preface
In 1950, Liu Shaoqi, then vice president of the People's Republic of China, went to Hangzhou on business, staying in Nanjing for several days. On the day of arriving in Nanjing, Liu Shaoqi, accompanied by his wife Wang Guangmei, went to the Yuhuatai Martyrs' Cemetery to pay homage to the martyrs.
This was Liu Shaoqi's first visit to Nanjing after the founding of New China, and although the itinerary was very tense, he decided to come here to see it, because here is the martyr He Baozhen, Liu Shaoqi's revolutionary partner.
On October 18, 1934, He Baozhen died unyieldingly, heroically and heroically sacrificed in Nanjing Yuhuatai, when she was only 32 years old.
Figure | Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Hall
Standing in front of the Martyrs' Monument, Liu Shaoqi said affectionately to Wang Guangmei and the other entourage: "For decades, countless revolutionary martyrs have sacrificed here, and Comrade He Baozhen is one of them. ”
The two red brides "Mao Zedong"
He Baozhen, born in May 1902 in a poor peasant family in Daojiang Town, Daoxian County, Hunan Province, because the family was very poor, and the landlord often went to the door to force debts, He Baozhen's parents could not bear to hang themselves one after another.
After the death of her parents, He Baozhen was sent to the home of a landlord surnamed Jiang, and because He Baozhen was very intelligent, the Jiang landlord arranged for her to be a maid by the side of the young lady.
Miss went to private school from an early age, and later transferred to the county national girls' primary school to study, He Baozhen has been accompanying Miss, so she also got the opportunity to read and write, during this period, she studied hard and learned a lot of knowledge.
In 1918, with the help of some school teachers, He Baozhen broke off relations with the landlord and successfully restored his freedom. Soon after, He Baozhen used his efforts to enter the Hengyang Provincial Third Girls' Normal School.
After He Baozhen came to the female teacher, she studied harder than before, and here she came into contact with a lot of progressive books and periodicals. The following year, the vigorous May Fourth Movement broke out across the country and soon spread to Hengyang.
He Baozhen, who was only 17 years old at the time, was deeply inspired by reading the strike manifesto of the "Hunan Students Federation", and she immediately threw herself into the "May Fourth Movement" and began to organize progressive students in the school to carry out student movements.
On June 7, 1919, the "Hunan Students' Federation" was established, and He Baozhen participated on behalf of the Third Female Division and was elected as the officer of the Student Federation, where she not only met jiang Xianyun, Huang Jingyuan and other progressive students, but also often heard reports of revolutionary pioneers such as Mao Zedong and He Shuheng, and her thinking was further improved.
Figure | The former site of hengyang Third Girls' Normal School
In 1922, Ouyang Jun, the principal of the Provincial Third Female Division, relied on the governor Zhao Hengti as the backstage, profligate, corrupt, and after this matter was known to He Baozhen, He Baozhen was not accustomed to the principal's approach, and decided to lead the students' progressive students to launch a counterattack and expose Ouyang Jun's bad deeds.
Soon after, an angry Ouyang Jun colluded with the provincial government to fabricate facts and expel He Baozhen and several progressive students who took the lead. After He Baozhen left school, due to her family's poverty, she had no relatives and friends in Hengyang, and her life was once in trouble.
When Zhang Qiuren, the head of the Hengyang party organization, learned of He Baozhen's situation, he talked to her, encouraged her to continue the revolution, and arranged a place for her to go to Qingshuitang in Changsha to find the Xiang District Committee of the COMMUNIST Party.
At that time, the Xiang District Committee of the Communist Party of China was located in Mao Zedong's home, and He Baozhen came to Qingshuitang in Changsha according to Zhang Qiuren's instructions and told Mao Zedong about Zhang Qiuwen's introduction to her, and Mao Zedong asked Yang Kaihui to help He Baozhen settle down.
Subsequently, He Baozhen stayed in Mao Zedong's house, and usually He Baozhen would help Yang Kaihui sort out the documents left by Mao Zedong, and Mao Zedong would also tell the two about the revolution, and under the influence of Mao Zedong, He Baozhen's revolutionary thinking was greatly improved.
Later, He Baozhen was introduced by Mao Zedong and Yang Kaihui and met Liu Shaoqi, who had just returned from studying in the Soviet Union.
One day, Liu Shaoqi came from Anyuan to Qingshuitang to report to Mao Zedong, and saw that there was a strange girl next to Mao Zedong, and after Mao Zedong introduced the two to each other, Liu Shaoqi learned some things about He Baozhen.
During that time, Liu Shaoqi stayed in Qingshuitang because of work reasons, and He Baozhen and Liu Shaoqi also began to contact slowly, and with the long contact, He Baozhen had a good feeling for Liu Shaoqi.
Soon after, the careful Yang Kaihui discovered the "secret" between the two, so he went to Mao Zedong to talk about this matter, and after Yang Kaihui reminded him, Mao Zedong thought of the meaning of He Baozhen's words when chatting with Mao Zedong during this time.
He Baozhen has no relatives since she was a child, and she has not felt the warmth of family affection, until she got along with Mao Zedong and Yang Kaihui during this time, and she did not know that someone cared about such a feeling.
She regarded both of them as her own relatives, so when talking to Mao Zedong, she always acted as a sister and often inadvertently revealed her good feelings for Liu Shaoqi during the conversation.
After understanding this matter, Mao Zedong often arranged for the two to work together to create opportunities for the two in order to match the two.
In September, the Anyuan workers' movement broke out, and Mao Zedong sent Liu Shaoqi to Anyuan to lead the strike struggle, and Liu Shaoqi and He Baozhen were forced to separate.
Watching the feelings between the two slowly heat up, Mao Zedong really could not bear to separate the two, so, at Yang Kaihui's suggestion, Mao Zedong prepared to send the two to Anyuan together.
When the matter was decided, Mao Zedong approached He Baozhen to ask for her opinion, and Mao Zedong said to He Baozhen: "Are you willing to go to Anyuan with Comrade Shaoqi?" ”
He Baozhen and Liu Shaoqi had long been prepared to separate the two places, and they did not expect that things would turn around, so He Baozhen immediately said excitedly: "Yes."
After receiving the answer, Mao Zedong nodded and said to He Baozhen: "That's fine, the organization arranged for you to go to Anyuan with him, and I hope you can help him deal with some work matters." ”
Figure | Liu Shaoqi during his studies
The next day, Liu Shaoqi and He Baozhen embarked on the road to Anyuan, and after arriving in Anyuan, Liu Shaoqi arranged for He Baozhen to be a teacher and a member of the Workers' Club At the Road Miners' Club Children's School.
In the revolutionary struggle, Liu Shaoqi and He Baozhen gradually changed from comrade-in-arms to love after a long period of time of getting along, contacting and accompanying.
In April 1923, Liu Shaoqi and He Baozhen formed revolutionary partners in the presence of workers after the victory of the Anyuan workers' strike. Immediately after their marriage, the two threw themselves into intense revolutionary work.
Follow Liu Shaoqi's revolution
Earlier, in February, the Beijing-Hankou railway workers' strike was bloodily suppressed by the warlord Wu Peifu, and later, in order to encourage the workers' movement, Liu Shaoqi decided to hold a big march on May Day to boycott Wu Peifu.
Figure | Former site of the Workers' Club
On May Day, under the leadership of Liu Shaoqi, more than 10,000 workers gathered in Daping, where the Banjiaopo Workers' Club is located, to prepare for the demonstration.
Soon after the march began, it was blocked by the army. In order to stop the workers' march, Commander Li, who was leading the army at that time, found Liu Shaoqi and said to him: "Director Liu, my brothers have been ordered to come here to maintain order in the urban area, please don't embarrass me." ”
Liu Shaoqi looked at Commander Li and said unhurriedly, "Commander Li, do you see that the workers are out of order?" When Colonel Li heard Liu Shaoqi's words, his face instantly darkened.
At that time, he could not send his anger on Liu Shaoqi's body, but if he let it go unchecked, he could not explain it to the town guard, and Commander Li did not know what to do for a while, and could only stand at the front of the line and organize the workers to move forward.
As soon as the workers' contingent stopped, they began to shout slogans loudly, and just when the two sides were arguing, He Baozhen came to Commander Li and said to him: "I am He Baozhen, the teacher of the third school of the children, and also Liu Shaoqi's wife.
Figure | He Baozhen
When Colonel Li heard He Baozhen's words, he smiled and said, "Teacher He is clever, and I will go back to make a difference with you." After speaking, Commander Li took off the watch in his hand and threw it into the donation box, and then ordered the soldiers to let it go.
The mining bureau leaders next to them were very angry when they heard The words of The Commander Li, and the superintendent Wang Hongqing immediately said, "I drove the brothel to her school, and I still have to go to the school to listen to her lectures..."
A few days later, He Baozhen was in the classroom to teach the students "surplus value", Wang Hongqing broke into the classroom without hesitation, He Baozhen saw him coming, and said to him: "I am talking about surplus value, Wang Hongqing, please tell me, where is the surplus value of the workers?" ”
Wang Hongqing had originally come to demonstrate, but he did not expect that he had not yet moved, He Baozhen began to ask questions, he did not know how to react for a moment, and stood stunned.
Anyuan Workers' Organization
The workers originally looked at him very unpleasantly, and now that they finally seized the opportunity, they certainly would not let it go, so they scolded him and scolded the workers, raised his little wife, and confessed that the town guard made the 20-year-old little wife a mother, and all the messy things were said, and Wang Hongqing immediately ran out when he heard these things.
Wang Hongqing lost face on the school side and held a grudge, he found two thugs from outside to ambush near the school, ready to kidnap He Baozhen.
After school that night, He Baozhen and several students went out of the school gate together, and the thugs knocked the students unconscious, found a sack and tied He Baozhen to a railway bridge outside the city.
After He Baozhen was released, she saw Wang Hongqing, and she immediately understood that Wang Hongqing had caused the ghost, so she said to Wang Hongqing: "What are you kidnapping me for?" ”
Anyuan workers organized a general strike
One of the thugs next to him said, "Please write a letter to Liu Shaoqi and leave the workers' club within three days!" After He Baozhen listened, he said expressionlessly, "What if I don't listen to you?" ”
Another person then said, "Then I'll cut off one of your hands and tell you to pad the train wheels!" He Baozhen listened to his words and laughed a little, and then she pounced forward and rolled off the bridge, and the two saw He Baozhen jump down, very scared, and immediately ran away.
He Baozhen's water is good, she jumped down and looked at the distant lights, slowly swam past, and soon after, Liu Shaoqi learned about He Baozhen's kidnapping in the mouth of the trainees, and immediately led the workers to come here along the river to look for He Baozhen.
The workers were very angry after learning that He Baozhen had been kidnapped by Wang Hongqing, and on the day that Wang Hongqing's brothel opened, they came to the brothel in a group and smashed he Baozhen on the grounds that he was bad and bad manners and harmed his children.
Picture left why Baozhen
In January 1925, the road and mining authorities defaulted on the wages of the workers, and the new year was approaching, and the workers were excited, so Liu Shaoqi launched a second general strike in order to get justice for the workers.
Under the large-scale workers' movement, the miners' authorities, in order to stabilize the situation, had to pay all the wages owed to the workers, and also paid the workers a year-end salary increase, and the second general strike was declared victorious with the compromise of the miners' authorities.
From May 1 to 7, 1925, the Second National Labor Congress was held in Guangzhou, at which Liu Shaoqi was elected as the executive member and vice chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
After the conference, He Baozhen accompanied Liu Shaoqi to Shanghai to work. At that time, Shanghai coincided with the Japanese patrolling and shooting of the worker leader Gu Zhenghong, triggering the "May Thirtieth" massacre.
Liu Shaoqi in his youth
On May 31, the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions was formally established, and Li Lisan, on behalf of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, proposed 17 conditions of negotiation to British and Japanese imperialism, all of which were rejected.
The attitude of Anglo-Japanese imperialism made the Federation of Industry and Commerce very angry, so, under the leadership of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, all the factories in the city stopped production, the shops closed, the students went on strike, and the streets were full of people who gave lectures and collected donations.
During this period, Liu Shaoqi was not only responsible for the leadership of the strike, but also, with the assistance of He Baozhen, distributed relief money to the striking workers, and under the resistance of the workers, British and Japanese imperialism had to agree to the demands of the trade unions and sign the treaty.
After the victory of the "May Thirtieth" Movement, Liu Shaoqi could no longer hold on because of long-term fatigue, and fell ill on the bed, and after the organization learned of Liu Shaoqi's situation, it immediately arranged for him and He Baozhen to return to Changsha to recuperate.
After Liu Shaoqi returned to Changsha, Zhao Hengti, the chairman of Hunan Province, was so frightened when he learned of what he had done in Shanghai that he sent the Changsha Martial Law Command to arrest Liu Shaoqi.
With the help of the Xiang District Committee, Ouyang Zhensheng, the speaker of the provincial council, was mobilized to rescue Liu Shaoqi, and soon after, Zhao Hengti received a telegram:
Mr. Zhao Yanwu (i.e. Zhao Hengti) of Changsha:
According to reports, Comrade Liu Shaoqi, vice chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, was arrested by mr. Liu Shaoqi's martial law command because he returned to Xiangxiang to recuperate from illness. Why should Comrade Liu of our party worry about arresting people who have done all kinds of state affairs, served the laborers, and have made outstanding achievements in the May Thirtieth Movement and are supported by the people? Subject to a unanimous resolution of the General Assembly, please release it and hereby telegraphically. That is, to see the photo, and look forward to the return of electricity!
After Zhao Hengti received the call, he immediately decided to publicly release Liu Shaoqi at the door of the provincial office. On January 26, 1926, Liu Shaoqi, who had been imprisoned for 52 days, finally left prison.
Liu Shaoqi
Soon after, Liu and He came to Guangzhou and threw themselves into the great revolution. On July 15, 1927, with the rebellion of Wang Jingwei and the confluence of Ning and Han, the Great Revolution failed.
Under the white terror, He Baozhen followed Liu Shaoqi to Lushan, Tianjin, Northeast China, North China and other places, and finally arrived in Shanghai, where he began to engage in the work of the party, trade unions, women, and the masses.
Revolutionaries can't kill
In 1932, Liu Shaoqi was ordered to leave Shanghai, where he had worked for 3 years, to work in the Central Soviet District, but He Baozhen, who had always been very decisive, was not as cheerful as the previous two, but had been hesitant.
Statue of He Baozhen
In order not to be separated from her husband, He Baozhen proposed to Liu Shaoqi to take her with him, Liu Shaoqi looked at he Baozhen, who was pregnant, and refused this request, Liu Shaoqi said to her: "No, this is the party's decision, you are pregnant now or stay in Shanghai with peace of mind, so I am also at ease." ”
He Baozhen had to obediently obey, so that what the two did not expect was the last time the two met. After Liu Shaoqi left Shanghai, He Baozhen continued to devote himself to the cause of revolution. She was appointed Vice-President and Head of The Rescue Department of the National Red Masonic Association, tasked with contacting the International Red Freemasonry Association for assistance.
In the midst of the dangerous environment, she used her identity as a primary school teacher as a cover, running around, actively fighting for social forces and rescuing comrades who were arrested.
Because He Baozhen's activities were very frequent, he attracted the attention of the enemy. On March 31, 1933, He Baozhen was unfortunately arrested. After her arrest, the enemy interrogated her several times, and He Baozhen replied kindly, and the enemy never knew her true identity.
Liu Shaoqi and Liu Yunruo
Because there was no evidence and could not tell He Baozhen how, the enemy sentenced her to fifteen years in prison with the practice of "preferring to kill the wrong person than let it go".
He Baozhen was imprisoned by the enemy in the Nanjing Model Prison, where she met Qian Ying, Shuai Mengqi, Geng Jianhua and others who had been arrested earlier, and together they organized their friends in prison to fight against the enemy many times.
In the autumn of 1934, a female Masonic cadre came to visit the prison, and He Baozhen found an opportunity to entrust her with helping the family of a freed cadre solve their difficulties.
Shortly after this meeting, the female cadre was arrested and imprisoned by the enemy, and during the interrogation, the female cadre confessed He Baozhen's identity because she could not bear severe torture.
After learning of He Baozhen's true identity, the enemy tortured He Baozhen in an attempt to force her to confess, but He Baozhen was unyielding, and in the face of the enemy's harsh means, He Baozhen fearlessly said: "If you want to confess, you want to die!" Revolutionaries cannot be killed! ”
He Baozhen took the lead in fighting the enemy everywhere in prison, which originally caused the dissatisfaction of many enemies, and the enemy was preparing to find a reason to execute her, but unfortunately at this critical moment, He Baozhen's true identity was discovered by the enemy.
Figure | Liu Shaoqi went to Yuhuatai
On October 18, 1934, the enemy took He Baozhen to Nanjing Yuhuatai, which was stained with the blood of countless martyrs, and with the sound of a gunshot, He Baozhen left this world, and she sacrificed her life for the revolution at the age of 32.
After the news of He Baozhen's sacrifice came, all comrades who knew her well felt sad. After Liu Shaoqi learned of the sacrifice of his wife He Baozhen, he forced himself to endure grief and wrote down 12 big words: "Heroic and resolute, outstanding female party member!" ”
In 1945, the Central Organization Department collected information on martyrs, and when they found Liu Shaoqi, Liu Shaoqi wrote a short and long biography of Why Baozhen, in order to tell his deceased wife about his lovesickness...