On the evening of June 2, 1927, at the Gangbing Temple on Nanchengfu Street of Tsinghua University, the night was solemn, and the coffin of a generation of Confucian Kingdom Wei was parked here, and a group of young students stood in front of the spirit and bowed three times with tears.
A middle-aged teacher of about forty years old came to the door, his brow furrowed, he did not say a word, and after nodding his head and greeting the students who had gathered around him, he pulled away from the crowd and slowly walked to the spirit, kneeling down with a "bang", palms up, forehead touching the ground, and performing three kneeling and nine prostrations.
The entire spirit hall was instantly shocked, and Jiang Liangfu, who was present at the time, recalled that this scene made him and his classmates unforgettable.
The middle-aged professor, named Chen Yinke, was one of the four tutors of Tsinghua University's National College, and was called "the only person in three hundred years" by Fu Sinian. This was also the first time in Chen Yinke's life that he knelt down in public.
Two years later, in the summer, Tsinghua Guoguo College was discontinued, and in honor of Wang Guowei, the institute raised funds to build a monument for him, the stele was designed by Liang Sicheng, and the inscription was written by Chen Yinke, which read:
The writings of the gentleman may sometimes be unsophisticated; the doctrine of the gentleman may sometimes be discussable; but this independent spirit, the free thought, has been with the heavens and the earth for a long time, and the three lights are eternal.
"The spirit of independence, the thought of freedom", this is not only the best coffin conclusion for a deceased Confucian, but also the adherence and monologue of Chen Yinke's own interest in governance and learning, and chen Yinke's life's wind and bones and pathos will also be closely related to this sentence.
1
Chen Yinke was born on July 3, 1890 in Changsha, Hunan.
His grandfather Chen Baozhen successively served as an envoy in Zhejiang and Hubei, a political envoy directly under the ministry, a soldier's attendant, and an inspector of Hunan, and he was called "Hai Nei QiShiye" by Zeng Guofan. The reformer, who was called "a major minister of the New Deal" by the Guangxu Emperor, was a well-known backbone of the reformers in the late Qing Dynasty.
His father, Chen Sanli, was a poet and was known as "the last traditional poet in China", and after zhongju, he successively served as an official and a master.
He assisted his father in implementing the New Deal, and befriended and supported famous figures such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
After the death of his grandfather Chen Baozhen, Chen Sanli moved his family to Jinling, Jiangsu Province, and opened the Siyi School at home, teaching courses such as the Four Books and Five Classics, mathematics, English, physical education, music, and painting, and successively hired teachers such as Chinese studies masters Wang Boxun, Liu Yimou, and Zhou Dalie.
The two generations of the Chen family have always advocated the New Deal, and the "Siyi Academy" has adopted modern education first.
Chen Sanli and the teachers agreed not to beat students and not to memorize dead books, a new style of style, which was deeply appreciated by Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Liangjiang at that time.
Under such a family origin, Chen Yinke has laid a deep foundation in Traditional Chinese studies since he was a child, and his vision has expanded to the East and West.
2
Beginning in 1910, at the age of 12, Chen Yinke traveled east to Japan with his brother Heng Ke and entered the famous Sugamo Hongwen College. Started a hi-break study abroad career!
Three years later, he returned to China for treatment due to a foot disease. Later, he was admitted to Shanghai Fudan Public School.
As soon as he graduated, he embarked on a study tour in Europe. He studied at the University of Berlin in Germany, the University of Zurich in Switzerland, the École Supérieure des Political Sciences in Paris in France, and Harvard University in the United States.
Chen Yinke is in Germany
Chen Yinke, who has a well-to-do family, never squanders, and everywhere he goes, it is less than half a year old and the bookcase is full. When he was studying in Berlin, life was very hard, and every morning, he bought a small amount of the cheapest bread, sat in the library for a day, and did not eat dinner all day.
After 16 years of study, he has traveled thousands of miles, and his footprints have spread to world-class universities. But until the end of the study tour, he didn't get a diploma! (He came for learning, not for a degree.)
He said: "It is not difficult to take the Doctorate Examination, but in two or three years, being bound by a special topic, there is no time to learn other knowledge. As long as you can learn knowledge, it does not matter whether you have a degree or not. ”
A student once asked Tang Yun (Chen Yinke's wife): Is it true that Teacher Chen knows more than thirty languages?
Tang Yun said: In fact, there are not so many, it is only seventeen kinds.
Yeah, that's just seventeen.
At that time, how many students decorated the façade in order to obtain the title, read books to be opportunistic, easy to take refuge, and the knowledge in hand could not be discounted?
Chen Yinke did not look down on that kind of person at all, where there was a good university, where the collection of books was abundant, he would go to visit teachers, listen to lectures and research.
No wonder Yang Buwei later said to people: "At that time, most of the students in Germany were having a messy time, only Meng Zhen and Yin Ke were a pair of lions in front of the Ningguo Mansion. ”
Chen Yinke when studying in Japan (Middle)
3
In 1925, many major events occurred in chaotic China, but the most far-reaching impact was the establishment of the Institute of Chinese Studies at Tsinghua University.
Tsinghua university reform was carried out by the preparatory school for studying in the United States, decided to set up a research institute of chinese studies, and listened to Hu Shi's suggestions, adopted the tutor system of the Song and Yuan academies, with Wu Mi as the director of the research institute, hiring a master, and presiding over the preparatory matters.
Chen Danqing's painting "Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies" starts from left: Zhao Yuanren, Liang Qichao, Wang Guowei, Chen Yinke, Wu Mi
After the establishment of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies, Cao Yunxiang asked Hu Shi to be his mentor, and although Hu Shi was erudite, he had self-knowledge, shook his hand and said, "I really can't do this."
Let me recommend a few people to you! "Make a list with a pen,
Cao Yunxiang took a look at it, and the three people were: Wang Guowei, a chinese scholar who pioneered the study of the history of Yin Shang with oracle bones, Liang Qichao, the core figure and author of the Pengshu Transformation Law, and Zhang Taiyan, a giant in the southern academic community with the same name as Liang Qichao.
Cao Yunxiang was overjoyed, and immediately asked Wu Mi to serve as the director of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies, and handed him the letter of appointment he had personally signed, asking him to hire the three masters one by one.
After getting The Kingdom Wei, Liang Qichao was super cheerful and agreed as soon as they met.
When it was Zhang Taiyan's turn, something went wrong, and I heard that Liang Qichao was also ranked as a mentor, and Zhang Taiyan was not happy! Resolute is not to go!
Later, zhao Yuanren, a doctoral student at Harvard University, known as the "father of Chinese language and literature", is also good.
At this time, Wu Mi remembered his old classmate Chen Yinke when he was at Harvard. So I recommended him to Cao Yunxiang.
The principal, Cao Yunxiang, did not know Chen Yinke, and asked Liang Qichao, who was familiar with Chen Yinke.
Cao asked, "Which country is he a doctor?" ”
Liang replied, "He is not a bachelor, nor is he a doctor." ”
Cao asked, "Does he have any writings?" ”
Liang replied: "There are no works either. ”
Cao asked again, "It is difficult to be neither a doctor nor a writer!" ”
Liang Qichao said angrily: "Chen Yinke does not have a degree, and although I liang someone has written and written, it does not add up to his three hundred words." ”
Cao Yi listened, no longer hesitate, please! So there was the legend of the "Four Great Mentors" of Tsinghua Garden.
In the middle of winter, Chen Yinke braved the bitter cold wind to embark on a cruise ship to the homeland of the East, came to this garden of masters immersed in European wind and rain, and began his legendary life of preaching, teaching, and solving puzzles.
This year, Chen Yinke was 37 years old.
4
On his first day as a teacher at Tsinghua University, he first gave the students a pair of couplets:
"The Saint of the South China Sea re-passed on his disciples, and the emperor of the Qing Dynasty was a classmate of the young."
Chen Yinke's class is very distinctive, and there is an unwritten rule: "I don't talk about some things in the book, I don't talk about what others have said, and I don't talk about what I have spoken." People call it the "three no-talk" professors.
If he really opened his mouth, the students were completely convinced!
His knowledge spans ancient and modern times, connecting China and the West. He quickly set off a burst of "Chen Yinke fever".
Students inside and outside the campus come to visit, and often these students turn their heads and find that their professors are also sitting in the back seats, and they are fascinated.
Professor Wu Mi is unimpeded, rain or shine, and the hall will come. Philosophy experts Feng Youlan, Zhu Ziqing, and other high-level professors all came to listen to his lectures.
Even Peking University students who were far away on the beach in the city also flocked through Xizhimen and ran to eavesdrop. At that time, dozens of miles along the way were full of farmland, and in the autumn, there were often bandits who came out to rob, and even killed people and crossed the goods, desperate to take risks.
Even so, the North masters and students were willing to venture out of the city, often in groups with wooden sticks and iron tools. As a result, there was such a strange scene: the classroom where Chen Yinke was in class was filled with all kinds of "weapons.".
Ji Xianlin, who later became a master of traditional Chinese studies, also said: "Listening to his lessons is an incomparable enjoyment. Among Chinese and foreign scholars, the only one who can give me this kind of enjoyment is Lu Desi abroad, and only Chen Shi is the only one in China. ”
Therefore, the students respectfully called him "Too Teacher" and "Professor's Professor".
Because he was from a famous family and was knowledgeable, the students also called him "the prince of the princes".
Chen Yinke's handwriting
Historian Zheng Tianting called him "the professor of the professor",
Yao Congwu said: "Mr. Chen Yinke is a professor, then we can only be a small assistant teacher." ”
Fu Sinian, a master of classical literature studies, was even more amazed: "Mr. Chen's learning has only been one person in the past three hundred years!" ”
At this point, a camp of "four great mentors" that has been passed down and far-reaching influenced by later generations has been formed.
Tsinghua Institute of Chinese Studies has ushered in its peak era!
5
He was well educated, and in the blink of an eye, he was in his thirties, except that his father was anxious about his marriage
His good friend Zhao Yuanren was also anxious for him.
Under the mediation of Zhao Yuanren and others, he and Tang Yun, the granddaughter of Tang Jingsong, a celebrity in the late Qing Dynasty, became acquainted.
Talent meets beautiful people, and hates late.
Young Tang Yun
Although love is late, it can still be beautiful.
In 1928, they were married in Shanghai.
They had three children, and interestingly, all three were daughters.
He often taught his daughters: "You can not respect me in our family, but you cannot disrespect your mother."
Mother is the main backbone, without her there would be no home, without her there would be no us, so we all have to protect mother well. ”
However, the god of destiny does not like to take care of such talents.
On July 7, 1937, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out in full swing and Peiping fell. China's intellectuals have entered another era, and there are no longer a few clean windows of study, nor can they tolerate calm and meticulous research.
His father, Chen Sanli, was worried about the country and the people, and in his dreams he shouted "kill the Japanese." Watching the cities fall one after another, the old man was desperate, began a hunger strike, and five days later, he died of grief.
At this time, Chen Yinke was running around his father's funeral, and the hatred of the country and the family were overlapping. His right eye was also dissected from the retina due to a rapid attack on the heart, and it was necessary to operate in time without delay.
However, after surgery, it is necessary to cultivate for a period of time, and once cultivated, it is difficult to escape the hands of the Japanese and become a slave to the country.
After some thought, Chen Yinke gave up the operation and decided to continue working with his only left eye, even if he was blind, he did not want to teach in the occupied areas. He dragged his family with his mouth and left Beiping. South!
Since then, the family has lived a life of upheaval and displacement, trekking to 11 provinces and moving more than 10 times.
What hurt him the most was that in the chaos of the war, the books and manuscripts he regarded as treasures were destroyed.
In that era of change, his fate was like a rootless ping, drifting around.
When he arrived at the Unidentified General Assembly, his right eye could no longer be seen, and his left eye was also suffering from eye disease, and he could only see weakly!
6
In 1938, he was teaching at the Southwest United University, and suddenly the alarm sounded, and the Japanese army was about to bomb!
In 1939, the Royal Society awarded Chen yinke the title of Institute, the first professor of Chinese and Chinese sinology to be hired at the university.
This summer, Chen Yinke and his family went to Hong Kong and prepared to cross the sea to London, but unexpectedly the war in Europe broke out, the navigation was interrupted, and the British trip was in vain. He was forced to live in Hong Kong temporarily.
In the summer of 1939, Chen Yinke's family lived in Hong Kong
In the summer of 1940, Chen Yinke went to Hong Kong again to wait for the opportunity, and just after arriving in Hong Kong, the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom sent a telegram, because of the current situation, the matter of going to Britain needed to be postponed for one year.
Just at this time, the Japanese army cut off the international communication line between Guangxi and Vietnam, Kunlun Pass was lost, the hope of returning was also broken, and Chen Yinke was blocked in Hong Kong and was in a dilemma.
On December 8, 1941, the Japanese occupied Hong Kong again.
Some Japanese scholars wrote to the Military Department asking them not to trouble Professor Chen.
At that time, his family was very poor, and his biggest dream was that when he Chinese New Year's Eve, he could let his daughter eat white rice.
The Japanese commander sent a gendarmerie to deliver flour to the Chen family, but he resolutely refused to eat the enemy's food.
So people saw such a scene: the gendarmes were moving flour into the house, and Chen Yinke and his wife were dragging flour outside the house.
Suffering can test a person's character, and extraordinary encounters can show great integrity.
He was a literati with no power to bind the chicken, and he was also an iron-boned patriot who regarded the rise and fall of the country as the supreme priority!
The puppet Governor of Hong Kong also took out 200,000 military tickets to let Chen Yinke organize an East Asian cultural publication in Hong Kong, but Chen Yinke again refused.
In the end, thanks to Liu Wendian, Fu Sinian and a group of other people rushing to raise funds for Chen Yinke, and through Zhu Jiahua, president of the Academia Sinica, zhu Jiahua opened up all links, Chen Yinke's family escaped from Hong Kong, died nine times, and finally returned to the mainland.
In the early morning of December 12, 1944, Chen Yinke opened his eyes, but found that he could not see anything.
7
After the victory of the War of Resistance, in order to treat the eyes, he went to Oxford University again to teach.
Unexpectedly, the British doctor gave him a diagnosis that blindness in both eyes has become a foregone conclusion.
Hope went away, disappointed, he resigned his offer and returned to his homeland.
When he returned to Tsinghua Garden, he was blind, but he still insisted on teaching and cultivating talents for the motherland.
The student reads the text aloud, and even if he reads a word wrong, he can hear it, and asks the student to stop re-reading, and those classic articles have long been in his heart.
In the winter of 1948 in Peiping, the clouds were thick, the wind was cold, and a world transformation of the dynasty was underway. On December 15, a helicopter ventured to land at Nanyuan Airport in Beiping, and Hu Shi, the president of Peking University who was wandering in both political and academic circles, hurriedly boarded the plane, thus kicking off the prelude to the Kuomintang's "rescue of scholars" campaign.
Hu Shi hurriedly boarded the plane and arrived in Nanjing with Chen Yinke's family, and Chiang Kai-shek personally picked him up and persuaded Chen Yinke to go to Taiwan. Chen Yinke, knowing that the Kuomintang intended to control the academic circles, deeply resented this: "I will not go to Taiwan. ”
On January 20, 1949, Chen Yinke accepted the warm invitation of Chen Xujing, the president of Lingnan University, and came to the Nanguo campus.
However, the Kuomintang never gave up on the idea of persuading Chen Yinke to leave the mainland, and Hang Liwu, minister of education, personally showed Chen Xujing: "If you agree to go to Hong Kong, we will immediately give Chen Yinke 100,000 Hong Kong dollars and a new bungalow." ”
Chen Xujing slapped the table and stood with a horizontal eyebrow: "You give 100,000 and I give 150,000!" I built a house for him to live in! ”
Chen Xujing's words were not impulsive, for "talents that come out in three hundred years", Chen Xujing looked heavier than anything else, and Chen Yinke's salary at Lingnan University was undoubtedly the highest, even two or three times higher than many professors.
After becoming blind, Chen Yinke taught on his balcony
8
In 1953, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Historical Research Committee, which has three research institutes of antiquity, medieval and modern times, and is proposed to appoint Guo Moruo, Chen Yinke, and Fan Wenlan as the directors of the three institutes.
However, such a good day is not long.
In 1958, his teaching career came to an abrupt end, and he was accused of being a feudal ethnoculturalist. Iron bones like him, immediately angrily resigned: "Resolutely do not start classes again, so as not to delay the youth!" ”
Chen Yinke, in 1964, was already in such a situation
In 1966, the great cultural catastrophe began. The haze of the times came suddenly, and Chen Yinke was forced to make written inspections many times, but he never denigrated anyone to protect himself.
At that time, he was ill, blind in both eyes and feet, but the rebels did not let him go, the wages of the two couples were frozen, the house was plastered with large posters, they also wanted to carry him to the auditorium to criticize the fight, Tang Zheng desperately tried to stop him and was seriously injured.
Liu Jie, Chen Yinke's student, voluntarily stood up and was criticized on his behalf.
Those people asked Liu Jie what he thought, and he replied in a loud voice: "It is the glory of my life to be criticized for my mentor!" ”
On April 2, 1967, Chen Yinke submitted a statement in which he read:
"First, I have never done anything in my life that is not good for the people. I have been teaching for forty years, but I have only devoted myself to teaching and writing, and have never actually done anything;
Second, the relationship between Chen Xujing and me is only the relationship between a principal and an old and sick professor. There are no close contacts. I've been blind for more than twenty years, I've had a broken leg for six years, and I've never visited people.
Third, all my own social relations have long been accounted for by the cuccidental organization. ”
From beginning to end, Chen Yinke did not denigrate anyone.
In 1969, because the "Industrial Propaganda Brigade" set its sights on this building, it was used as a command. The rebels at Sun Yat-sen University ordered Chen Yinke to move out of his home where he had lived for sixteen years and forced him to move to a place where even beggars did not live, and the people invented a new means of destruction: putting a loudspeaker under his bed.
In the better name, it "let the reactionary academic authorities listen to the angry accusations of the revolutionary masses."
At this time, Chen Shi was so sick that it was difficult to even eat a little soup and water "liquid food", so thin that he was not human-shaped, and a few relatives and friends secretly came to visit him, and saw him lying on the sickbed unable to speak, nor could he cry, but the corners of his eyes kept crying.
At 5:30 a.m. on October 7, 1969, Chen Yinke's heart failed and he died suddenly, and when he died, he did not leave a single word, but the corners of his eyes continued to cry.
On the evening of November 21, Chen Yinke's wife, Tang Yun, also followed her husband under jiuquan.
When Chen Yinke wrote "This Independent Spirit, the Free Thought", he may have thought that he would also pay a lifetime price for guarding this eternal belief like Wang Guowei.
When others are fighting for diplomas in order to gain fame, he regards diplomas as waste paper and concentrates on learning;
When others tend to be inflamed and chasing glory and wealth, he scrupulously abides by his heart and is unwilling to engage in politics;
He maintained the integrity of a true scholar and adhered to his most precious spiritual corner.
"Independent personality, free thought." It is his most firm belief and the portrayal of his life.
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Chen Yinke's Collection of Works (set of five volumes) ¥128 To buy