Asparagus is eaten with young stems, rich in nutrients, tender texture, delicious flavor, tender and delicious, can be eaten fresh or canned, known as the "king of vegetables", is internationally recognized as "anti-cancer vegetables". In addition to containing a variety of vitamins and minerals that are much higher than ordinary vegetables, asparagus also contains more asparagine, aspartic acid and other steroidal saponin substances, which have a certain curative effect on cancer, hypertension, heart disease and other diseases, so it has a high therapeutic health value. In recent years, asparagus tea, asparagus wine, asparagus drinks and other health care products processed by using asparagus extract have been listed and have good market prospects.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, production planning and preparation of agricultural materials</h1>
According to the scale of production and production objectives, a detailed production plan is formulated, and the relevant agricultural production materials (seeds, agricultural: film, fertilizer, pesticide, etc.) are prepared.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >2, sowing seedlings</h1>
Asparagus is divided into two kinds according to the length of its seedling age: small seedlings and large seedlings. If according to the seedling place and method, the seedlings can be directly seeded, sown seedlings in protected areas, and nursery seedlings in protected areas.
There are three methods of asparagus propagation, one is to propagate in separate plants. Although it can maintain its excellent traits, it has a low reproductive coefficient, time-consuming and labor-intensive, weak growth after colonization, low yield, short life, and is generally not suitable for use in production. The second is tissue culture seedlings. It is mainly used to breed excellent single plants selected in the field and to produce parents when making seeds. The third is seed propagation. Easy to transfer, large reproduction coefficient, strong growth, high yield, long life, is the most important breeding method in the current asparagus production.
During the sowing period of asparagus, it is advisable to stabilize at a ground temperature of 10 cm above 10 °C. Spring sowing in the Yangtze River Basin is from early April to early May, autumn sowing can be carried out in mid-to-late August, and can be sown in South China except in mid-summer. If seedlings are raised using protected land, seeds can be sown at any time as long as the temperature is met. Slightly acidic sandy loam soil should be selected in the inter-seedling land. Sprinkle 2000kg of decomposed compost per mu.Octyl thiophosphorus lpg.After ploughing the ground, make furrows, furrow width 150~180cm, height 15~18cm.In order to make the seedlings have a larger nutrient area, and facilitate fine management and colonization of seedlings, it is advisable to use strip sowing. Trenching vertically with weichang, groove spacing 40 ~ 50 cm.depth 2 ~ 3 cm.In the ditch, apply fully decomposed fecal urine 1500 ~ 2000 kg.calcium superphosphate 25 kg.potassium chloride 15 kg, mixed well with soil. If the facility is used to raise seedlings, it is necessary to prepare nutrient soil with pure garden soil and decomposing organic fertilizer.
Before sowing, the asparagus seeds are dried for 2 to 8 days, the seeds are rinsed with water before soaking, the seeds and insect moth seeds are removed, and then soaked with 75% of the bacterium clear wettable powder 800 times liquid for 2h, and after cleaning, soak the seeds with warm water of 25 to 28 °C for 36h, and change the water once a day in the morning and evening. Sow seeds by draining the soaked seeds and mixing them with a small amount of dry sand or fine soil, or wrap the seeds in a wet towel. Placed in a 25 ° C incubator to germinate, rinse the seeds with water 1 to 2 times a day, 20% to 30% of the seeds can be sown. Open-ground seedlings are sown every 7 to 10 cm in the sowing ditch. Cover the soil with about 2 cm, water and then cover a thin layer of grass to moisturize, and the seedlings in the facility are watered first, and sown in a 10 cmX10 cm density on the seedbed or sown in a nutrient bowl. Cover the mulch immediately after sowing.
Keep the bed soil moist before emergence. After the emergence of seedlings and time seedlings, and cultivate and weeding, watering should be done in small water diligently, keep the soil dry and wet, and avoid water in the seedbed. Fertilize 2 to 3 times throughout the seedling stage. After emergence, each fertilizer is diluted with water such as fully decomposed human feces or urea and potassium chloride for about 20 days and 40 days respectively: from July to August, the next autumn fertilizer is applied, and about 20 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu. It takes 2 to 3 months for asparagus to raise seedlings, the height of the seedlings is 30-40 cm, and the number of stems is 3 to 5. In general, the seedlings are sown and raised in the protected area in the Yangtze River Basin from February to March, colonized in May, and harvesting can begin the following year. It takes 5 to 6 months to raise large seedlings, the plant height is 70 to 100 cm, the fleshy roots are 12-30, and the root weight is 20 to 60 g.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >3, land preparation colonization</h1>
Choose loose sand loam soil and loam soil with deep soil layer, rich in organic matter, fertilizer retention and strong water retention ability, and sprinkle compost or co-fertilizer 2500-3000kg per mu, and turn 30~ 40cm deep. The soil is finely leveled and colonization ditches are opened. The row spacing of planting green asparagus is 130~140cm, and the row spacing of planting white asparagus is 170~180cm.The width of the colonization ditch is 40-50cm, the depth is 20~40cm, and the compost or manure is evenly applied per mu 2000kg and the ternary compound fertilizer is 40kg and mixed with soil. The fertilizer is covered with a layer of mature soil, and the seedlings are planted at about 10 to 15 cm from the ground. Colonization of large seedlings should be carried out during the dormant period. The Yangtze River Basin should be colonized in late autumn and early winter. South China is colonized from March to April or from October to November. Seedling colonization during the growing season: always, but should avoid the rainy season.
The seedlings are dug up and the dead stems are cut off. Plant by plant, grading by the number of fleshy roots and scale buds. The root plant weighs more than 40g and the number of roots is more than 20 grade seedlings; the root plant weighs 20~40g. The number of roots 10 to 20 is secondary seedlings: the root plant weighs less than 20g and the number of roots is less than 10, which is inferior. Inferior seedlings should be eliminated. Seedlings are planted immediately after grading. The cultivation density is suitable for 1060 to 1200 white asparagus and 1500 to 1800 green asparagus. The seedlings are arranged in the ditch at a plant spacing of about 83 cm, and the scale buds are in the same direction along the ditch to facilitate soil cultivation and bamboo shoots. Cover the soil with 5 to 8 cm after planting and suppress it slightly. After watering the planting water, fill the colonization ditch with the remaining soil of the ditch.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >4, field management</h1>
(1) Water and fertilizer management colonization in the spring of the year after the emergence of seedlings to apply light manure water, the height of the seedlings is about 15 cm in the planting ditch 4 ~ 5 cm, after half a month and then cultivate the soil 4 ~ 5 cm, so that the underground stems buried under the soil about 16 cm. Topdressing 2 to 3 times during summer growth, each time per mu of compound fertilizer 10 ~ 15 kg. After autumn, the plant enters the autumn stage, after the seedlings return to green, apply urea 10 kg per mu or 1000 kg of decomposed human manure and 15 kg of calcium superphosphate. However, the last fertilization should be carried out 2 months before frost to prevent the continuous extraction of new shoots in the later stages, affecting the accumulation of nutrients in the underground part. In the rainy season, drainage and flood prevention in time, and weeding in the middle of cultivation.
In the second year after colonization, in order to make the plant grow into a lush aboveground part and enhance the photosynthetic ability,-- young stems should not be harvested. Only when seedlings are planted in protected areas and grow robustly, a small amount of young stems can be harvested in the second year. In the second year, the plant develops rapidly, and the amount of fertilizer should be increased. Before spring germination, ditch 30 to 40 cm from the plant on both sides of the plant, and apply compost 1500 to 2000 kg per mu.Urea 10 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 kg.Potassium chloride 10 kg.Quick-acting fertilizer applied 2 to 8 times in summer and autumn, and white asparagus began to harvest in the third year after colonization. Before germination in early spring, a shallow ditch should be dug next to the plant to loosen the soil, and 500 to 750 kg of human feces and urine should be applied per mu, and then the soil should be cultivated. After the harvest of young stems, 2000~2500kg of human feces and urine are applied to 2000kg of human feces and urine per mu in furrows. Calcium superphosphate 30 ~ 50 kg.Potassium chloride 15-20 kg.Shallow loose soil to mix fertilizer with soil, and then cultivate the soil ridge on the furrow under the excavation, cover on the fertilizer. After cultivating the loose soil in summer, apply 2 to 3 times of thin human urine and potassium chloride near the plant to promote the growth of autumn shoots, harvest the plot of green asparagus, before germination in the spring, bundle a deep ditch between the two rows, apply 1500 ~ 2000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu. In summer and autumn, fertilize 2 to 3 times near the plant, each time applying 500kg of decomposing human feces and 15kg of potassium chloride per mu, the last topdressing should be applied 2 months before frostfall, and 20kg of compound fertilizer per mu is applied too late. Fertilization methods are the same every year thereafter. With the development of plants and the increase of yield, the amount of fertilizer should be appropriately increased. During the shoot picking, the soil moisture is sufficient, the young stems are quick and thick, and the tissues are tender and of good quality. In the summer high temperature season, it should be watered in time, generally once every 10 days. There is a lot of rain during the harvesting period of bamboo shoots in the southern region, and it should be drained in time to prevent rotten roots and diseases caused by water accumulation in the field.
(2) Cultivating soil to harvest white asparagus, after entering the harvesting period, in order to increase the length and quality of white asparagus products, it is necessary to cultivate soil. Soil cultivation is carried out in the spring soil temperature is close to 10 ° C, 10 to 15 days before the emergence of bamboo shoots, digging soil from between rows, breaking the soil block and then cultivating it to the top of the root. The width of the soil should be suitable to cover the ground where young stems may be extracted. The number of young stems harvested from the third year after colonization is 16 to 20 cm, and gradually increases to about 40 cm after the fourth year. The thickness of the soil is based on the underground stem buried in the ground 26 ~ 30 cm. After the soil is cultivated, the topsoil is flattened and slightly tightened to prevent light leakage and collapse. After rain and after multiple harvests, if the soil ridge collapses, it should be processed and repaired immediately. The harvesting of green asparagus should also be properly cultivated, keeping the underground stem under the soil layer of 15 cm, so that the young shoots are thick. In addition, covering the furrow surface with a black plastic film can also achieve the purpose of soil cultivation. After the harvest of young stems, the soil ridge of Ban Pei should be immediately raked off, so that the only surface returns to the height before the soil, keeping the underground stem about 16 em below the soil surface.
(3) In the second year of plant consolidation and colonization, asparagus plants can grow to more than 1.5m, in order to enhance the ventilation and light transmission of the lower part of the plant, the top tender stem can be cut off, and the height of the control plant is about 1.2m. At the same time, pull the rope in the direction of the ridge to prevent the plant from lodging. For places that are too dense, the branches should be thinned in time, and the fruits that bear fruit on the plant should also be removed as soon as possible. Leave a robust female stem before late July to replace the female stem that is dying.
(4) The production of green asparagus with mother stems can greatly improve the yield, that is, during the harvest period, each asparagus plant appropriately retains a healthy young stem, and cultivates it into stems and leaves, which are used for photosynthesis to manufacture nutrients to ensure the extraction of young stems and the normal growth of plants. Every spring, before a large number of young stems are produced, all the old female stems are removed. From the young stems of the extraction, the robust new shoots were successively selected as the mother stems, and the remaining young stems were harvested in batches. Cut off the old female stem in time and cultivate the new female stem. Fertilize once before selecting the female stem. 1-2-year-old plants are selected to retain 3 to 5 roots per plant, 3-year-old plants are selected to retain 5 to 7 roots per plant, and 4-year-old plants can retain 10 roots. When the female stem grows to 50 cm tall, the heart is plucked to prevent lodging, and the female flowers and young fruits are removed in time to avoid consuming nutrients. After October, the climate is suitable for plant growth, and the harvesting of shoots should be stopped, and all the young stems that are extracted should be retained for the mother stem cultivation to store nutrients for the second year of bamboo shoots. The mother stem where the disease occurs should be removed in time.
(5) The main diseases of disease and pest control of asparagus are stem blight, brown spot disease, rust, root rot, viral disease, etc., which should be prevented and controlled in time with methylthiopramine, bacillus, carbendazim, equal bordeaux liquid, powder rust, etc. The main insect pests of asparagus are ground tigers, golden needle worms, caddisflies, grubs and other underground pests and aphids, beet nocturnal moths, thrips, fourteen-point negative mud worms, etc., which can be controlled by enemy insects, enemy fear, Lesben, Ruijinte, and Shaoli.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >5, harvesting</h1>
White asparagus harvesting takes place at dawn every day, and if a crack or slight arch is found in the ridge surface topsoil, the shoots can be located here. Harvesting: Pull the topsoil from the side of the ridge, and when the young stem is exposed 5-7cm, gently pinch the 3cm below the tip of the bamboo shoot with your hand, and quickly cut off the young stem and pull it out with a bamboo shoot knife inserted into the ridge. After harvesting, the soil will be re-cultivated to ensure the quality of the next shoot picking, during the bamboo shoot picking, check the ridge top 1 to 2 times a day, find cracks or excavations, bury the young stems with wet soil, and prevent the young stems from turning green and scattered after seeing the light. Harvested white asparagus should be graded according to color, size, and then stored away from light.
Green asparagus is generally harvested once in the morning and once in the evening. When harvesting, use a bamboo shoot knife to cut the ground when the young stems are 21 to 24 cm high, and grade, sort, package, store or sell as soon as possible after harvesting. After the bamboo shoot picking season, the ridge soil should be opened as soon as possible and restored to its original state to prevent the position of the underground stem of the asparagus from being raised without complete returning the ridge soil, which will affect the quality of the product. After soil retreat, cut all exposed young stems.
Asparagus harvesting standards: Asparagus premium products require bamboo shoots to be fresh, crisp and tender, intact and good shape, tight tips, no hollowing, cracking, deformity, pests and diseases, rust spots and other damage. The length of white asparagus is 12-17 cm. The average diameter of the base is 1 to 3 cm; the green asparagus is green or light green, the length is 17 to 27 cm, and the diameter is more than lem.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
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