The pen in Lu Xun's hand can be called a scalpel for dissecting the soul, and it places the despicable elements of human nature in front of others.
The pen in Dostoevsky's hand is not a scalpel, but more like the scepter in God's hand, which can put people in various bad situations to test, and the good and evil in the soul are therefore stunned.
Lu Xun said:
"Dostoevsky is the great interrogator of the human soul, and he tests the men and women in the novels in the midst of unbearable circumstances, not only stripping them of the superficial whiteness and torturing the evil hidden underneath, but also torturing the true whiteness hidden under it. Moreover, they refused to be killed happily, and tried their best to let them live longer. "
Not only that, But Lu Xun also compared Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment with Marx's Capital:
"Marx's 'Capital' and Dostolfsky's 'Crime and Punishment' were not written after adding coffee and smoking Egyptian cigarettes."
"To compare what is Chinese now with what is foreign, like Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, is really out of reach."
As Dostoevsky's famous work, what exactly does Crime and Punishment say? What is sin? What is the penalty?
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There is no doubt that crime and punishment are the issues that Crime and Punishment address.
Poor law student Rasnikov was forced to drop out of school because he could not afford to pay the tuition, and what was even more tragic was that he had not paid the rent for a long time, and the rent wife not only urged the rent, but also stopped his food supply.
In the face of such an embarrassing dilemma, Dostoevsky did not forget to continue to increase suffering, the college student met a family who was in a desperate situation due to unemployment, for the sake of the family, Sonia was forced to become a prostitute, and the sister of the college student had to marry a rich man who he hated.
To be alive means to suffer, and in his contemplation of actual suffering, Rasnikov concludes:
People in the world can be divided into two categories: ordinary people, who simply reproduce the materials of the same kind, bow down to be slaves, and be slaughtered in the world; the other is the "extraordinary people", who are rulers, who are not bound by law and morality, and can do whatever they want, even killing at will.
Life forced him again and again, and finally he took up an axe and killed an old woman who was a loan shark, who was not a good person, fierce in heart, and did everything for money.
Kill her, take her money, and then use her money to make yourself serve all of humanity and the public: what do you think? Can't a few thousand good deeds offset a small crime? Exchanging one human life for thousands of lives to save them from decay and decay, and one person's death in exchange for the lives of a hundred—this is very simple arithmetic!
After the killing, Rasnikov escaped and was not found.
The next day, he received a summons from the police station, and he was horrified, and later learned that it was because of the money he owed, but when he left, he heard several police officers talking about last night's murder, and he fainted nervously.
In Rasnikov's theory, he killed the old woman who was "doing no evil", like killing a cockroach, a lice, which was not a "sin", but his conscience could not stop there, so he was tortured and exposed again and again.
Is this really not a crime?
"I killed a hateful, harmful lice, an old woman who lends money at usurious rates, and she does no good to anyone, she sucks the blood of the poor, and killing her can atone for ten sins, is this a crime?"
In his rhetorical question, sin is already revealed, and so is punishment.
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The police track down the murder, and although they have doubts about Rasnikov, they have no evidence, and without evidence, it is not a legal offense.
But every time he met the police, Rasnikov was suspicious that others had found his handle, and his heart was tormented.
However, a man named Mikolka confessed to the police that he had killed the "old woman", and Rasnikov miraculously escaped, and he could no longer be held accountable by the law.
Supposedly, this matter can be "passed" in this way.
But for Rasnikov, or for anyone with a conscience, after the law, there is a judgment of conscience, which no one can escape, except for those without conscience and without conscience.
Although Rasnikov has been trying to convince himself that "this is not a crime", he even asked the girl Sonia who was willing to be a prostitute for the sake of her family:
One was the stranger who framed her for stealing money, and if she didn't kill him, she would be put in jail, causing her stepmother and siblings to starve to death; the other was her beloved stepmother. If these two had to kill one, who would she choose to kill?
Sonia says:
"Why are you asking things you can't ask? Why ask these uninteresting questions? It's up to me to decide, how could there be such a thing? Who commissioned me to be a judge to decide who to die and who to live? ”
Rasnikov has always asked this question: Is it a crime to kill the wicked? Killing one person and saving a bunch of people, can you offset the sin of killing?
He didn't kill for money, and it wasn't just because he was hungry, he said he wouldn't be so miserable if he killed because he was hungry.
In some respects, Rasnikov is a man of high character, even if he is poor, but he will still give money to those who need it more, and his kindness means that he cannot ignore the sin of murder.
"Although I am a murderer, I want to be a brave and honest person for the rest of my life"
Eventually, he thought of what Sonya had said to him:
Go to the cross street, kneel down to the people, kiss the earth, because you have sinned against it, and say to everyone, "I am a murderer."
He then understood that he, like Sonia, had no right to judge the lives of others, that no one but God could judge the lives of others, and that the law could judge the evil of man's actions, but he could not judge others spiritually.
Rasnikov, who surrendered himself, was sentenced to 8 years of hard labor and came to Siberia.
Sonia also came to Siberia, and under Sonia's influence, he gradually received spiritual salvation.
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Dostoevsky called the novel Crime and Punishment, so what exactly is sin?
From a legal point of view, all words and deeds that harm the rights and interests of others and harm the lives of others can be called crimes, killing people is a crime, stealing is a crime, and even hurting people is also a crime, no matter what the reason, this is a criminal act. There are many criminals who are also criminal.
Naturally, such sins are judged by law.
From the point of view of the individual mind, sin is a series of impure, unkind thoughts that arise from the mind.
For his part, Rasnikov had sinned in his heart when he decided to kill, and for him sin was the fact that he had no right to judge others but judged them in his heart.
As far as today is concerned, the crimes constituted by law have been restored without leakage, and naturally there will be laws to adjudicate, but where the law is leaked, how can the sins of the human heart be adjudicated?
The sin of the human heart precedes the sin of the law.
The social background in "Crime and Punishment" is: the poor are doing their best, or are they poor and destitute, the rich are unkind to the rich, doing whatever they want, this kind of oppression of the upper class to the lower layer, will there be the resistance of the lower class, will there be Rasnikov's "innocent reasoning", such a chaotic society, such a society where the people are not happy, what is the reason?
In China's thousands of years of feudal history, the overwhelming majority of the people have done the most work and lived the most miserable lives.
It seems to me that many questions are the sins of the human heart, and because they are accepted by most people, they all end up as disasters.
The prejudice of the human heart, the selfishness of the human heart, the greed of the human heart, the ignorance of the human heart, and so on, which are the despicable things of many human beings, are the source of sin.
As long as the sins of the human heart are not truly eliminated, the things that sin in the world will happen from time to time.
In the history of thousands of years, we have survived many cases of no evil and no evil, and we have seen many warnings of capital punishment, but the inner judgment is not something we cannot do.
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Sin is legal and spiritual, and punishment is naturally legal and spiritual.
The murderous Rasnikov was exiled to Siberia and sentenced to 8 years of hard labor, which was a legal punishment.
But for Rasnikov, the spiritual punishment began before he could kill, and when he had the idea of killing, his heart became a battlefield, a battlefield where purity and sin were at war.
Although the sin in his heart tried to persuade him that "he killed an old woman who did nothing evil" and "killing one person can save ten people", as soon as purity appeared, he knew that "he has no right to judge the life created by God" and "even less to end any life, even if it is the most heinous crime."
In this war, he was restless, had nightmares, was tormented, and even in the midst of this torture, he began to hate everything in the world, even for his mother and sister.
He said, "Did I kill the old woman?" I killed myself, not the old woman! I destroyed myself all at once, forever!"
For he cannot attain peace, no matter how noble the reason, but evil is evil, and good cannot counteract evil.
This is the punishment of the heart, the punishment of conscience and humanity.
There is a story in the Bible:
Someone brought a prostitute to Jesus and advocated that he be stoned to death, and Jesus said to those people, "Whoever of you feels that you have no sin in you, you can throw stones at her."
As a result, no one threw stones.
These people have conscience and humanity.
But there are some people who have no conscience and no human nature, so the punishment of conscience does not exist. Two days ago I saw a lawyer say something:
There was one man who stole and robbed for a living, and the others had nothing to do.
He was arrested and put in prison for a few years and released, still did not go to work, still continued to steal and continue to rob, was arrested again, was imprisoned again, and was locked up for almost ten years, when he came out, he was nearly middle-aged, looking for a job and could not find it, he continued to do his old business, continued to steal and continue to rob, this time he was even more excessive, in addition to stealing, he also raped and killed women, and was arrested and brought to justice.
When asked, he said: After going out, I found that it was better in prison, someone was in charge of food, and I planned to do something and then go back to prison, I didn't intend to kill her, but I just lost my hand.
When he said these words, this person's tone was very light, there was no guilt, and there was no guilt of killing people.
Such a existence may not be expressed by the word "man", but is just a two-legged beast without conscience.
For a person without a conscience, civilization is powerless.
But for those of conscience, the punishment of sin, before the law, is already enforced in the mind.
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If you read such a novel, if you only read the conclusion that "crimes are punished", you have not really read the novel.
The sin that Dostoevsky discussed was the sin of man exercising moral rights in place of God.
Everyone is on the same level, man and man are equal, the poor and the lady have the same soul, and the good and the bad come from God's creation! Who is qualified to judge the lives of others? Ruling on the good and evil of others? It is even more powerless to decide the life and death of others.
It doesn't mean that because you have money, your words are right, it's not because a person is penniless and what he says is wrong. But no matter when, "money (power) can make ghosts grind" there are always many things, "having money is the standard good and evil" is sometimes particularly prominent, and even sometimes right and wrong have become simple and rude.
And Sin and Punishment tells us that right and wrong are only in God's heart, not in man's words and deeds.
Of course, there is a certain standard of right and wrong, but the real standard is only in god's heart.
Only by being aware of this can sin have the possibility of salvation.
Rasnikov finally realized that his actions were absurd, that he, like other "ordinary people," was nothing special about him, so that he truly realized his sins, the punishment he had received, could be salvation.
Only in this way can punishment eliminate sins.
At the end of the novel, Rasnikov, who is serving hard labor, falls ill in bed, and he has a dream that the whole world is infected with a plague, and all those who are infected with this plague are crazy, and they frantically think that what they insist on and realize is the truth, that the plague is getting worse and worse, and that only a few are saved.
This dream has always been in Rasnikov's heart, lingering.
During that time, Sonia went to see him every day, until one day, Sonia did not come, he panicked, he was afraid that Something would happen to Sonya, until he received a note to learn that Sonya was a little ill, he was relieved.
He realized how much he loved Sonia.
He also finally, beyond "sin," saw love, that love, salvation.
The punishment he received truly became salvation!
Suffering and punishment have meaning.
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For Dostoevsky, many people can't read his books, because his books are as "smelly and long" as his name, and they are not interesting, and they are enjoyed, and they cannot be understood, and they are tormented.
So he was controversial then and now, and there have been very few people who can really understand him.
Mu Xin said in his Literary Memoirs:
Belinsky couldn't stand his ruthlessness in dissecting human nature.
Gorky thought he was an evil genius.
Dostoevsky placed man in the harshest and most tempting environment, and let their souls suffer, to extricate themselves from their sins, but also to extricate themselves from them.
That whiteness is salvation.
In The Brothers Karamazov, the pure Alyosha, the billions without faith, the "Idiot Duke" in "The Idiot"...
What is good and what is evil, Tuoshi does not tell us, but he tells us that after good and evil, the party is the way of salvation, there is no simple good in people, there is no absolute evil, but God gives people on the way, good people walk with evil people, pain and happiness are in, this is life, this is human nature.
Wen | not interesting soul