<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" > introduction</h1>
The Indus River, the birthplace of civilization in the Indian subcontinent, has a status similar to the Yellow River in China, so it is not an exaggeration to compare the Indus River to the mother river of India. Since it is the birthplace of a civilization, it must be in the hinterland of a country. However, the truth is just the opposite, the Indus Valley is instead a front line for two sworn enemies, and even the Punjab region, which is like the hinterland of the traditional Central Plains of China, has been divided between the two countries. Who are these two kingdoms? You don't have to guess, they are Pakistan and India.
So why is the Punjab, the hinterland of the Indian subcontinent, divided between India and Pakistan? That goes back to the origins and the past, back to the birth and development of the Punjab region. This is a huge history, if you want to summarize it succinctly, it is that the difference in religious beliefs laid the foundation for its division, and the colonizers' divide-and-rule strategy was directly promoted!
Sikh Imperial Palace
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" > Origin: Five River Basin, one of the birthplaces of human civilization! </h1>
According to one of India's oldest epics, the Vedas, Punjab was the confluence of five rivers (i.e. the Shaddru River (present-day Sadruti River), the Vibasha River (present-day Voyas River), the Ilavodi River (present-day Rawai River), the Jindrapaga River (present-day Genab River), and the Videsta River (present-day Cherem River)). Because of the confluence of rivers, the fertile land became the cradle and birthplace of the Indian subcontinent civilization. The original owners of the land were the Dravidians, who are now classified at the bottom of the caste system. These Dravidians had created a splendid civilization in the Punjab region at the confluence of the Five Rivers before the Aryan invasion of the Indian subcontinent. However, with the invasion of the powerful Aryans, the Dravidians had to cede control of the Punjab region, and punjab entered the Aryan period.
The earliest name of Punjab was not Punjab, but Banguinad. Between 2000 and 1000 BC, the Aryans who entered the Punjab also fought internally for control of the region after expelling the Dravidians. The war was recorded in the Hindu epic Mahabharata and became known as the "Battle of Kulu", after which the victorious side began to arrange social classes according to the logic of the victors, which is the source of the modern Indian caste system. Because the land in the Punjab was indeed too fertile, there were constantly invaders who targeted it, the most famous of which was Alexander the Great, who came on expeditions. However, the Greek Alexander died young, and the huge Alexander Empire he had established soon fell apart. The Punjab region thus began a history of staging and fighting between native and external invading forces. From the Gupta dynasty to the Turkic invaders, from the Delhi Sultanate to the Turkic Tatar tribes, the Punjab continued to circulate in the hands of the great powers until the arrival of the Mughal Empire of India, the great unified dynasty that laid the foundation for modern India!
Mahabharata
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03">稳定：莫卧儿帝国时期分而治之的统治！ </h1>
In 1519 AD, Babur, a descendant of Timur who had to return to kabul after suffering a crushing defeat in Central Asia and having to return to his base area, finally realized his inability to restore the Timurid Empire founded by his ancestors in Central Asia, decided to lead his troops south into the Indian subcontinent and re-establish a new foundation here. The West is not bright and the East is bright, and Babur is indeed a hero who knows the times. In fact, his power had already reached parts of the Indian subcontinent long before Babur officially swore an oath to conquer India in 1519. A large part of its supply from the 1510-1511 alliance with the Persians to recover the old timurid lands in the river came from its territory on the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, when he committed himself to the Shia Persians and did not get the support of the Sunni inhabitants of Central Asia and was eventually defeated by the Uzbeks, choosing the rich Indian subcontinent became his only choice. In 1923, Babur, which entered the Indian subcontinent, occupied Punjab, india's important grain-producing region after several years of bitter fighting. With the material support of Punjab, Babur's conquests became much smoother. In 1526, at the First Battle of Panipat, Babur led 10,000 elite soldiers to defeat the 100,000-strong army of the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, thus crowning India the Emperor of India.
The Mughal Empire established India as having a great influence on the Punjab region. The first was the establishment of the name Punjab. Because of the close relationship between Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, and Persia, during the reign of the third emperor of the empire, Akbar the Great, changed the name of the Punjab region known as "Banginad" to "Banjab", which later evolved into Punjab. The second is the partition and rule of the Punjab region. Since Punjab was home to the richest part of the Indus Valley, the hugely populous area became an area that had to be heavily governed by the central Mughal Empire. In order to effectively control the region, Babur divided Punjab into three parts and established the provinces of Lahore, Multan and Delhi. This partition did help the central administration of the Mughal Empire, but it also laid the root causes of the future division of Punjab. So who is the "culprit" who drives and lays the groundwork for the division of the modern Punjab? Sikhs and the British Empire behind them!
Babur went south to India
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="04">隐患：锡克帝国的统治与大英帝国的治理！ </h1>
The greatest influence on the modern Punjab region was the Sikh Empire that arose in the area at the end of the 18th century. The sikh empire was strong at the root of the Sikhs. Sikhism, born in the Punjab region, is a new religion founded in this land where Islam and Hinduism coexist by absorbing the essence of both religions. Sikhism, which incorporates the essence of other religions, has strong organizational skills. Because of this organizational ability, the Sikh Empire was able to rise strongly against the background of the decline of the Mughal Empire and become the most powerful native state on the Indian subcontinent at that time. However, Sikhism was not the only faith in the vast territory of the Sikh Empire, and there were still a large number of Muslims and Hindus at the bottom, thus effectively creating a division within the empire. The final product of this division is the opposition of the two major families in the Punjab, the Muslim and Sikh families, the Sharif family representing Muslims and the Singh family representing Sikhs. During the reign of Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire, the expansion of the Empire brought enough incremental benefits to allow the two families that controlled the Punjab region, the core of the Empire, to unite and maintain stability for the sake of the Empire's interests, but as the Empire weakened, the contradictions naturally began to intensify.
The Sikh Empire could rise for a while, but it was still not enough in the eyes of the British Empire, which had been baptized by the wave of the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, when Ranjit Singh, the leader of the Sikh Empire in 1839, drove the crane to the west, the empire quickly fell into civil strife for power. Ostensibly the imperial power contenders were the sons of Ranjit, but behind them were the Sharif and Singh families, who represented the various religious forces in the Punjab region. Since the end of the ancient infighting, the same was true of the Sikh Empire, and the British Empire, which had long been planned, quickly launched two Anglo-Spanish wars to completely incorporate the Sikh Empire into the British Indian territory. However, although the Sikh Empire was destroyed, the two major families in punjab were still there, and the British, out of the need to maintain their rule, took the initiative to win over the two major families and divide them (that is, the British Empire's good policy of co-opting one faction to suppress one faction and one faction to switch back and forth), thus laying the foundation for the future division of Punjab. Why? The Sharif and Singh families are essentially representatives of Muslims and Sikhs in the Punjab, and the Actions of the British have undoubtedly accelerated the division between the two. Of course, this problem can be suppressed by the British Empire when it is proud of the world, but if the British Empire weakens?
Anglo-Indian army
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="05" > End: Punjab Split under the Partition of India and Pakistan! </h1>
When talking about Indian independence, people's first reaction is to think of the Duke of Mountbatten, who represented the interests of the British Empire but laid the foundation for the future India-Pakistani conflict. The partition plan between India and Pakistan did come from Mountbatten, but the India-Pakistan conflict, or the religious conflict behind it, may not necessarily be his pot. It is clear that there is an irreconcilable contradiction between foreign Islam and india's native Hinduism (and Sikhism, which developed on its basis). This contradiction was reflected in the hostility and division between the Islamist faction (representative figure: Pakistan's Father of the Nation, Jinnah) and the Hindu sect (representative figure: India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru) at the time of India's independence. The differences between the two are particularly pronounced in the Punjab region. Although the main religions in the Punjab are Islam and Sikhism, and there is no strong force in Hinduism, Sikhism, which integrates is based on Hinduism, will obviously not be associated with Islam. Of course, Sikhism, the largest power in the Punjab, originally had the vision of an independent state, but under the favorable conditions of almost autonomy of the Indian central government, they chose India. As a result, with the partition of India and Pakistan, Punjab was also divided into India's Punjab Province and Pakistan's Punjab Province, and the two major families in the region became very politically influential families in their respective countries.
Punjab is divided, and what seems inevitable contains a huge message. As the heart and place of origin of the Indian subcontinent, its symbolic significance is enormous. But it was eventually torn apart by religious contradictions. Its division can be seen as another dream of unifying India, but what is more meaningful is the fragmentation and fragmentation of the native Indian peoples hidden behind it. From the Punjab, it can be seen that india, which splits the soul, cannot rise again as a world power, which is the fate of division and the most successful layout of the British Empire under the sunset.