In the traditional impression of Chinese, it was the duty of a monk to recite the sutras behind closed doors and keep the precepts. But the "monk" originally means "erudite teacher" in Sanskrit, and the original meaning of the monk was also a "beggar" who "begged for the Dharma and begged for food", not necessarily "Debikonchu" to be worthy of this title. The Buddhist Qing Rules originally had only the "Five Precepts and Ten Virtues", but in China, which has always paid attention to form, it eventually evolved into a complex system composed of "Ten Heavy Precepts" and "Forty-Eight Light Precepts" and hundreds of "Sufficient Precepts". Fortunately, however, buddhism is vast, and among the Chinese Buddhist schools that blindly emphasize the precepts of purity, after the Tang Dynasty, the Cao Dong Sect, which emphasizes that "all things are illusory, and the Buddha's heart is the pure land".
The Cao Dong Sect, which appeared in the five dynasties of the late Tang Dynasty, experienced a rise and fall, and the achievements of Buddhism were once well-known all over the world and spread overseas. However, after experiencing the heavy blows of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's campaign to destroy Buddhism, the once-prominent Zen sect eventually withered away. If it were not for Su Manshu, a well-known monk of the Republic of China in China, perhaps today's people would have a hard time understanding the Cao Dong Sect, let alone believe in its former glory.
The most prominent buddhist concept of the "Cho Dong Sect" in history is the Muromachi period mad monk "Ichishu Tsunejun" (yes, the "Wise Ichigo" in the anime), and his life is quite similar to Sumanshu, who was born in Yokohama, Japan more than 500 years later. Yi Xiu Zongchun was born into the royal family, and Su Manshu's biological father Su Jiesheng was a Guangdong merchant wang. Ichigo's mother was Emperor Go-Komatsu's side concubine, while Su Manshu's mother was the sister of Su Jiesheng's fourth wife, Kawai Senshi. Before Xiu Zongchun was born, his birth mother was expelled from the palace. Su Manshu left his mother while he was still in his infancy, and Su Jiesheng brought him back to Guangdong to be raised by his aunt. Fearing his royal lineage, Yi XiuZongchun was ordered to become a monk by his political enemies at the age of five, while Su Manshu was ostracized by his own family because of his family's fall, and at the age of twelve, he saw through the red dust and shaved his family.
"A Smart Break"
The overlapping trajectories of life have created a rebellious personality in which Xiu Zongchun and Su Manshu are in harmony. Yi Xiuzong was a pure alcoholic and meat eater, and he also advertised himself: "My throat seems to be a big road, and the greengrocers can pass through the fish and bearers." Su Manshu was not only expelled from the temple gate of the Mingcha Longevity Temple in Guangzhou for stealing pigeon meat in his early years, but also talked about the so-called "carnivorous personality" in his letters with his friend Deng Mengshuo after he became an adult. It is believed that "beef and milk are advised not to eat more." People who do not look at the young people in recent days like beef and milk, so their temperament is like cattle, and they must not be careless. However, although the mouth says that "it is not advisable to eat more". But Sumanshu's gluttony is just as famous as his talent, he studied in Japan in his early years, corresponded with his friend Yanako, and the ending must be "written on the side of braised beef chicken slices and yellow fish". And for the precious ingredients, Su Manshu is even more insatiable, writing a banner in the home of Fei Gongzhi, the elder of the League, Su Manshu actually proposed to eat abalone to moisten the pen, and after eating a plate, he was also addicted, and finally ate three plates in a row, the result of which of course was indigestion.
In addition to not being afraid of meat, Su Manshu and Yi Xiu Zongchun also have a common hobby that is "sweet". In Japan, the story of Ichigo Sozun and Maltose is very popular. And Su Manshu laughed at himself as a "sugar monk". Although Su Manshu did not compare the sweets such as sugar fried chestnuts to "poison" in his private collection, after his death, his friend Chen Duxiu still concluded: "In fact, it is his suicide policy." He saw that the whole world was dirty, and his disgust was very warm, but he could not find any other way out, so he ate and drank randomly in order to die quickly. ”
Sumanshu
In addition to pursuing the desire of the mouth, Su Manshu and Yi Xiu Zongchun are also unconceived from eroticism. When Xiu Zongchun was fifteen years old, he wrote down: "When the yinxing guest sleeves the situation, the blossoming and falling of a hundred flowers and the world are clear." The incense on the pillow is fragrant, and a spring dream is not clear. The poem Ming Zhi, then lingering among the flowers, fell in love with the blind singer Sen at night, with "blind Sen night companion chanting, by the bottom Mandarin duck whispering new." The New Testament Ci Zun Three Will Dawn, the Ancient Buddha's Spring. "Flaunting the harmony of their married lives. In this regard, Su Manshu seems to be no less than a little, his short life not only has multiple love histories, but also often snuggles with red and green, traveling with prostitutes. Even the newspaper claimed to paint for young women, and that women who asked to paint did not have to send a polishing pen or other gifts, as long as there were some jade photos. It seems to be the style of the hungry ghost in the color.
However, according to Su Manshu's friend, "Manshu went in and out of the liquor store flower building, and his intention was not to spend flowers or drink, but to join in the fun." Liu Yazi even endorsed him: "Since the release of the temple, he has never spoken of marriage and eunuchs, and has lived in Shanghai late. Good to go narrow and evil travel. Before the sister-in-law Ying, Fu yi broke his meditation also. It can be seen that Su Manshu is a true scholar who advocates "Plato's love", although his poetry and novels are mostly related to love, but just like his "self-pitying" love novel "The Tale of broken hong and zero geese", Su Manshu's emotional life is ultimately nothing more than the tragedy of "a little bit of doubtful cherry blossoms in the robes, half fat marks and half tear marks".
In 1909, sumanshu restrained his lust when he met the geisha Hyakusuke Kaede in Tokyo, and inscribed the inscription "Aviary Lingbo Muscles Like Snow, Holding the Red Leaf Soo Poem." He also wept mercilessly, hating not meeting without shaving. " verse to show his helplessness at that time. Later scholars have speculated that Su Manshu was not hindered by the Buddhist rules, but was thrown into the flood of the democratic revolution at that time and did not want to involve the beautiful people. Because in 1918, after Su Manshu ended the "Patriotic Movement", he returned to Japan and wrote "Nine years of facing the wall into an empty phase, returning with tin to regret the Secretary of State." I have lost my life and let others make a kite. To express the sorrow of "Yiren he marries".
The historical Ichigo Ichigo Emperor had a pure heart for the world and despised the powerful, and once compared the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa and his wife Hino Tomoko, who ignored the suffering of the people, to the absurd and shameless Tang Ming Emperor and Yang Guifei of the Tang Dynasty in China, and wrote that "the dark world of the Ming Emperor is bright and dark, and the palace is expensive and golden." What the Ming Emperor used to do, he was empty of poets and poets. " satirical poems. Sumanshu's poems, though soft as jade, are equally keen on praising and disparaging politics. In the face of the farce of Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, on July 21, 1913, Su Manshu published in his personal name the sharp-tongued "Manifesto of the Ten Methods of Shimanshu Generation" in the "Minli Bao", openly questioning "The newly created republic, I don't know if I am really safe in Yay? He called on "the master of the common country to cut down the crimes together." And he himself "Although he is outside the world, is it not responsible for the rise and fall of the kingdom?" Imamoto: Gan is the culprit. This earned him the reputation of "revolutionary monk".
People with real talent and learning tend to be mavericks and have eyes above the top. Ichigo Tsung-chun was arrogant all his life, and before he died, he also wrote down, "On the south bank of Meru, who will zen me; it is not worth half a penny when the void hall comes." "The widow despised the monks. Sumanshu also had many criticisms of the scribes of his time. In the winter of 1906, the Chinese student organization in Japan established one of the earliest drama clubs in China, the Chunliu Society. However, Su Manshu was quite critical of it, and he wrote in his commentary article "Yanying Drama Talk": "A few years ago, Tokyo students created the Spring Willow Society, in order to advocate new dramas, and played "Black Slave Calling Heavenly Record", "Traviata Girl's Testament", "New Butterfly Dream", "Blood Cloak", "Life And Pity" and other dramas, all of which are naïve, unappreciable, and sometimes make crude sentences, and Gaido impetuous teenagers are deaf. At that time, Su Manshu may not have thought that his impolite words pointed directly to Li Shutong, who was also the chief writer of the Pacific Newspaper in the future.
A hugh Zongchun
Li Shutong was born in Tianjin to a family of officials and eunuchs, and his father Li Xiaolou, as a jinshi in the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865 AD), once served as the head of the official department, which can be described as a high authority. However, in the complicated political environment of the late Qing Dynasty, Li Xiaolou finally chose to abandon his career and pursue a business. The Li family was originally a large household, and with the connections accumulated by Li Xiaolou in the official field, the "Tongda" silver shop he opened was prosperous, and soon it was known as the "Tongda Li Family" in Tianjin.
Li Xiaolou was charitable and charitable, and in addition to setting up a righteous school and providing relief to the poor, he also devoted himself to Buddhism. Under the influence of his father, Li Shutong began to contact Zen texts at the age of enlightenment. However, compared with Su Manshu, who was forced to convert to Buddhism because of his family's fall, Li Shutong saw through the "high-headed white horse and two golds" very early on, not to force his relatives." Once the horse dies of gold, the relatives are like strangers. "Red dust snobbery, but instead of using the Dharma as a haven from the world, he faces his own life with a positive attitude.
Li Shutong with his Japanese wife
In October 1898, Li Shutong was forced to leave Tianjin and go south to Shanghai because of his support for the "Restoration and Reform Law". According to Li Duan, the son of Li Shutong, Although Li Shutong's move has the element of avoiding disasters, it also has the meaning of leaving the shackles of the family and breaking new ground. Li Shutong's family is knowledgeable, and Shanghai also has a chain of silver shops of "Tongda Li Family", so before he was admitted to the nanyang public school special class where Cai Yuanpei served as the chief teacher in 1901, Li Shutong was not only a young talent in Shanghai who was "twenty articles in the sea", but also "Yangchun often lived in the mountain home, and the golden bottle wine entered the flax." "The merry boy.
Compared with Su Manshu, Li Shutong also wrote a lot of love poems in his early years. Among them, as a fragrance, there is nothing more than the "Four Gifts of Drama" that he wrote to his friend, Cai Xiaoxiang, a gynecological sage at the end of the Qing Dynasty: "Lightly reducing the waist circumference is more than Liu Zi, Liu Zhen is slow to see the reason." Pretending to be shy and half spitting out a clove tongue, a thick aroma is lipid. However, Li Shutong was after all a hot-blooded young man who had carved "Nanhai Kangjun is my teacher" on his private seal, and after entering Nanyang College, he resolutely cut off the life of the past, and even wrote a letter to advise his friend, Zhang Xiaolou, a famous scholar in Jiangyin, saying: "All day long the flowers are requisitioned, obsessed with not returning, and the future end is worrying about himself." ”
Perhaps it was precisely because of this period of "flower conquest" years, in 1905, when Li Shutong, who traveled to Japan in the east, used drama as a means to promote democracy, he chose the famous drama "La Traviata" by the French little Dumas as the starting point, and even starred in the unfortunate Margaret himself. However, although "La Traviata", which is known as "Tsubaki" in Japan, caused a sensation, it was undoubtedly a slap in the face of the bohemian SuManshu, and it was not difficult to understand that he immediately wrote down many slightly sour evaluations.
In 1910, Li Shutong, a classmate of Li Shucheng, returned to China, and a year later, Li Shutong, who was a music teacher at the Shanghai Chengdong Girls' School, was invited by his friend Liu Yazi to join the literary group "Nanshe", and edited the "Pacific Daily" and was also in charge of supplements and advertisements. At this time, the "Pacific Daily" can be described as the peak of the lineup, in addition to Li Shutong and Su Manshu, two rising stars of calligraphy and painting, there are also Gao Tianmei, an elder of the Alliance Association who advocates feminism and women's education, and Ye Chuling, a senior journalist and founder of the "Poetry Bell Society".
However, although Li Shutong and Su Manshu are colleagues, they are not close. According to the recollections of the "Pacific News" fans: "Most of the editors of the "Pacific News" are Nanshe fans, and in addition to editing, they often go in and out of the song gallery liquor stores, or make the wine scold, or write poems, and do not get rid of the habits of the sons and sons of the Donglin Fushe. Although Su Manshu has long been out of the family, he is also mixed up in it, but Li Shutong is lonely and self-assured, and he will never participate. In addition to the difference in living habits, Li Shutong and Su Manshu also have a conflict in the art of calligraphy and painting and even their outlook on life.
Later generations commented on the calligraphy and paintings of Li Shutong and Su Manshu, believing that Su Manshu's paintings of landscapes and rivers were taken from the idle monks of the ancient temple or the lonely boats of the barren river, which had a sense of depression and loneliness, which was extremely inconsistent with his temperament of "romantic monks" and "strange monks" at that time. And Li Shutong? His personality is light and stable, but the works he paints, with his strong pen, are also inconsistent with his temperament. The poetry and novel styles of the two are also very different, and Professor Chen Xiangyao, who has studied Li Shutong's works all his life, said vividly: "The old poems of the old man (Li Shutong), although they are also more close to Qi Yan, but the style is very different. Speaking of water, Manshu's reminds me of the tender green of spring waves, the old man's reminds me of the empty blue of autumn pond; speaking of flowers, Manshu's reminds me of the pear tree with the corner of the Qingming smoke and rain, the old man's reminds me of the lotus in the summer pond; Manshu's has strong feelings, more moving rhyme, it is easier to resonate with readers, and the thesis is more partial to this kind. ”
Interestingly, during the short release period of "Pacific News", Li Shutong's work was extremely serious, in addition to his own paintings on "Pacific News" and the publication of advertisements in a comic-style creative way, and even "the masthead advertisement wooden stamp, all of which were written by Li Jun (Li Shutong)". The accumulated workload even forced Li Shutong to publish a statement in the newspaper, saying: "Recently, there are many new-style advertisers, and it takes a long time to write articles and skeletons. In contrast, Sumanshu only regarded newspaper work as an interest. His famous painting "Dream Map of Fendi Hanging" during his tenure at The Pacific Press was "lured" by Ye Chuling.
In order to ask Su Manshu to paint the painting, Ye Chuling specially "borrowed" Li Shutong's dormitory at the Pacific Newspaper newspaper. According to Liu Yazi's book "Su Manshu Studies", Ye Chuling "did not know how to take advantage of the fact that Shi Feng (Li Shutong) was not in the newspaper office, tricked Manshu into this room, closed the door and painted this painting." Why use Li Shutong's dormitory, Liu Yazi's explanation is that "Gai Chu Shu Suo Manshu painting, Man Shu Heng with no ashram and painting tools as the word, Chu Ling led him to this room, everything is complete, and said, if outsiders intrude, you can close the door, so ManShu has no excuse, can not not paint." In this regard, Ye Chuling also admitted that "Yu yu was upstairs in the Pacific Newspaper, offering candy, and setting up a room, but for Yu to paint the "Dream Map of Fendi Hanging". ”
Everyone in calligraphy and painting has always regarded their own creative space as a forbidden and the four treasures of the study room as a beauty. As for Su Manshu's practice of "occupying the magpie's nest", how Li Shutong felt, the world does not know. However, on the same day that Su Manshu's "Dream Map of the Fendi Hanging" was published in the Pacific Newspaper, Li Shutong also released his own English "Shakespeare's Epitaph" written in Lishu. Not only does the book pair of paintings have the meaning of "don't sprout" as said by the shanghai population, but it is even more resentful to investigate deeply, because Shakespeare wrote in his epitaph: "Look at the face of God, please do not disturb my tomb, the unscrupulous will be cursed, and the protector will be blessed." ”
In addition to this public case of "Fendi Hanging Dream Map", there is also a "polishing door" entanglement between Su Manshu and Li Shutong. Su Manshu's "Records of broken wild geese" was serialized in the "Pacific Daily" in 1912, which immediately caused a sensation, and was later regarded as the Mandarin Duck Butterfly Novel "The First Successful Work in the Early Years of the Republic of China", as a newspaper editor, Li Shutong's work can be described as dedicated, in addition to his own choreography, he also invited his friend Chen Shizeng to accompany it. But Li Shutong himself did not expect that his enthusiasm would later attract rumors that he "ghostwrote and polished" Su Manshu's novel.
As a common friend of Su and Li, Liu Yazi's attitude towards this matter was quite resolute, and he wrote very unceremoniously in the "Preface to the Literature of Master Hongyi" written for Li Shutong: "There is a saying that Manshu this book ("The Record of Broken Hong Zero Wild Geese"), Hongyi (Li Shutong) embellished it, this statement is very absurd. When Manshu translated Byron's poem, The disciple of Qiyu Hang discussed it, and it was still close to the truth. If "Broken Hong Zero Goose Record", then He Guan Hongyi! The implication is nothing more than that Li Shutong may be slightly higher than Su Manshu in English attainment, but to write a novel, it is not on the same level as Su Manshu. For Liu Yazi's statement, Li Shutong did not give any response, after all, Li Shutong was not inferior to Su Manshu in calligraphy and painting all his life, but there was indeed no novel passed down. Interestingly, in recent years, some scholars have examined that Li Shutong once wrote a tang legendary novel called "The Book of Han Ji", leaving aside the authenticity of it for the time being. Liu Yazi's statement that praises Su and belittles Li is indeed a bit unkind.
In the autumn of 1912, the Pacific Newspaper was finally discontinued due to poor management. Li Shutong's short career as a colleague with Su Manshu was thus also brought to an end. After that, Li Shutong went south to Hangzhou and served as a music and picture teacher in zhejiang two-level normal school, and eventually Peach and Plum filled the world, cultivating many painting and music wizards for Feng Zikai and Liu Zhiping for China. Su Manshu traveled to Anqing, Shanghai, and Japan, and wrote six romance novels such as "The Tale of Daisy", but eventually died in Shanghai due to poor eating habits.
According to Su Manshu's last words that "the Buddha hides me and buries me with a pagoda", in 1924, Liu Yazi and other friends of Su Manshu's life buried him in the northern foothills of the Lonely Mountain of the West Lake and the south of xiling bridge. And in front of its tomb opposite the tomb of su Xiaoxiao, a famous prostitute of the Southern Dynasty, and the tomb of Qiu Jin, the heroine of Jianhu, a stone pagoda was erected. Just 17 days after Su Manshu's death, Li Shutong chose to be a monk at The Hupao Temple in Hangzhou, with the title of Hongyi. Whether Li Shutong's monasticism is directly related to Su Manshu's death is different from the world. Someone used Uncle Li as a friend: "Jungu amorous person, bear with the flesh and bones?" The answer: "What will happen if the tiger plague dies?" According to the citation, Li Shutong escaped into the empty door because of Su Manshu's death, because in the folk "tiger disease" is a synonym for gastrointestinal disease "dysentery".
Objectively speaking, Li Shutong's Buddhist life after becoming a Hongyi master seems to be more like telling Su Manshu how to be a monk with actions. After Li Shutong shaved his head, he immersed himself in the Study of Buddhist texts, did good deeds and cherished blessings, and even shook it every time before sitting on a wicker chair, so as not to crush the insects hiding in it. However, it is interesting that during his lifetime, Master Hongyi, who had been ordained as a Buddha for 24 years before his death, made it clear that he did not want to be posthumously regarded as an "arhat" like Sumanshu, and this melancholy mood corresponded to the "teaching of the seal of the heart, the strictness of the body, the purity of the inside and the outside, and the cause of bodhichitta" given to him by Master Taixu. According to Master Hongyi's last wishes, half of his relics after his death were buried in Qingyuan Mountain, Quanzhou, and the other half was sent back to Hangzhou Hupao Temple. The tomb of Master Hiroichi Stuttaka and Sumanshu, located behind the Tiger Run, is far away from the West Lake. For these two calligraphy and painting wizards and Buddhist sages, Liu Yazi concluded: "Escape to Confucianism to Manshu, and escape Confucianism to Hongyi. "It is a draw for the dark competition between these two people for many years.
This article is written exclusively by Zhao Kai, like, remember to subscribe to this headline number.