In the last video we said that the Thomson model of atomic structure, the Nagaoka model, the Rutherford model, of which the Rutherford model is the closest to the truth because of the experimental argument.
However, Rutherford's model also left behind two of the most important problems, the first is the stability of atoms, and the second is the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus.
The person who solved the above problem was Nils Bohr, who played a huge role in the development of quantum theory and quantum mechanics.
Reading through the history of human science, especially the history of modern science, you will find that the vast majority of people who have made great contributions to the development of human science are proud, even if they are not proud, and their family conditions are very superior.
After all, only when you are full and clothed can you have the energy to think about natural philosophy. Like us, people who are running for three meals a day and are smoked by profits cannot calm down and think about learning.
Bohr was no exception, Nils Henrik David Bohr, born in Copenhagen on July 10, 1885, his father was a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen, and the guests of the family were either professors or members of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
Pol's mother is even more prominent, is a veritable rich second generation, his father is one of the best people in Denmark, Pol's family has three maids and a nanny, the whole childhood Pol is both comfortable and noble, completely belongs to the upper class society that we ordinary people can't reach.
In 1903, Pol was admitted to the University of Copenhagen, and during the university he and his brother Harold had a common hobby of playing football, but his younger brother was more powerful, participated in the 1908 Olympic Games, although he lost to England in the final, but this is also a very good result.
In May 1911, Bohr received his doctorate, when Einstein was already a full-time teacher at the GermanIc University in Prague, and then there were two ways in front of Pol to continue his studies at a German university, which was the choice of most Danes, his father wanted Pol to go to leipzig University, and his brother chose to go to Gorgentin University
In Pol's mind, he felt that the place where Newton and Maxwell had been was the "center of physics". University of Cambridge, UK.
The person who is now in charge of the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom is the same John Thomson we mentioned earlier.
Thomson was born in 1856, when Thomson was no longer the young man who volunteered to be the director of Cavendish Laboratory at the age of 28, and Thomson was almost 60 years old. He is the discoverer of electronics and the winner of the Nobel Prize.
Pol knew very well who he was going to see, so the thought of meeting Thomson Pol had a headache. When Pol came to Cambridge in September 1911, when he met Thomson, Pohr clutched his Doctoral dissertation.
The doctoral dissertation is a stepping stone, and I hope that Thomson will take the time to read his thesis and give it a good review. It may be that Pol wanted to make a good impression on Thomson, and when he saw Thomson, he also took a book written by Thomson, but Pol used his poor English directly in front of Thomson's face and said, There is an equation in your book that is not right, say it, and point it out to Thomson.
It would be uncomfortable for anyone, but out of courtesy, Thomson asked Pol to put his papers on the table, told Pol that he would have time to read his papers, and told Pol when he was leaving to have dinner together next Sunday.
Pol walked out of the office happily, thinking that Thomson was not bad, very kind, and deliberately made up english for a while, thinking that the next time he saw Thomson, he could communicate with people more.
What Pol did not expect was that Thomson did not contact him again, and Pol later summed up the imperfect meeting, and he felt that Thomson might think that his English was not good, or that he pointed out the errors in the book to his face, or that Thomson had forgotten about his thesis and did not read it at all. Anyway, it is common for Thomson not to read students' papers.
Perhaps by heaven's own arrangement, an anxious Pol went to Manchester in early November to visit one of his father's students, who is now a professor of physiology at the University of Manchester, during which time Pol had the privilege of meeting the director of Nobel's kindergarten: Rutherford.
Rutherford is the head of the physics department at the University of Manchester, just finished attending the first Solvay Conference in Brussels, Rutherford liked Bohr very much, Pol also felt that Rutherford was more approachable, Rutherford told Boll about the physics problems discussed at the Solvay conference, as well as the prospects and development directions of physics.
Solvay Conference is a Belgian industrialist named Solvay, funded to organize, this brother through the improvement of the alkali method to earn a lot of pots, money is full, with money after remembering the dream of youth, he also wants to be a scientist.
But now that he is more than half a hundred years old, so poor that he only has money left, and science obviously cannot keep up with the rhythm, how can he make himself famous in the scientific community, and the money award has been made by nobel, the king of explosives, what do you do? Just when Solvay could not spend money, he met the German physicist Nerstow;
Nengsto feels that the current physics world is made of quantum smoke, and he himself is quite supportive of Einstein's light quantum, but most people do not think so, in addition to quantum, there is also the problem of atomic radiation, which also plagues scientists.
At that time, the exchange between scientists was limited to the exchange of letters between acquaintances, so Nengsto felt that it was time to get everyone together to chat and have a world science conference.
Nernerstow told Solvay about this idea, and the two hit it off, Solvay told Nerstow that you have many acquaintances in the scientific circle, you are responsible for finding people, and as long as the rest of the things are money can do, you don't care.
Solvay chartered the Metropolitan Hotel as a meeting venue, the environment is luxurious, the service is thoughtful, any requirements are met, and every scientist who comes to the conference is prepared with a big red envelope.
Nerstow was also very powerful, and basically invited the top scientists of all countries at that time, including Rutherford, Kings, Lorenz, Planck, Marie Curie, Poincaré, Lang Zhiwan, Vene, Sommerfeld, Rubens, Einstein; the names of these people are very familiar to us, because they are all scientists at the level of big guys.
One of the young men who served as the secretary of the meeting, who recorded the speeches of the big men, was Maurice de Broglie. This young man is critical, as we will mention in the video later.
The conference was held on October 30, 1911, and for only five days, the big guys ate a large melon in addition to Discussing Planck's theory of blackbody radiation, Einstein's specific caloricon theory, atomic radioactivity, and so on.
During the conference, Marie Curie was announced to have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which was his second time, but unfortunately, people were concerned not about her winning the prize again, but about her and Lang Zhiwan's scandal.
During the meeting, Lang Zhiwan's grumpy wife took advantage of Lang Zhiwan's absence, pried his drawer, and published all the letters between Lang Zhiwan and Madame Curie in the newspaper, and the world was suddenly in chaos, the front pages of major newspapers, even the entertainment tabloids and the puppy team also went crazy, and even made up a story that the two were going to elope.
Especially in the folk scolding of Madame Curie's words are very ugly, that is, the words we can usually think of, the same abroad, the society at that time was very unfriendly to women, extremely unfair.
This picture was left by the Solvay conference at that time, Marie Curie at this time may not be thinking about the problem, Marie Curie as a woman, can take root in the scientific circle of all men, is already under great pressure, this incident on Marie Curie is very big, tired work, no matter how dangerous, she never flinched, but this time she fell, hospitalized for several months. Fortunately, people in the scientific community think that this is nonsense and support Marie Curie.
Einstein said that the Solvay conference was the first time he met Marie Curie, and she did not see any special relationship between Marie Curie and Lang Zhiwan, these reports are nonsense, and he also joked that Marie Curie has not yet reached the level of danger to anyone.
Personally, I think Einstein is talking nonsense, that Marie Curie is much more beautiful than Mileva, more beautiful than his cousin Elsa, or that there is something wrong with Einstein's aesthetic. His father absolutely agreed with that.
Speaking of Bohr, after listening to Rutherford's interesting explanation, the hope in his heart was rekindled, and he felt that Rutherford was very good, especially good. At this moment, an idea came to mind.
But he still returned to Cambridge, still holding out a glimmer of hope for Thomson, but the result was disappointed, and he still could not wait for Thomson to turn over his brand. In December, the Cavendish Laboratory held its annual gathering, and Rutherford was also attending a dinner party as the person who walked out of the laboratory.
At the banquet, Bohr saw Rutherford again, and was once again deeply attracted by the character and demeanor of this man, Bohr seriously thought about his ideas at this time, and prepared to change the flag, whether you are Cambridge or Thomson, Lao Tzu is gone, going to Manchester to find Rutherford.
After obtaining cambridge agreement, Bohr came to Manchester in March 1912 and began to study atomic theory under Rutherford, and Geiger and Marsden, who had helped Rutherford with α scattering experiments, were now Bohr's faculty.
Rutherford this person does not like theorists, he thinks that science should talk about experimental evidence, rather than two shoulders to the head to fantasize, simply to play with various number games, but I don't know why he is looking at Bohr, when people ask, Rutherford said: Bohr This child is different, he is not exactly a theoretical physicist, he is also a football player.
Because of Rutherford's heavy experiments and the idea of not allowing unfounded speculation, Bohr missed a major theoretical discovery in the following days and lost a Nobel Prize in chemistry, but Bohr did not resent his teacher for this, because he soon found a major discovery that could make him famous in history.
This is the content of our next video.