High school students
Xuancheng Historical and Cultural Research, No. 068
In the ninth year of Qing Jiaqing (1804), Zhou Heli, a Wujiang native of Zhixian County, Jing County, was transferred to Mengcheng ZhiXian and succeeded by Li Degan, a native of Yanqing Prefecture. In March of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), Li Degan hired Hong Liangji to jointly revise the "Jing County Chronicle".
Hong Liangji (1746 ~1809), zi junzhi, yizi zhicun, no. beijiang, later years of the number gengsheng, Yanghu County (now Wujin District, Changzhou, Jiangsu), Qianlong fifty-five years (1790) Gengzhi Enke list eye. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, he wrote the zhishu of HuaiqingFu, Yan'anFu, Ningguofu, Dengfeng County, Gushi County, and Jing County, and wrote a lot of works in his lifetime, and was a famous scholar and writer of the Qing Dynasty, and was famous for the theory of population.
Hong Liangji came to Jing County and consulted with Yiling Li Degan, the teaching huang Chonglan, and the instructor Guo Shigui on "choosing the elegant writing of the yi people to be assigned to the revision". Together with the Yiren Qianlong Jiyuke (1879), Chen Baoquan, Shi Gongsheng tried to train Zhao Xueheng and other scholars, and jointly established the compilation of ordinary examples and the outline of zhishu. Zuo Ying and ten other kusheng and supervisors were hired to go to the four roads in the southeast, southwest, and northwest to conduct interviews, examine the terrain in detail, and search for historical materials extensively. Seventeen elegant writers, including Chen Baoquan, were hired to consult historical books, draw on the previous chronicles, and compile them in separate catalogs. Li Degan and Zhou Heli served as majors. Hong Liangji served as the chief editor.
Since March of the tenth year of Jiaqing, he has traveled to and from the Jing County Zhi Bureau six times, as long as March, as short as a few days, gathering the length of the crowd, reading two cold and summer (during which he was hired by Lu Quan, the prefect of Ningguo Prefecture, and also edited the "Chronicle of Ningguo Fu"), and completed the manuscript in November of the eleventh year of Jiaqing (1806). In his compilation, Hong Liangji asked all compilers to "search for the hidden and seek the relics in detail", and strive to "make up for the omissions, and the chisels seek to correct them", "believe in the books but do not believe in rumors, Bo Kao side-examination, righteousness is one." It is precisely because of this that Jiaqing's "Chronicle of Jing County" was able to "examine the evidence of the words and chapters and write them at the moment." ”
Jing County is an old county of Qin and Han Dynasties, with a long history. Since the Tang Dynasty had the Tu Mu and the Song Dynasty had the Tu Jing, until the liberation, Jing County had cultivated Zhizhi 15 times in the past. However, most of them were destroyed by the disasters of war, and the three versions of the JingXian Zhi that survived, namely Ming Jiajing, Qing Daoguang, and Qing Jiaqing, were the richest and most complete in content and information. It has the following features:
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > first, the specification of all cases</h1>
"All its promulgations are exemplified by the constant system of the state, the law of the Zhou Gong, and the old chapters of the history books." (Du Qian's "Spring and Autumn ZuoShi Biography • Preface") Fa Fan refers to the clarification of the purpose, outline, etc. of the work; example refers to the provisions and explanations of the content, form, and style of the compilation of the Zhishu. "Fa Fan" and "Example of Speech" are the "ordinary examples" of today's Zhishu.
All examples are crowned at the head of the Zhishu, and are the code of conduct that specifically stipulates and restricts the whole process of the purpose, style, method, content, and chapter structure of the compilation of the Zhishu. Jiaqing "Jing County Chronicle" examples of fifteen paragraphs, each paragraph is detailed and reasonable, specific, clear context, perfect style, pay attention to research, it stipulates the principles, methods, style of the zhishu compilation, etc., plays a guiding role in the zhishu.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, the body is complete</h1>
Jiaqing's "Chronicle of Jing County" is designed to place the beginning of the volume: Xu, Example, Figure (HongXu, Li Xu, Fan Xian, Xiu Xiu surname, figure), followed by 21 doors and 32 volumes: Volume 1 History (Xingye, Territory, Shape, Customs, Trivia of the Years); Volume 2 Chengchi (Ancient City, Streets, Alleys, Fang Table, Township Capital, Town, Bridge, Jindu, Postal Delivery); Volume 3, Volume 4 Landscape (Omitted); Volume 5 Food Goods (Omitted); Volume 6 and 7 Schools (Xuegong Yuanliu, Minglun Hall, Xuedian), Volume 8 Academy (Shuyuan, Tian); Volume 9 Tan Temple; Volume 10 Official Office Vol. 11 Monuments (Tomb Tombs); Vol. 12 Golden Stones; Vol. 13 Officials; Vol. XIV, Vol. XV Election Table (Omitted); Vol. 16 Eunuchs; Vol. 17 to 20 Characters (Omitted); Vol. 21-24 Female Figures (Omitted); Vol. 25 Temple View (Xianshi Attachment, Xianshi); Vol. 26 Art and Literature (Omitted); Vol. 27 Miscellaneous Knowledge (Omitted); Vol. 28 Dialectics; Vol. 29 Old ZhiyuanLiu; Vol. 30-32 Word Endowment (Omitted).
The above articles are arranged in a simple and complex manner, and the volumes are carefully drafted; the classification method is obtained, and the characteristics are highlighted; the selection is appropriate and the classification is orderly; the style is prepared in detail, and all the bodies are used together. As he advocated, "The aspirations of one party must not be simple, nor can they be indiscriminately collected." ”
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > three, the content is detailed</h1>
When Hong Liangji revised the "Chronicle of Jing County", he strove to avoid "simplifying and indiscriminately collecting two drawbacks", and the detailed content was the main requirement for his compilation of the zhishu, in order to "not mistakenly come".
1. Hong Liangji attaches great importance to the record of geographical evolution, and he put forward the viewpoint of "the aspiration of one party, the most important thing in the history" in the "Chronicle of Chengcheng County", so in the process of writing the relevant geographical volumes of the "Jing County Chronicle", he personally visited the foothills and Jingshui, conducted on-the-spot investigations, and spared no effort to write and ink, and quoted from the side, so that the geographical content accounted for a large proportion in the whole zhi. In the volume of "Landscape and Water", the landscapes in the southeast, southwest, and northwest are clear, the orientation is accurate, the scenic spots are loaded, and the ruins have sites. So that future generations can read its history, be able to discern the direction of the landscape and water, and find its relics. In particular, after attaching the sketches made by the literati and scholars to the landscapes and rivers and selecting those with their beautiful words to attach them to the famous mountains and rivers, he changed the style of the previous zhishu that included the notes in the "Yiwen Zhi". For example, "Yongxi Mountain" has "You Yongxi Mountain Record" written by Zhu Bao of the Ming Dynasty, "Tongfeng" has "You Tongfeng Record" written by Zhao Qingquan, "Muxi" has "Muxi Record" written by Zuo Mian under the present, and "Peach Blossom Lake" has "Peach Blossom Pond" written by Zhai Cilu, etc. This arrangement can enable readers to deepen their understanding and understanding of famous mountains and scenic spots.
2. In the "Customs" section, not only the human customs and customs are recorded, but also according to the twenty-four solar terms of the year, the farmer's proverb is quoted, and the "Five Elements of the Tianjia Family" is used to describe the agricultural activities such as farming textiles, fishing and hunting, and commodity trading, which is not only a summary of the experience of agricultural activities, but also a beautiful description of the three hundred miles of rural areas in Jingchuan, "Hanjia Old County, Jiangzuo Famous District". In addition, what is particularly valuable is that nearly 2,000 words are used to record the local dialect of Jingyi, which is the only record of xuancheng Wu dialect in the chronicle of the six counties of Ningguo Province. For example: "crow" is known as "old wow", "tail" is known as "miba", "daytime" is "day", "day" is "day", "day" is "geng", "buy" is "horse", "belt" is "big", "grandparents" is "guagong gua po", etc., this dialect is almost the same as the Modern Wu conversation in Xuancheng area, and also provides evidence for posterity to study the ancient Xuancheng Wu dialect.
3. In the volume of "Food Goods", the "prison field" is recorded in detail: the Qing Dynasty set up prisons in various places to hold prisoners. For the expenses of prisoners' utensils, food, etc., the imperial court did not directly allocate funds, but allocated a certain amount of official land to the prison management (commonly known as "prison field"), which was rented by local farmers, and the rent was used as the cost of prison prisoners. There are four "prison fields" in Jing County, counting "one hundred and twenty-one acres of five and eight percent, each year to collect rent in the valley of one hundred and sixty-nine stones and five buckets and one liter, each stone is levied two dollars and five cents of silver, a total of forty-two hundred and twenty-three dollars and seven cents and two cents of silver." Forty stones of rice were made to the prisoners, and the rations were distributed to the prisoners, and if they were insufficient, they were to be replenished under the item of Changping Warehouse." The "prison fields" were also cultivated by the prisoners themselves. The "prison field" system was a special method of the imperial court to manage prisoners and allocate fees, and it was rarely recorded in historical records.
4. In the section "Property", not only the above ground of Jing County is recorded in detail, such as grain, vegetables, fruits, poultry, scales, insects, intermediates (turtles, turtles, mussels, crabs, etc.), grass, wood, bamboo, flowers, medicine, goods, etc., but also records the rich mineral resources underground, such as silver, copper, iron, coal, mountain coal, lime, clay, and so on. These valuable materials have provided a basis and convenience for the development and utilization of today's people.
At the head of the "genus of goods", the most famous items in Jing County, "paper" and "tea", have made a detailed record of their names.
Such as paper: "Golden List, Lu Wang, White Deer, Painting Heart (also known as ChengxinTang), Rib, Roller Blinds, Lian Si, Gongdan, Xueshu, Paper Umbrella, all leather for it." Thousand sheets, fire paper, bamboo for it. Wrapped paper, high curtains, clothing paper, all grass. "Consulting the relevant historical materials, it is known that the nine kinds of paper named paper, such as Jinbang, Lu Wang, White Deer, Painting Heart, Ribbed, Roller Blind, Liansi, Gongdan, and Xueshu, are rice paper made of bark (raw materials). By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Xiaoling Cao's rice paper manufacturing process was raised to an unprecedented new level, creating many famous brand products such as "Lu Wang", "Golden List", "White Deer" and so on. For example: "Lu Wang" is Zhangliu Xuan, "White Deer" is Zhang'er Xuan, "Lian Si" is four feet Xuan, etc., all of which are the brand names of "Xuan Paper" produced in the Ming and Qing dynasties of Jing County, but today they have been submerged and are not known to everyone. In the "Chronicle of Ningguo Fu • Property" compiled at the same time, he called "Jinbang, Lu Wang, White Deer, Painting Heart (also known as Chengxintang), rib, roller blinds, Liansi, Gongdan, Xueshu" Paper of the name of the name made of bark, Xuancheng area "Xuan, Ning, Jing, Tai can be manufactured, so it is called rice paper, and the Jing people make special work", and briefly recorded the materials and methods of making rice paper. Today, some people think that he did not mention anything about the most famous property in Jing County, "rice paper", in the Jing County Chronicle, and that he was a "golden list ... The historical fact that the paper with the name "Xueshu" is rice paper is not well understood.
Another example is tea: "Tujian, plum blossom slices, pine lotus, grass green, yellow tea, rain front, Bishan tea, Yongxi tea, Yangjian tea", all of which were tea leaves in Jing County at that time, and most of them are still famous teas produced in Jing County.
5. In the volume "Characters", he advocates streamlining the categories and strictly stylistic examples, "Yu Because of the covenant: 'Those who make meritorious speeches can be called famous ministers; those who have political voices can enter the eunuch industry; those who write meritorious scriptures can be said to be Rulin; those whose poetry is beyond the generations can be called Wenyuan'", and according to this criterion, the compilation of character history is determined. The inscriptions of relevant characters are appended to the biographies of the characters, such as Luo Qinshun's "Monument to The Legacy of Love" for the famous eunuch Chen Yuan, Zuo Yi's "Monument to the Monument of The Peak Spring Hu Gong to Si" for the famous eunuch Hu Yongcheng, and Wu Guangyi's "Monument to the Monument of Yugong Gaohou to Si" for the famous eunuch Gao Chengyi, etc., which further highlights the great achievements of the characters.
The detailed content is the main feature of Jiaqing's "Jing County Chronicle".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > fourth, rigorous examination</h1>
"The aspirations of one party, Gou Jian can not be, nor can it be indiscriminately collected, and Gou Jian is not allowed to have an unknown territory, such as Ming Kanghai's "Wu Gong Zhi", Han Bangqi's "ChaoYi Zhi" and so on. Indiscriminate collection or rumors do not search for the register, borrow talents in different places, extravagant scenery on one side, so that false rumors, mistakes and mistakes, such as the Ming Dynasty has been repaired so far in the prefecture and county history is also. "Hong Liangji Xiuzhi, always adhere to the principles formulated by himself, extensive search and collection, pay attention to research, and combine recording and examination, is a representative figure of the Qing Dynasty Examination School.
A volume of "Dialectics" and eleven dialectical texts were added to the Zhishu, each of which can quote scriptures, have sufficient evidence, and have clear debates. For example, the article "Famous Eunuch Chen Jiaokao of Jing County", in view of the record of Chen Jiao in the "County Chronicle" of Ming Xuande, pointed out six errors according to the historical record, which is especially enough to show that his audit examination is rigorous, truth-seeking, and meticulous.
In the volume of "Old ZhiYuanliu", in view of the two zhishu of the eighteenth year of Qianlong in this dynasty, based on facts, it is pointed out that "Qian Zhi is not very archaeological, and "Zheng Zhi" is slightly injured by chiseling, and all gains and losses are mixed", and a detailed exposition of the source flow of the Jingyi Dynasty Chronicles is made. So that future generations can have a general understanding of the zhi without seeing it.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > five, elegant words</h1>
A major feature of Jiaqing's "Jing County Chronicle" is its beautiful words and fluent language. From the beginning of the prologue to the end, whether it is narrative, notation, excerpt, or examination, it has the use of scene description, citation evidence and other techniques, aiming to be fascinating, intriguing, its effect is good, and does not lose the essence of the book.
Jing County south of huangshan, west of Jiuhua Mountain, hugging Taiping Lake, the territory of the mountain high forest, streams and streams, small bridges, picturesque scenery, rich products, known as "mountains and rivers Qingshu, Xiujia Jiangnan" reputation. When introducing this famous river, Hong Liangji wrote: "Jing, the edge of the river, in the ten thousand mountains, its land can be cultivated and fishing, and there are silver, iron, copper, lacquer, fish and rice, fruit and fruit, not a big water drought, that is, not dry overflow", a few words will show the picturesque pastoral scenery of The Jing River in front of the eyes. When introducing the folk customs of Jing County, he wrote: "The Jing Pillow Mountain brings the river, and although the land is less flat and open, it is also fertile. Men are diligent in ploughing, women are diligent in weaving, rare businessmen, especially lowly work", only more than 30 words, will be The Jingchuan rural folk customs are vividly displayed, and the language is beautiful.
When Hong Liangji introduced Yongxi Mountain, he quoted Zhu Bao's famous record "You Yongxi Mountain Record", which said: "... The outer ridge is a cliff, then it is a stream, or a nose, an eye, and can be seen on the back, the small one is the Three Immortals Peak, and the big split is the Ermen Peak. Peaks fight with peaks. If each side is biased, the momentum is unstoppable, and it never looks at the path, the wall wants to swallow the peak; from the return path, the peak has been covered. Straight down to the ridge, the two peaks stand side by side. If there is a materialistic desire to break out of the wall, it is said to be the tomb of the Tang poet Luo Yin. ......”
When introducing Taohuatan, zhai Zhilu's famous article "The Record of Peach Blossom Pond" is quoted as saying: "... Jing is called Shanshuizhi. Its layers of rocks are derived, and the back turbulence is clear and deep, and it is very clear, and the winter and summer are not reduced. Hundreds of miles from the edge of the cliff, peach blossom pond is the most famous. There are two channels of the pond water, the south path crosses the stone, the dragon gate, and the bend rushes down... And Da Yu Tan. The cold mirror of the pool is clean, and the ripples of Dai are stored, and it cannot be measured. Its western part has no earth shore, and the strange rocks stand like lions roaring and like elephant dances. The old trees are covered with old trees, and the shou vines are dotted with jagged and gentle. More cliffs are in danger, and the lofty beauty is cut by more than 100 zhang. Every morning at the beginning of the dawn, the sunset shines obliquely, the reflection of the clear, and the view is like a rainbow flying, which is the name of the Rainbow Gang. ...... ”
The author's clever writing, clever narrative, and elegant appreciation show the depth of the writing skills.
Zhang Zhidong, a famous minister of the late Qing Dynasty, listed Jiaqing's "Jing County Chronicle" as a typical Example of Fang Zhi in the "Bibliography and Answers". During the Republic of China period, the Fang Zhi scholar Wang Baoxin praised the "Jing County Chronicle", saying: "The examination of the examination of the righteous examples of Xiu Zhi and the examination of landscape figures in this book can be seen in the Tongren Xiu Zhi, and the selection of fine words is detailed. If his life is in Shaanxi, in Bian, and in Anhui, and if he has eight or nine kinds of aspirations, then he must have surpassed others in his knowledge and experience in this matter. Viewing it as a preface to the "Chronicle of Jing County", it is a superb achievement that he saw in his later years. ”
Hong Liangji's view of "believing in the book but not believing in rumors" and "not believing in rumors" is not entirely correct and deserves to be studied and discussed. The history of the production of rice paper is not recorded, but the name of the rice paper and what it was made of are simply recorded. Only the events of "military defense" are recorded, and there is no record of major wars in Jingyi. Feudal ethics run through the whole process, and the content of filial piety and festival women is added to the "Characters" volume.
In short, Jiaqing's "Jing County Chronicle" has a rigorous structure, detailed historical materials, well-founded evidence, and beautiful words, which is worthy of being a strange flower in the old zhi.
The original edition of the journal was scattered, and the existing republic of china 3 years (1914) reprinted survived. "Taking the ancient as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; with history as a mirror, we can understand things." In 2008, according to the requirements of the provincial and municipal Fangzhi Office, the Fangzhi Office of Jing County sorted out and published the zhizhi, so that the ancient fangzhi of the deep lock cabinet went to the people and played an immeasurable role in inheriting the history and culture of Jing County.
(The author is a retired teacher of Ningguo City and a director of Xuancheng City History and Culture Research Association)
Production: Tong Daqing