been very active in the direct subordination, constantly demanding that the pace of constitutionalism be accelerated. In October 1909, the Directly Subordinate Consultative Bureau was established, and then organizations such as the Directly Subordinate Autonomous Research Institute were successively established, strongly demanding the rapid convening of the National Assembly, the constitution to save the country, and the climax of one constitutional petition movement after another was set off throughout the country. From January to October 1910, tianjin academic circles, like the whole country, launched three constitutional petition movements at the same time, but due to the blockade and clampdown of the Beiyang Law and Politics College, the petition activities did not cause major fluctuations within the school. In December 1910, the people of Fengtian Province went to Beijing to establish a constitutional petition group passing through Tianjin, in order to respond to and support them, Tianjin students held a congress to petition students and comrades, asked their representatives to give speeches, the meeting decided to establish a national petition student comrades association, publicly elected Wen Shilin, the superintendent of the Universal Education Girls' Academy, as the president, and sent a nationwide strike. On December 20, 1910, the students of the Beiyang Law and Politics College held a general meeting, and the students were excited, petitioned in blood, cried each other, and some even shouted anti-Manchu slogans. Li Dazhao was not only an active participant, but also bai jianwu and eight other people were elected as petition representatives of the Beiyang Law and Politics Special School, and led the students to participate in the petition meeting held at the Guangdong Guild Hall the next day, and more than 3,800 students from the Beiyang Law and Politics Special School, Tianjin Normal School, and Beiyang University Hall attended the meeting. In this petition activity, we only know that Li Dazhao, as the petition representative elected by the Beiyang Law and Politics Special School, has indeed played an active leading role, but it is not known whether Li Dazhao has a relationship with relevant social organizations and organizations, and whether he has played a corresponding role. However, the petition activities that Li Dazhao participated in were undoubtedly one of the club activities organized by the National Petition student comrades association. Li Dazhao and eight other people, as petition representatives of the Beiyang Law and Politics Special Academy, should have a relatively close connection with the National Petition Student Comrades Association, and it is likely that they are members of the National Petition Student Comrades Association.
The first time Li Dazhao played a backbone role in community activities was in the Beiyang Legal and Political Research Association. Founded in the autumn of 1912 shortly after the start of the new semester, the Beiyang Law and Politics Research Association is dominated by undergraduate students of the Beiyang Law and Politics College, with 24 honorary members and 168 members. Among them, 95 members joined from January to April 1913. During this period, there was also a change of term and a sound organizational structure, with Zhang Enshou, Tian Xie, and Zhang Jingcun as the presidents, and there were two ministers under each department, including the Deliberation Department, the Investigation Department, the Editorial Department, and the Shu Affairs Department, each of which had two ministers, and Yu Ling and Li Dazhao served as the directors of the Editorial Department, with 50 members, which was exactly the sum of the personnel of the other three departments. Honorary members and members donated money to the society, and Yu Ling and Li Dazhao donated 10 yuan and 2 yuan respectively in the spring of 1913. In October 1912, after the publication of the Japanese nakajima-dan's book "The Fate of the Partition of China", Li Dazhao, with the help of relevant classmates, immediately began to translate and add a large number of rebuttals, righteously and sternly refuting various fallacies of Nakajima, including Nakajima's prediction that Yuan Shikai would inevitably become emperor, and in December of the same year, he quickly published the book "Refutation of the Fate of the Division of China" in the honor of the Beiyang Law and Politics Society. The book was so popular that it quickly sold out, and was reprinted in April 1913, and Li Dazhao repeatedly advertised the sale of the book. At the same time, Yu Ling presided over the translation of the book "Mongols and Mongols". After the publication of "The Fate of the Partition of China", Li Dazhao mainly devoted himself to the editing of the monthly magazine "Yanzhi" and paid hard work for the normal publication of the journal.
In the winter of 1912, in order to organize the monthly magazine "Yanzhi", Li Dazhao and Guo Xujing went to Beijing to report the situation to Sun Hongyi and win his support. During the period, Sun Hongyi introduced that Li Dazhao got acquainted with Tang Hualong and was deeply appreciated by Tang Hualong. In addition, he also got acquainted with Cao Xiaoxian and others. After Cao Xiaoxian's introduction, and getting acquainted with Chen Yilong, the head of the Beijing headquarters of the Chinese Socialist Party, and talking freely all night, Li Dazhao resolutely decided to join the Chinese Socialist Party, and was immediately ordered to go to Tianjin with Cao Jiayin to carry out party affairs activities. On February 2, 1913, the Tianjin branch of the Chinese Socialist Party was established, with Li Dazhao as the administrative officer, and together with his classmate Guo Xujing, he presided over the work of the Tianjin branch. In June, after graduating, Li Dazhao went to Beijing to work as an editor of the Progressive Party's Tianmin Bao and Fayan Bao, and on July 15, he published the poem "Hanging Yuanmingyuan Former Site" in the fourth issue of the Socialist Party organ publication Gong An" and signed li Guinian. In August, Yuan Shikai ordered the ban on the Socialist Party, and Li Dazhao and Guo Xujing were forced to leave Beijing and take refuge in Leting and other places.
2. Li Dazhao's club activities during his study in Japan.
At the beginning of his arrival in Tokyo, Li Dazhao was very concerned about the editing and publication of the Journal of the Beiyang Law and Politics Society, "Yanzhi", and at the invitation of the Society, he not only wrote several articles, but also continued to compose and edit for them, such as writing a text for the translation of "Natural Rate and Equity Rate" by Xia Jingmin, a classmate who studied in Japan. In addition, he carefully studied some of the new problems he encountered and wrote articles based on new materials found in Japan. For example, "Customs" and "Prices and the Purchasing Power of Money" published in August 1914, "The Cultivation of Political Confrontation" and "National Conditions" published in November 1914. The Waseda Kaikan of the Chinese YMCA where Li Dazhao lives is a gathering place for various international student associations, and various club activities carried out by honorary organizations of fellow villagers, new and old students are very frequent, and Li Dazhao has also begun a new community life during his study abroad. Out of patriotic passion, Li Dazhao devoted himself to various activities organized by many associations with strong energy and played a backbone role. In order to oppose Japan's "Twenty-One Articles" proposed by Japan aimed at destroying China, on February 11, 1915, more than 2,000 Chinese students studying in Japan braved the rain to hold a general meeting at the Kanda Hall of the Chinese YMCA (also known as the Kanda Concert Hall) to establish the General Association of Students Studying in Japan. Li Dazhao served as a civil affairs officer, responsible for drafting all kinds of telegrams and proclamations to awaken and warn the people; he successively wrote articles such as "Warning the Fathers and Elders of the Whole Country," "The Letter of All Students Studying in Japan Weeping to the Compatriots of the Whole Country," and "The Salary and Courage of the People," editing the book "Commemoration of National Shame," which detailed the process of Japan's march into Shandong and the proposal of the "Twenty-One Articles," and called on the people of the country to work hard and save the country and the nation from danger with a spirit of perseverance and perseverance.
After the outbreak of the Patriotic War at the end of 1915, in order to support the struggle for the protection of the country, the General Association of Students Studying in Japan held a general meeting at the guild hall on January 16, 1916, reorganized the executive body, and established the Review Department and the Executive Department, with Li Dazhao as the editorial director of the Cultural Committee, the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Minyi", and published the famous article "Minyi and Politics". At the same time, Li Dazhao also donated two yuan of daily gold to the General Association of Students Studying in Japan and five yuan of daily gold to the National Army.
On January 30, 1916, the Otoko Society and the Chinese Society held a meeting at the Kinmachi School of Political Science and Law, and decided to merge the two associations to establish the Shenzhou Society, which had a review department and an editorial department, and once published a volume of "Shenzhou Studies Series". The main members are Li Dazhao, Lin Boqu, Zhao Shiyan, Zeng Tianyu, Yi Xiang, Tian Han, Zhang Runzhi, Bai Jianwu, Gao Yihan, Du Guoju, Deng Chumin, Rong Boting, Li Moqing, Ma Tianhe, Shen Yuelu, Yin Rugeng, etc., and the membership of the association has reached more than 50 people at most. Li Dazhao was elected as the chief judge, and Li Dazhao and Lin Boqu were both members, and they met from this. In September 1916, Binjian (i.e., Riqin) and others were preparing to establish the Hunan branch of the Shenzhou Society, the details of which are still unclear. On April 12, 1917, the Beijing branch of the Shenzhou Society was established, and the secretary general Qiu Ao, with the purpose of "studying scholarship, advocating integrity, arousing national consciousness, and seeking national prosperity and strength". On May 5, 1919, representatives of all walks of life in Shanghai attended a preparatory meeting to commemorate the National Assembly of Shanghai on May 7, National Shame Day, and representatives in the name of the "Shenzhou Society" attended. One of the predecessors of the Shenzhou Society, the Chinese Society, was founded in Tokyo from May to June 1915 by Li Dazhao and others, and its maximum membership reached 300 people. According to the "Declaration" reported on October 8, 1915, each member of the association can receive 10 yuan of activity funds from the association. The Society of Yi Di, founded in the autumn of 1915, was initiated by Yi Xiang and others. Both societies were in the name of academic research and were in fact political groups opposed to Yuan Shikai's restoration of the imperial system.
In January 1916, Li Dazhao and others initiated the establishment of the Chinese Fiscal Economics Association. The membership is two kinds of responsible members and honorary members, the responsible members must be committed to researching the problem, and bear the funds and related obligations of the society; the honorary members are only responsible for investigation, and must be able to support the society with financial resources and other methods, and in the early days, there were only 11 responsible members such as Li Dazhao, Zhang Runzhi, Chen Boxian, and Yin Rugeng. The members of the association are basically Chinese students studying in the Department of Political Economy of the Faculty of University of Waseda University, with the aim of "studying economic and financial theories and investigating facts, with a view to applying them to China", starting from the study of the original works of Western scholars, taking the economic revitalization of European countries and Japan as a reference, and putting forward feasible reference opinions to promote the people of China's concern for the country's economic development and future. The establishment of the association may be directly related to the course content of Li Dazhao and others, and the courses studied by Li Dazhao and others have "Principles of Economics (Finance)", which shows that this society is a society established on the basis of academics to study academic issues. For the needs of research, according to the provisions of the Constitution of the Society on "purchasing books for members to read", the Society has purchased a number of books and materials, some of which have been retained by Li Dazhao, the founder of the Society, and are clearly stamped with the seal of the Chinese Financial Economics Association. From this point of view, this society should be more formal and rigorous, and the management and construction of the society should be more standardized.
3. Li Dazhao's "community activities" during his stay in Japan
Here, it is impossible not to mention the special situation that Li Dazhao was also "club activities" during his study in Japan. Before being "removed" from Waseda University, Li Dazhao had been living in the Waseda Hall of the Chinese Youth Christian Association. On the one hand, there are more organizations and clubs for students living here, and various activities are often held, and Li Dazhao may naturally participate in some related activities. On the other hand, the Waseda Kaikan is the main activity place of the Chinese YMCA, and the various services provided by the association are one of the various activities held by the Chinese YMCA; Li Dazhao lives here and accepts some of the social services provided by the YMCA, which is actually equivalent to "passively" participating in some of its activities. In addition, Li Dazhao also consciously or unconsciously participated in some other activities.
4. Li Dazhao's club activities before returning from studying abroad and entering Peking University.
In May 1916, after Li Dazhao returned to China, the activities of the community have not been interrupted, mainly to restore the activities of the Beiyang Law and Politics Society, form the Beijing branch of the Shenzhou Society, and hold lectures and other activities. When he first returned to China, Li Dazhao temporarily lived in Sun Hongyi's house. On May 21 and 24, he twice attended the preparatory meeting for the establishment of a "certain research association" at Sun Hongyi's home, but this matter was later resolved, but it was not said in the past that Li Dazhao participated in the activities of the research department (4). After careful preparation, the "Constitutional Principles" sponsored by the Beiyang Law and Politics Society was founded on October 1, 1916, and after the publication of 9 issues, it was finally published on January 10, 1917 due to financial problems; Li Dazhao served as the editor and published many articles in the journal. On January 18, 1917, he discussed with Bai Jianwu and others the amendment of the Constitution of the Beiyang Law and Politics Society. On January 28, he participated in the editor of the quarterly magazine "Yanzhi" and on the same day, the daily magazine of Jiayin was founded, and Li Dazhao was the editor. On February 11, the Beiyang Law and Politics Society held another meeting to study the publication of the journal "Yanzhi" and other matters.
On February 11, March 4, and March 11, 1917, the members of the Shenzhou Society in Beijing held consecutive councils to study the establishment of the Beijing branch, the election of staff, and the preparation of speech conferences. The first special lecture conference of the Shenzhou Society was prepared by Li Dazhao. On April 4, in preparation for the first special lecture conference of the Shenzhou Society, an advertisement was published in the Morning Bell on the same day: the first special lecture conference of the Shenzhou Society was held from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. on the 8th at the Mule and Mashi Avenue Huguang Guild Hall outside Xuanwu Gate, and the speakers and speech titles were: Cai Xiaomin (Cai Yuanpei) "Using Aesthetic Education instead of Religion", Tang Hualong (undecided), Li Shizeng "The Evolution of Scholarship", Zhang Puquan (Zhang Ji) "The Moral Concept of the Law and Confucianism", Chen Duxiu (undecided), and Zhang Qiutong (undecided). On the afternoon of April 8, the first special lecture conference of the Shenzhou Society was held as scheduled at the Huguang Hall on Luomashi Street outside Xuanwu Gate. Cai Xiaomin, Chen Duxiu, Zhang Ji, Li Shizeng, and Zhang Shizhao all attended the meeting and gave speeches, and Chen Duxiu gave a speech entitled "Old Thinking and the Problem of the State System." On April 12, the Beijing branch of the China Society was established. On September 20, Shenzhou Xuecong No. 1, edited by Yi Xiang, was published in Tokyo, featuring Li Dazhao's "The Law of Reconciliation."
In order to better carry out community activities, on February 15, Li Dazhao published an article entitled "Learning and Political Parties" in jiayin Daily, pointing out that some politicians competed to establish "societies" in order to carry out activities in the name of "societies and societies", making "learning" a "mask of political parties". Since then, articles such as "Diplomatic Research Society" (February 17), "Patriotic Opposition Party" (March 7), and "The Necessity of Lecture Sessions" (April 8) have been published in jiayin Daily magazine, advocating and shouting for the activities of the association and fantasizing about creating a good environment for the activities of the association. Among them, the article "Patriotic Opposition" takes the opposition parties in the British government as an example and points out: "The opposition parties are used for the state, but they are not capable of attacking the government, but they are actually in the position of aid and support as an auxiliary ear." However, if in peacetime it is found that the doctrine adhered to by the government is improper or does not conform to the will of the people, it will be replaced by the doctrine of its own party, and the opposition will have no unshirkable responsibility; and in the event of external troubles and prosperity, the opposition party will not be able to openly attack the government even if it is different from the military and national plan imposed by the government, or it is suitable for the opposite, and it should also be tolerated as a plan to make up for it, and it is not allowed to openly attack it. This is the consciousness that those who oppose the government should have at a time of national difficulties. And whether there can be a patriotic opposition party depends on whether there is a patriotic government, "there is a patriotic government, and then there is a patriotic opposition party." In the writing of this article, we have received this warning again, and we are not afraid of the annoyance, but append the extra-topic theories to mourn the fate before the axis. In this article, Li Dazhao clearly put forward a precondition: the government must be a patriotic government. However, from the objective role at that time, this article was in line with Duan Qirui's intentions and needs. "Now, it is advisable for the President of Iren Ming and the honest Prime Minister to attach importance to the dignity of the country and quickly seek a way to turn things around, so as to facilitate the progress of diplomacy and avoid missing the opportunity and giving birth to unexpected support." That is to say, At that time, Li Dazhao had not yet clearly seen the reactionary nature of the Beiyang warlord government headed by Duan Qirui, and the article was actually publicizing that Duan Qirui's government was a patriotic government.
During this period, the associations and activities that Li Dazhao participated in had the following characteristics. First, the clubs in which Li Dazhao participated were mainly student associations or youth associations; like many political parties in the early years of the Republic of China, although they were mainly political activities, or that the relevant community activities were mainly engaged in actual political struggles, such as joining the General Association of Students Studying in Japan and participating in the struggle against the "Twenty-one Articles" and the struggle against Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, the associations in which Li Dazhao participated were not affected by the various undesirable styles of many political party organizations in the early Ming Dynasty. In addition, even the associations that mainly engage in the study of academic issues focus on research close to the real problems of society, "study the origin of the people's livelihood", "think of the people's livelihood", and serve the political struggle and related community activities, so the social influence is also increasing.