In 1935, Li Lisan wrote in an article in memory of Cai Hesen:
"At that time, the young people of Hunan were called 'Mao Cai' by the name, and they were taken as an example."
If Mao Zedong is Wolong, then Cai Hesen is a phoenix chick, but unfortunately the phoenix chick died early, and Wolong bowed down for the people all his life, and died of exhaustion.
After Cai and Sen's sacrifice, Mao Zedong calmly said: "What a Communist Party member should do, and Sen has done it!" ”
Pictured| Cai and Sen
The loss of Cai and Sen was an extremely huge blow to the early and even the entire history of the CCP's development. Many people mention the names of Cai and Sen feel very strange, if Cai and Sen did not die in 1931, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, at least they were deputy state-level cadres.
However, an unexpected betrayal completely rewrote cai and sen's life.
Among the students of Hunan First Normal School, Yang Changji had three proud disciples, namely Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and Xiao Zisheng. These three talents are full of brilliance and ambition, and it is precisely when the teenager is full of spirit that they are called "Three Friends of the Xiangjiang River".
Pictured| Mao Zedong in his youth
Both Cai and Mao zedong were deeply influenced by Marxism and became leaders of the CCP, while Xiao Zisheng always believed in anarchism. Xiao Zisheng once had a very personal evaluation, he believed that Mao Zedong was "slightly inferior" and "slightly inferior" than Cai and Sen. Of course, this evaluation is very unobjective.
On March 30, 1895, Cai Hesen was born into a small official family at the Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai. At that time, the social background was dark and corrupt, there was wanton aggression by the great powers on the outside, corruption and incompetence in the imperial court on the inside, the people did not have a good life, and the country would not be a country.
Cai and Sen were deeply influenced by their mother Ge Jianhao. Ge Jianhao, together with Qiu Jin and Tang Qunying, is known as the "Three Daughters of Xiaoxiang", and is the first "little-footed old lady" in China to study in Europe.
Pictured| Ge Jianhao
The Cai and Sen families and the Zeng Guo family are family friends, and Zeng Guofan's influence on China's modern history is enormous, and Mao Zedong, Cai and Sen have all been influenced by it. Ge Jianhao once took Cai hesen to the Zeng family as a guest, read a lot of Zeng family books and plaque couplets, and told the children the inspirational story of Zeng Guofan.
After Qiu Jin's sacrifice, Ge Jianhao quietly took the children to mourn the heroic souls of the martyrs, and taught the children to become heroes like Qiu Jin when they grow up.
Picture | Qiu Jin
Like most students at that time, Cai and Sen's academic career was divided into two parts, the old school and the new school.
When Cai hesen was 13 years old, his father lost his official position, and the family life fell into difficulties, and Cai hesen was sent to Cai Guangxiang's hot sauce shop as an apprentice. Three years of learning art, three years of unwillingness. After the completion of their apprenticeship, Cai and Sen desperately entered a local primary school in Yongfeng.
When they went to the old school, Cai and Sen were familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics and were deeply nourished by traditional culture. Later, he was admitted to Twin Peaks Higher Primary School, and Cai Hesen was full of a large number of books on literature, history and philosophy, especially liked Mozi, Qu Yuan, Gu Yanwu and other great people with big hearts, big ambitions and great ambitions.
In 1913, Cai and Sen were admitted to the Hunan Provincial First Normal School, met Mao Zedong, and the two soon became like-minded good friends, organized the Xinmin Society together, and participated in the May Fourth Movement.
The picture | Hunan Provincial First Normal School
At this time, the two "just classmates and teenagers", how full of spirit, what kind of "dung soil was ten thousand households", together "pointing out the country and the mountains, waving the square", the young life gave the two vigorous vitality and unlimited future, at this time, everything is possible!
In 1916, Cai and Sen went to Beijing to organize a work-study trip to France. At this time, Yang Changji had become a professor at Peking University, and under Yang Changji's introduction, Cai Hesen met with Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University, and Li Dazhao, the leader of the New Culture Movement, which made his understanding of the Chinese revolution and even the world revolution "go to a higher level".
Pictured| Yang Changji
In 1919, Cai and Sen rushed to France to study with their mother Ge Jianhao on a mail ship. After coming to France, language became the first problem for Cai and Sen. In order to master french as soon as possible, Cai and Sen often read newspapers with the help of dictionaries in Montani Park, and the park administrator saw that Cai he and Sen, who were so diligent and hardworking, were deeply moved and decided to personally help Cai Hesen learn French.
With the help of the "locals", Cai and Sen's French level has improved rapidly, and it only took four or five months to solve the language problem.
Héng described Cai and Sen this way:
"Comrade Watson was deeply touched and inspired by the fact that he was holding the "Humane Newspaper" in one hand and reading and translating it in the dictionary in the other."
Picture | Xu Deheng
After Cai and Sen came to France, they did not give up any opportunity to study and read, and other people's leisure and entertainment time, Cai and Sen also used all the books on Marxism and the Russian Revolution. Under the long-term accumulation, Cai Hesen has strengthened his belief in using Marxism to transform society and save the national crisis.
Loving reading and being diligent in thinking are a major shining point in Cai and Sen. Mao Zedong was like a fierce flame, full of spirit and enthusiasm; Cai and Sen were introverted and elegant, embracing everything like a vast ocean, but with the courage to destroy everything.
Cai Hesen combined the new ideas he came into contact with and felt with traditional Chinese culture, produced his own independent opinions, and discarded and traded off in the collision of the two ideas. This unique idea of both East and West has become a major shining point of Cai Hesen's personal charm.
During his stay in France, Cai Hesen was once jokingly called "Little Marx" by everyone, which can also show Cai Hesen's hard work and hard work. At that time, many of the work-study students believed in Marxism, but none of them studied Marxism as firmly and deeply as Cai he sen.
Cai and Sen believed that if China wanted to follow the path of the October Revolution in Russia, it must build a political party. Li Weihan was an anarchist, and after reading Tsai Hesen's translations of the Communist Manifesto and The State and Revolution, he had many conversations with Cai hesen and became a staunch socialist.
Deeply influenced by Cai Hesen's thought, Li Weihan is not the only one!
During his study in France, Cai Hesen, Together with Xiang Jingyu, Zhou Enlai and other comrades, prepared the early organization of the CCP in Europe and was one of the "founders of the French branch".
Picture | Cai and Sen and Xiang Jingyu
Cai Hesen wrote many letters to Mao Zedong at home, blatantly putting forward the idea of "establishing a Communist Party of China", and Mao Zedong firmly wrote in his reply: "The view is extremely good, and I have not approved a word of disapproval!" ”
Thousands of gold are easy to get, confidants are hard to find, Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen are the best confidants!
In fact, from the perspective of origin, the class difference between Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen is huge, but combined with life experience, the two are extremely similar. Cai Hesen, who was born in a family of eunuchs, actually did not have a good life for several years, the family road was backward, cai and sen often did farm work at home, herding cattle, cutting grass, planting seedlings, and doing all kinds of dirty work.
The villagers are very concerned about the Cai family, and Cai and Sen often have contact with these simple farmers. In the three years of apprenticeship in Cai Guangxiang's hot sauce shop, Cai and Sen met all kinds of people in society, saw all kinds of people who were sophisticated, right and wrong, and felt empathy for the people at the bottom.
Picture | the first row of the left four Cai and Sen
The two are not only similar, but also complementary. "He Sen is a theoretician, Runzhi is a practitioner", from the actual experience of later generations, Mao Zedong's personality accounts for a large part of romanticism, Cai and Sen are more serious and realistic, this kind of personality of the two is a complementary, so that each other's revolutionary road is more stable and thorough!
Cai and Sen had three "firsts" in their lives, and the first "first" appeared in two long letters that Cai and Sen wrote to Mao Zedong in 1920. In the letter, Cai and Sen explicitly argued that if China was to be saved, it was necessary to "blatantly establish a Chinese Communist Party."
The Communist Party was the "sharp weapon" of the proletarian revolutionary movement, and judging from the chinese national conditions at that time, the emergence of a proletarian party was necessary, and the party must be established before it could better carry out the follow-up work.
Pictured| the October Revolution in Russia
Coupled with the fact that after the October Revolution in Russia, the Communist Parties of various countries sprung up like mushrooms, and Cai and Sen became more and more firm in their belief in the founding of the party first. China is vast and the people have not yet awakened, and Cai Hesen firmly believes that "once class consciousness occurs, its arrogance will not be reduced to that of Western Europe and Eastern Europe."
Cai hesen believed that the party's guiding ideology must be Marxism-Leninism, and it was necessary to learn from the experience of the Russian Bolshevik party in party building. Mao Zedong firmly agreed with Cai hesen's opinions and ideas.
In addition, Cai and Sen believe that the party must formulate a correct program, strategy and organizational principles. Party discipline is iron discipline, and we must persist in implementing discipline and regulations, and this idea is precisely in combination with the traditional Chinese thinking of "no rules, no squares."
This series of ideas and programs of Cai Hesen gave the CPC an early blueprint and template for construction, greatly promoted the work of party building, ensured the purity of the party's founding, and was a truly proletarian party with Marxism-Leninism as its ideological foundation.
The second "first" is the first person to edit the "Guide", the organ of the Party Central Committee. Cai he and Sen were sent back to China to join the party in Shanghai, and in 1922 Cai he attended the Second Party Congress and was elected a member of the Central Committee.
At the West Lake Conference, the publicly distributed "Guide" was founded as the party's organ newspaper, with Cai Hesen as the editor-in-chief. On September 13, 1922, the Guide was officially published in Shanghai.
Pictured| the weekly report of the Guide
As early as in France, Cai hesen wanted to create a "ism, systematic publication", but he did not expect that after returning to China, his wish just came true, and Cai he and Sen naturally devoted themselves to the founding of the "Guide" with full enthusiasm.
Due to the political particularity of the "Guide", Cai and Sen had to personally supervise and supervise from the composition, distribution, proofreading to printing. The reactionaries attacked the editorial office of the newspaper from time to time, and Cai hesen often had to lead the editorial office of the Guide to relocate. Faced with a shortage of funds, Cai hesen enthusiastically contacted readers at home and abroad and revolutionary comrades to collect donations, and struggled to maintain the normal operation of the "Guide" weekly newspaper.
With the aim of implementing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program, Cai Hesen closely linked with social reality, introduced the party's principles and policies in the most understandable way, and objectively and fairly reported on the political events that occurred in China.
Figure | "Wizard"
The weekly newspaper "Guide" often creates various columns according to different situations, which improves the richness of reading, and also has columns such as "Voice of Readers" and "Journal of External Troubles" to add interest and interactivity to reading. At the beginning of the circulation of thousands of copies of the "Guide" once developed into a circulation of more than 100,000 copies of the popular reading, became one of the most influential publications in China during the Great Revolution.
Li Lisan commented: "The merits of the Guide are precisely the great merits of Comrade Hesen in the Chinese revolution. Although Cai he sen has only worked in "Guide" for two years and eight months, Cai he sen's name has long been closely associated with "Guide", and the achievements of "Guide" have an extremely huge relationship with Cai and Sen!
Pictured | translated by Cai hesen
In addition, Cai Hesen was also the first person to write the history of the Communist Party of China. After leaving the Guide, Cai Hesen rushed to Moscow to attend the Sixth Enlarged Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, at which Cai Hesen made a report on the development of the history of the Communist Party of China, which was more than 50,000 words long and was later printed and circulated in China, becoming the first monograph on the history of the Communist Party of China in China.
In this report, Cai Hesen elaborated on the historical background and historical mission of the emergence of the party, as well as the main contents of the "Second National Congress", "Third Congress" and "Fourth National Congress" held by the Party before.
Cai Hesen objectively expounded the historical inevitability of the formation of the Party from the perspectives of "the development of China's industry", "the natural strike movement", "the May Fourth Movement", "the October Revolution" and "the formation of advanced elements".
For the early history of the party, Cai and Sen conducted pioneering research and summarized a set of theoretical methods for the study of party history. Cai Hesen mentioned that "the occurrence of a political party must have its class, political, and economic background.", in addition, Cai hesen proposed to study party history from both objective and subjective aspects.
In Cai Hesen's works, the methods of historical analysis, comparative analysis and class analysis are mentioned, which provide a systematic methodological basis for the study of party history.
Cai and Sen alone created three firsts in the history of the Communist Party of China, and from these three firsts, we can also see the three different stages of Cai and Sen's life. Cai and Sen wrote a wealth of essays in their lifetime, writing a total of 800,000 words of articles and translations in their short 36-year lives.
Having achieved so much in such a short period of time, this man is truly extraordinary.
Cai hesen's achievements are eternal, but his short life is like fireworks bursting out of the deep night sky, illuminating the entire night sky, but it is fleeting.
Pictured| Cai Hesen, Xiang Jingyu and other young people in France held a meeting at Montage Duji Park
In 1928, Cai Hesen took the initiative to ask the Politburo to dismiss him from the Politburo Standing Committee and members, but still stayed in the Propaganda Department, and from this period onwards, Cai Hesen's physical condition had problems.
After the asthma attack, Cai Hesen rushed to Moscow to recuperate, the reason why he suffered from asthma, in addition to being related to Cai Hesen's busy work day and night, Cai Hesen often forgot to eat because of reading, and even forgot the time, although his health was not good, but Cai Hesen's red heart for the revolution burned more and more fiercely.
After breaking up with Xiang Jingyu, Cai and Sen rented a small room as their place to stay. In order not to delay the work, Cai and Sen often dragged the sick body to get up early to go to the secretary to listen to the report.
The statues of Mao Zedong, Cai and Sen |
At the beginning of 1931, the Guangdong Provincial Committee was seriously damaged by the enemy, and the Party Central Committee decided to establish a new batch of two Guangdong Committees. Cai Hesen, who returned from Moscow, not only had pure and firm thinking, but also had a very rich work experience, and eventually Cai Hesen succeeded Li Fuchun as the secretary of the Liangguang Provincial Party Committee, which also laid the groundwork for cai Hesen's murder.
Back in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei rebelled against the revolution one after another, and the Kuomintang reactionaries wantonly slaughtered and maimed CCP members and patriots. For a time, the CCP was shrouded in "white terror," the CCP members suffered a huge test, and the party organization was seriously damaged.
At that time, the CCP formed two fronts, one was armed resistance to the killing and persecution of the Kuomintang reactionaries, and the other was to carry out an active underground struggle in the Kuomintang areas. The second route is undoubtedly sinister and cruel, and it is necessary to be careful in every word and deed to carry out activities within the heart of the enemy.
Pictured| Zhou Enlai
In this context, Zhou Enlai established the "Central Branch", and the main responsible persons were Zhou Enlai, Xiang Zhongfa and Gu Shunzhang. Comrades Yang Du, Qian Zhuangfei, Li Kenong, and other comrades of the Central Committee of kote infiltrated the Kuomintang and provided our party with a lot of key information and intelligence, especially Comrade Qian Zhuangfei, who directly controlled the kuomintang's highest secret service command organ, which provided great convenience for our party's actions.
The "Central Kot" did not exist for a long time, but it played an extremely important role in the work of our Party in a special environment.
As a senior leader of the "Central Kote", Gu Shunzhang knew a lot of secrets and intelligence, and he became "the most dangerous traitor in the history of the CCP."
In fact, Chen Geng had long predicted Gu Shunzhang's rebellion, and he once commented on Gu Shunzhang: "If the two of us don't die, we will be able to see Gu Shunzhang's rebellion." ”
Pictured| Chen Geng
Chen Geng said such a thing not out of thin air, but on evidence. After the defeat of the Great Revolution, Gu Shunzhang participated in many leadership work of the party and achieved certain achievements. In the long run, Gu Shunzhang's mentality has swelled, and he often forgets the party's policies in his actions, and his radical actions have also lost the support of the people, seriously damaging the party's image.
In addition, Gu Shunzhang's private life also has great problems, not only is he at odds with many comrades in the party, but also his personal selfishness is serious, his life is corrupt, he often spends his days and drinks, and there are also great problems in his personal emotional life.
Although Gu Shunzhang's rebellion was sudden, there were also traces to follow.
In late April 1931, Comrade Li Kenong, one of the leaders of the Central Court, disguised himself and came to a dilapidated hotel in the corner of downtown Shanghai. After Li Kenong entered the house and waited closely, a strong man ran into the hotel in a panic and went straight to the room where Li Kenong was.
Pictured| Li Kenong
After the two successfully met, the strong man handed Li Kenong a secret letter, which read: "Gu Shunzhang defected in Wuhan and wants to go to Nanjing to see Chiang Kai-shek, and the head of the CPC is in danger, and every second cannot be delayed!" ”
After reading the letter, Li Kenong encountered five thunderbolts and did not know how to deal with it for a while. Li Kenong paced nervously inside the house, how to safely pass on the information to Chief Chen Geng.
After thinking about it again, Li Kenong took advantage of the night to rush to Jiangsu and found Chen Geng, who immediately took Li Kenong to see Zhou Enlai after learning the news. Zhou Enlai immediately cut off all the downlines and uplines that Gu Shunzhang had, terminated the transmission of intelligence, and ordered the Shanghai comrades to retreat urgently.
Under Zhou Enlai's imperishious organization, the shanghai underground organization retreated in an orderly manner, and the menacing Gu Shunzhang and his party pounced. But at this time, the CCP was almost paralyzed, and Cai Hesen, who was in Hong Kong, was not so lucky.
In early May, Choi and Sen presided over work in Hong Kong, when his identity had been exposed, but he was still full of revolutionary optimism and went to the masses to actively carry out his work.
Before an emergency meeting of the Hong Kong Seamen's Union, Cai he sen received the news that Gu Shunzhang had secretly come to Hong Kong, and everyone persuaded Cai he sen not to go to the scene, but Cai Hesen thought that the meeting was very important and insisted on going to the scene to participate.
Before leaving, Cai and Sen paced back and forth in the room, and before leaving, they said earnestly to their wives: "I will definitely come back before one o'clock in the afternoon, if I don't come back by then, it will be an accident!" ”
At noon, as soon as Cai and Sen entered the venue, they were arrested by Kuomintang agents who had already set up an ambush in the venue. After Cai and Sen were arrested, our side responded quickly and organized personnel to rescue them. However, it was too late, Gu Shunzhang was prepared this time, Cai and Sen were immediately transferred to Guangzhou for secret detention, and the rescue operation failed.
After Cai and Sen were arrested, they encountered many inhumane treatment from the enemy, and the Kuomintang agents used knives to cut off his eyes and ears, threatening Cai and Sen to recruit the secret position of the Communist Party.
Kuomintang agents nailed Cai Hesen's limbs to the wall and stabbed him in the chest with a sharp knife, and blood stained the wall red and flowed to the dirty floor.
Even so, Cai and Sen still did not say a word.
Picture | stills of "Qia Classmate Boy"
In the two months of his arrest, Cai and Sen suffered many pains and tortures that are difficult to describe in words, and finally this great "thinker" died like a martyr, ending his short but brilliant life.
After the sacrifice of Cai Hesen, the bad influence brought about by Gu Shunzhang's rebellion gradually disappeared, and zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Nie Rongzhen, Ye Jianying and other central leaders gradually recovered and restored the normal order of the CCP's underground organization.
However, Cai Hesen left us forever, leaving the party and the people he loved the most!
"Mr. Itakura" Yang Changji once said of Zhang Shizhao that Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong were:
"The second son is a talent in the sea, and the future is promising." If the king does not say that saving the country is already done, he must first save the country with two sons. ”
Picture | Zhang Shizhao
However, the untimely deaths of Cai and Sen not only dealt a huge blow to the CCP, but also cost Mao Zedong the best confidant of his life.
To borrow a phrase from Zhuge Liang, "If the filial piety of the Fa is still there, it will certainly be able to stop it." If Cai and Sen had lived, China in the 1970s would have been much smoother and more peaceful, and some setbacks that should not have occurred would have been much less.
Most of the confidants who fought alongside Mao Zedong died early on the revolutionary road. Xiao Zisheng went into exile abroad, Tao Siyong died of illness at an early age, Yang Kaihui was in Changsha, and Ren Bishi, Luo Ronghuan and others also left prematurely.
Pictured| the great leader Mao Zedong
For Mao Zedong in his later years, too few people understood him!
And the "phoenix chick" whose talent, temperament and ambition can be compared to his, also slept forever in 1931!
I would like to use this document to Comrade Cai Hesen, this prosperous world, as you wish!