▲ Houma Jindai Dong tomb figurines
(Swipe left and right to see more)
100 plays,
It is a general term for music and dance and acrobatics.
The distant source of many traditional folk customs in shanxi gudai prefecture,
Can be traced back to the Xia Shang Zhou or Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties,
But directly inherited from the Jin Dynasty,
The "Hundred Plays" of the Jin Dynasty were directly inherited from the Northern Song Dynasty.
Yes,
Fenjing and Gudai Prefecture,
They are the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty
Two "Hundred Plays" centers that connect back and forth.
What is launched in this issue is,
Tian Jianwen, a researcher at the Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute, wrote:
Hundred plays, from Beijing to Gudai Prefecture ——
Take the jugglery drama, circus polo, and hydrangea lion as examples
▲ Houma Jindai Dong tomb figurines
Hundred operas, a general term for music and dance and acrobatics, have appeared as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Book of The Later Han Dynasty: "Ace unitary, strike the fish dragon Man Yan hundred plays." Xu Ling, a famous poet of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, "Luoyang Daoyi": "Green willows are dark in three springs, and red dust is more than a hundred plays." The Tang Dynasty poet Wang Jian created "Song of Seeking The Song": "A hundred plays in the world can be learned, and the search for the song is no better than the rest of the music." Recomb the short bun under the golden tungsten, red hat green scarf on each side. Later, it was Liu Yan's "Yong Wang Da Niang Dai Rod": "The hundred plays in front of the building compete for new, only the long pole is wonderful." Whoever says that Qi Luo is powerful, he is more contemptuous than others. ”
In present-day Kaifeng, Henan, Zhao Kuangyin, the grandfather of the Song Dynasty, implemented the national policy of "Yanwu Xiuwen" and "Governing the Country with Literature", and became the "Law of the Ancestors" followed by successive emperors, resulting in a situation in which "Hundred Plays" were particularly prevalent in Fenjing. The "Hundred Plays" are carried out in the "Tile City" (also known as "Tile City", "Tile House" and "Washe"), and there are several or even dozens of performance venues in a "Tile". In order to facilitate the performance and separate the audience, the common use of railings or cloth curtain partitions has given rise to the name of "hook railing", which is also common and elegant.
Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Dream Hualu" Volume II "Dongjiaolou Street Alley", "the street south sangjia tiles, near the north is the middle tile, the second riba, of which the size of the hook bar more than fifty", the tile inside the lotus shed, peony shed, night fork shed and elephant shed can accommodate thousands of people; in addition to various literary and artistic performances, there are also selling medicine, divination, selling old clothes, haircuts, food, gambling, calligraphy and painting, bookstores and other stalls and open-air selling art, constituting a grand folk entertainment circle.
There are many performances in "Tiles", some of which are precursors to later generations of drama; some of which are music, acrobatics, sumo wrestling, puppets, shadow puppets, and martial arts performances have survived to this day.
The fifth volume of the same book, "Jingwa Trick Art", records the main trick performances and contents of the Song Huizong Chongning and Daguan in the various "tiles" in the capital city, such as the small roll caller Li Shishi, Xu Boxi, Feng Yinu, Sun Sansi and others, Zhang Qiqi, Wang Jingnu, Zuo Xiaosi, An Niang, Mao Tuan, and others who are good at singing delicate and dripping songs. After Song Qinzong's "boycott of the extra people in the church", among the people who resumed the performance of the church artists in the folk, Zhang Cuigai, Zhang Cheng, and his disciples Xue Zida, Xue Zixiao, Qiao Zhi'er, Yang Zongxi, Zhou Shounu, and Zhixin were more famous. Liu Baifeng performed the bug ant, Kong Sanchuan performed the trick Show cai and the Zhugong tune, Sun San performed the gods and ghosts, Huo Siju said the three kingdoms story commentary, Yin Chang sold the commentary on the history of the Five Dynasties, and so on.
Volume VII "Driving the Hundred Plays of the Armies of Baojin Lou" (hereinafter referred to as "ChengBai Opera"), and the Outline of the History of the Development of Chinese Opera (1): "The name of the Hundred Plays is actually a comprehensive performance of various tricks. If classified in turn according to the memorized tricks, in addition to entering the speech, singing the song "GaiShan Xi" as the opening form, the lion and leopard seem to be performed by people, he such as throwing the flag, the pole, the fight is acrobatics, the change of formation, the gun and sword barbarian card, the seven holy swords, the smear, the change of the line and the pulling down are all martial arts. "As for the dance of the spin as a dance, and the horse riding is actually a circus, each is a specialty." However, although the gong, the hard ghost, the judgment, and the mute drama belong to the four titles, if they are linked, they are quite similar to a dance drama with story content. It recounts the scene of the "hundred plays" such as acrobatics, queues, fighting, masquerade dance, drama and equestrian performances in Baojin Downstairs in the late Northern Song Dynasty, which showed the Heavenly Son and the people, which was the highest level of art in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The ancient prefecture of Dai began with the change of Dongyong Prefecture (匯州) in the second year of the Northern Zhou Ming Emperor Wu Cheng (560) to Dai Prefecture, which was located in the present-day town of Xinbaibi, and there were migrations from later prefectures. In the third year (583) of the Sui Dynasty, the prefecture was moved from Yubi to present-day Xindi County, renamed Dai Commandery (绛郡), and had jurisdiction over eight counties, including Zhengping (present-day Xindai), Longmen (present-day Hejin), Taiping (present-day Xiangfenfen Town), Quwo, Yicheng, Jishan, Daixian and Yuanqu. In the first year of Tang Wude (618), it was restored to Dai Prefecture, and until it was abolished in 1912, most of the time it had jurisdiction over the above seven or eight counties, and these counties did not change much except for Dai County.
The geographical significance of Daizhou has to start from the Taihang Mountains. To the east of Taihang Mountain is the North China Plain centered on Luoyang and Kaifeng, and to the west is the Loess Plateau centered on Xi'an and Tianshui. In ancient times, the main road connecting the two places was through the southern Part of the Taihang Mountains, Xuanguan and Taihang, and Daizhou was in the center of them. Xuanguan (轵關陉), starting from Xuancheng Town in the east of Jiyuan County, Henan Province, ending at tiezhaguan at the intersection of Nan'emeiling and Purple Mountain in Houma City, passing through Yuanqu, DaiXian and the south of Yicheng in the middle, and going west to Quwo and Houma, is the only way from Gudai Prefecture to Jiyuan in Shanxi. From Changping Township, Qinyang, Henan, to Bowlcheng Village, Zezhou County, Jincheng City, there are many roads and scattered. There are three passages between the southern end of Taihang and Gaoping and Zezhou in Shanxi, and to the west is Qinshui and Yicheng.
Speaking of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the heavy emphasis on literature and light weapons for many years, the army had no combat effectiveness, and the Jin soldiers were vulnerable when they attacked, and they were driven to Nanjing and Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in Jiangsu Province to establish the Southern Song Dynasty regime. Then Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty confronted, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu front-line war continued, the southern Shanxi (ancient known as Hedong Dadi) of the ancient Daizhou suffered less impact, social stability, economic prosperity, the original in the Beijing Goulan Washe, Dance Floor, Dance Pavilion singing performance team, when the red celebrities followed the royal state relatives to Lin'an, the less famous actors only ran to the west, to Gu Daizhou.
In ancient China, it was also an important reason for the prosperity of the brick carved golden yuan tomb in Daizhou. However, for a long time, the academic community has only seen a center of trick music and miscellaneous drama in Gudai Prefecture, but has ignored the other contents of the "Hundred Plays" that came to Gu Dai Prefecture from Beijing with them, which is another center of "Hundred Plays".
Now take the juggling drama, circus polo, and hydrangea lion as examples to illustrate.
01
Trick music and miscellaneous dramas are collectively referred to as scattered music. The Northern Song Dynasty set up a teaching workshop for the enjoyment of the court, and Song Nai Deweng's "Capital City Jisheng" "Vashe Zhongzhi" Yun: "The old church had a raft department, a big drum department, a staff drum department, a clapping board color, a flute color, a pipa color, a kite color, a square sound color, a sheng color, a dance spiral color, a song board color, a miscellaneous drama color, and a military color" A total of thirteen parts, famous scattered music actors are performing in the hook bar, and some of the performances that are not in the hook bar are called "Lu Qi".
Song Zhao Yanwei's "Yunlu Manhua" said: "Today's people call the road qi music people for scattered music. At the same time, the "Capital City Jisheng" also said: "Scattered music, thirteen teaching workshops, but the miscellaneous drama is the right color." Song Mengyuan Elder's "Tokyo Dream Hualu" Volume V "Jingwa Trick Art": "General (General Acting) Miscellaneous Drama, Staff Head Puppet Ren Xiaosan, Every Day Five More Head Back Small Miscellaneous Drama, Poor Twilight can't see it." ...... Every time there is an internal banquet, in the previous month, the disciples are gathered in the workshop, the team dances, and the music and miscellaneous drama festivals are held. ”
"Chengbai Drama": "The latter music work, a section of miscellaneous dramas of the various armies, followed by a section of miscellaneous dramas of the terrace disciples, is the generation of the disciples Xiao Zhu'er, Ding Dusai, Xue Zida, Xue Zixiao, Yang Zongxi, and Cui Shangshou, and the latecomers are less than a few." "It can be seen that the miscellaneous drama is flourishing in Beijing. This article refers to the scattered music outside the miscellaneous drama as "trick music" to distinguish it from the miscellaneous drama.
Baisha in Yu County, Henan Province, is a mural of the tomb of Zhao Daweng (Tomb No. 1) in the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1099), the tomb is the front and rear rooms, the front room is under the bamboo curtain is a hanging curtain, there are eleven people under the hanging curtain, divided into left and right sides, playing musical instruments according to the music trick, there are five people on the left, divided into two rows before and after, the back row is two people, the front row is sheng, row pipe, pipa each one; the right side is also divided into two rows, the back row is a big drum, a clapping board, the front row is a waist drum, a horizontal flute, and a maiko; there is a maiko between the two sides. Dengfeng Heishangou Song Dynasty mural tomb also has a west wall, with two female tricks such as Sheng and Baoban.
▲Mural of Song Tomb No. 1 in Baisha
The Tomb of Nanfanzhuang Jin, excavated in 1979 by Shanxi Xindi, sits north to south and consists of a tomb passage, a painted front room, a back room, and a left and right ear chamber. The south wall of the front room has a total of 33 brick carvings of figures, divided into two layers, the upper floor is three rows, each row of eight paintings, relief sculptures of twenty-four filial piety; the lower floor is a trick music, from left to right, holding a vase in both hands a woman, holding a fruit plate a woman, followed by a waist drum, a clapping board, a maiko, a flute, a big drum, a melon field music team composed of waist drums, clapping boards, maiko, flutes, big drums, and melon field music.
The golden tomb of Su Village, the tomb chamber sits north to south, the tomb door is opened in the middle of the south wall, the four walls of the tomb are the brick carvings of the trick music being played, there are waist drum two, maiko two, horizontal flute, socket, row flute, sheng, square sound, big drum, pipa, clap board a total of 12 pieces, of which two maiko hand dancers with foot stepping lotus, vivid look, beautiful dance posture. Compared with the tomb of Zhao Daweng earlier than it, the instruments have more square sounds and less flutes, the actors' waist drums and maiko are two people, and the tomb of Zhao Daweng is two people blowing pipes, and the actors and instruments as a whole seem to have little change.
▲North Su Village Golden Tomb Trick Music Brick Carving
In Gudai Prefecture, there are also the tombs of Xiangfen Jiahanjin, the tomb of Houcun Jin Mingchang in the fifth year (1194), and the tombs of Wenxi Xiaoluozhuang No. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6.
Excavated in 1952, a brick chamber tomb in Baisha Shadong, Yu County, Henan Province, dates from the Song Dynasty to The Reign of Zhenghe to Xuanhe (1111 to 1124), slightly later than the tomb of Zhao Daweng. In this tomb, there are brick sculptures of two groups of characters, four miscellaneous dramas and seven people of Trick Music, which are embedded in two walls. From the left, one or two people are positive miscellaneous dramas, and three or four people are miscellaneous. The instruments played from left to right are: big drums, clapping boards, socks, waist drums, socks, flutes. Women beat drums and clapping, while the rest are men.
Mr. Xu Pingfang is called "Sanle", and he judged that although the two people who played in the miscellaneous drama wore hair buns, they also had two buns hanging from their ears, so they were actresses; miscellaneous costumes were male actors. "Since Sanle has a close relationship with miscellaneous opera and is often performed at the same time, they are embedded in the same tomb, which is the real situation of Sanle and miscellaneous opera in the Song Dynasty."
There are brick carvings of miscellaneous dramas in Tombs No. 1, 4 and 5 of Jishan Ma Village, Shanxi, but at the same time there are brick carvings composed of five instruments, namely the big drum, the waist drum, the clapping board, the flute, and the stalk, which is a miscellaneous opera accompaniment band and another form of expression of trick music.
In 2014, the Zhengzhou Chinese Culture and Art Museum collected four Brick Carvings of Northern Song Dynasty miscellaneous opera engraved with the names of "Yang Shuxi", "Ding Du Sai", "Xue Zixiao" and "Concave Er", which are said to have been unearthed in Wen County, Henan. The first three of these famous miscellaneous opera actors are found in "Chengbai Opera", which can be used as representatives of the late Northern Song Dynasty's Fenjing miscellaneous opera, and as a representative of the spread of miscellaneous drama from Fenjing to Wen County.
In addition, the tomb of Jin Dading in 1973 (1163) in Yuanqupodi and Dong Ming in 1959 in the second year of Jin Da'an (1210) in Houma Niu Village were made into "Song and Jin miscellaneous opera brick carvings unearthed in Shanxi and Henan", which can clearly see the transmission route of miscellaneous opera from Beijing to Gudai prefecture.
02
Polo, that is, bowing, holding a staff several feet long and its end is like a moon, hitting the ball on the horse, which has become quite fashionable in the Tang Dynasty, from the emperor's palace women to the folk teenagers are happy to play ball. The poet Wang Jian's "One Hundred Palace Words" said: "For the first place in the imperial struggle, do not play the back ball in front of the palace." The insider sang a good turtle and was anxious, and the Tianzi sheath returned to the Jade Building. ”
Song Dynasty polo was still at its peak, and the emperor often played ball with his courtiers. At that time, polo performances, disguised men riding donkeys with colored clubs were called "small fights", and palace women with pearl jade on their heads, jade belts around their waists, and red boots on their feet were called "big fights". In addition to polo and donkey balls, there are also mule balls.
Circus first appeared in Huan Kuan's "Salt and Iron Treatise on Less Than Twenty-Nine" of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty lacquer was excavated from Xianyang in Shaanxi, the stone tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty portrait in Yinan, Shandong, and the "Book of Circus" in the Han and Jin Dynasties.
In the Tang Dynasty, there was another development, "Book of Tang Li Lezhi": "The Ming Emperor tasted the order to teach the dance horses four hundred hooves, each for the left and right branches, the clothes are embroidered with literature, the network is made of gold beads, every thousand autumn festival dances under the Qinzheng Building, the feast is set up, its songs are stacked dozens, the horses hear the sound of the drums and tails, and the vertical and horizontal festivals." He also applied a three-layer slab bed, rode up on a horse, and spun like a fly. Or order the mighty man to lift the bed, the horse to dance on it, and the years are normal. Zhang said that "Dancing Horse Words" has "... Colorful eight rows, the dragon five colors of the square. Bow your knees and go to the festival, and dedicate your life to the boundless. "It is the embodiment of the grand circus of the Tang Dynasty."
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the circus was still used as an entertainment activity for the relatives of the emperor and the state, the dignitaries and nobles, and the vast young people in the capital, such as the "Chengbai Opera", which recorded eighteen circus programs such as leading horses, opening the road flag, dragging hydrangeas, willow branches, whirlwind flags, lily horses, cheating horses, jumping horses, offering saddles (abandoning manes and sitting on their backs), handstands, dragging horses, flying fairy armed horses, stirrup hiding, catching horses, chasing horses, dusting, leopard horses and horizontal saddles, large knives, double knives and other eighteen circus programs, which also spread to Gudai Prefecture.
polo. The tomb of Dong Hai in Houma Niu Village was built in the seventh year of Jin Mingchang (1196), and this tomb is divided into two rooms. The west wall of the front room is six lattice doors, the four polo pictures on the middle four barrier boards, one or three horses in the south are yellow, two or four horses are red, the horses are tied with tails, the neck is red, majestic and fierce; the polo players are strong and handsome, except for the four hairs in the south, the rest are wrapped in soft scarves, wearing round neck narrow sleeves, foot pedals, crescent-shaped clubs in the right hand, holding the reins in the left hand, or galloping horses, or pulling horses to long hands, or prancing horses, or stopping horses to rest, depicting the scene of polo matches vividly.
Circus and polo together, to see the Xiangfen Quli Golden Tomb. The lower part of the tomb's east wall is embedded with 6 brick carvings of "Lotus Noble Son", and 10 lux and flower brick piles are embedded in the waistband, from north to south, there are lux, lotus, okra, lux, lotus, peony, lux, lotus, peony. There are 6 polo and circus brick piles embedded in the seat of Sumire, from north to south, polo, polo, circus, circus, polo, polo.
Polo brick carving, from north to south: the first piece of the ball player wears a soft scarf on his head, wears a robe, pedals riding boots, holds the reins in his left hand, and holds a crescent-shaped club in his right hand, holding the ball backwards, chasing the bat. The horse saddles, the tail knotted, and the four hooves take off in the air. The second block is the same as the first block. The third piece of the upper man and horse costume is the same as the first piece, the player holds the reins in his left hand, holds the club in his right hand, and is pulling the horse back to hit the ball. The fourth piece of man and horse costume is basically the same as the first piece, there is a round ball at the horse's hind hooves, the ball player pulls back the horse's head with his left hand, holds the club in his right hand, and looks down at the ball to hit, and the horse runs in the opposite direction of the first three pieces.
Circus brick carving: from north to south, the first one is a general horned boy, dressed in a short coat, draped in a silk belt, with his legs upright on the saddle, and a pennant waving in each hand. The reins of the horse are tied to the saddle, the ponytail is knotted, and the four hooves are in the air, and its momentum is like flying, which is undoubtedly recorded in the "Present Hundred Plays": "There is also a flag standing on the saddle, which is called 'immediately'". The second piece of the boy is dressed in the same costume, with his right leg bent forward, his left leg slightly bent backwards, and he stands on the horse's back with his bare hands, which I suspect is remembered in "ChengbaiJu" as "or left his left foot with stirrups, right foot stirrups, away from the saddle, on the side of the saddle, the right hand catches the saddle, the left hand holds the mane, and walks straight down the horse, called 'flying fairy armed horse'". The west wall is the same as the number and content of the east wall brick carving, except for the first person and horse costume of the polo brick carving, which is the same as the east wall, but the player holds up the club and is hitting the polo rolling under the saddle.
▲Xiangfen Qulijin Tomb East and West Wall Circus, Polo Brick Carving
In short, through polo and circus, we can also see the transmission route from Beijing to Gudaizhou.
03
Lions, known in ancient times as "foxes", although they have the reputation of "the king of the hundred beasts" in China, were only introduced when Zhang Qian sent a mission to the western region to open the "Silk Road" during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and then became widely popular as a beast in Buddhism due to the prevalence of Buddhism.
Hydrangea ball, made of multicolored cloth, with twelve faces, twelve petals, is a colorful, auspicious and peaceful materialization of life, the earliest can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, the poet Liu Yuxi (772 ~ 842) "Throwing Hydrangeas" wrote: "Colorful embroidery reunion, Dengjun tortoiseshell court ... Fortunately, there is a ball throwing music, a cup of jun mo quit. ”
Li Jianyan, who was also a poet of the Tang Dynasty, had the "Two Songs of throwing balls in the Water Temple": "The waiter's feast does not end at dusk, and the jade steps are like a stream at night and the moon." Towards the self-conscious acceptance of the most, smiling Qianqian people recognize the hydrangea ball. He hated several emperors of the Sui family, and rubbed all the embroidered Mandarin ducks in his dance clothes. Now it weighs heavily to the place where the ball is thrown, not the old incense of the golden furnace. The date of Li Jinyan's birth and death is unknown. According to his poems, the Sui Dynasty had the custom of throwing hydrangeas.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song Shi Zhi 95 Le XVII had "female disciple teams, all one hundred and fifty-three people", in addition to the Bodhisattva Barbarian Team, the Correctional Band, etc., there were also "Three Yue Throwing Ball Band, Clothing Four Colors Embroidered Luo Wide Shirt, Wearing Silver Belts, Feng Hydrangea Balls" and "Ten Yue Playing Ball Band, Dressing Four Colors Narrow Embroidered Luo Shu, Wearing Silver Belts, Wrapping Tailwind Feet Cluster Flower Heads, Holding Ball Sticks." ”
There is also a "Hundred Plays" in the "Chengbai Opera": "The chorus dances and dances, and the classes enter straight in, only waiting for the horses presented by the children to ride, and the first one person goes out empty-handed, which is called 'leading the horse'." The second person grinds the flag out of the horse, which is called the 'open road flag'. The second time there is a red embroidery ball immediately, hit the red brocade rope, throw it on the ground, chase and shoot it, the left is 'back hand shooting', the right is 'hand shooting', called 'dragging the hydrangea ball'. ”
In the Qingbo Magazine of the Southern Song Dynasty, Volume VIII, "Palace Maiden God Arm Bow", it is recorded that in April of the fifth year of Zhenghe (1115), Emperor Huizong of Song watched the palace girl's "shooting hydrangea ball" performance at the Chongzheng Hall: "More than 500 people who read the disciples galloped and shot, pulled the strong elite, sat down, went out of the palace and entered the palace, beat the drum, flew the prancing horse, cut willow branches, shot hydrangea balls, and shot the ball according to the saddle to open the god arm bow, which was wonderful." The guards are ashamed. The Lord said: 'Although it is not a woman's affair, if a woman can do it, then there is nothing in the world to teach!' It seems that during the Tang and Song dynasties, the royal entertainment activities had a hydrangea shooting performance.
The entrance of the restaurant in the capital city should be set up with a tall color building, which looks joyful, festive and auspicious, and is also a unique symbol of the restaurant.
The second volume of the "Tokyo Dream" "Restaurant" has: "Fanjingshi Hotel, the door is tied to the color building Huanmen." In addition, there are 7 famous paintings "Qingming on the River", the most conspicuous is the "Sun Yang Zhengdian" on the left side of the picture, and the front door is full of hydrangeas, flower branches, phoenixes and other colorful building Huanmen. It seems that hydrangeas have a decorative role in addition to entertainment.
Judging from the archaeological findings, The tomb of Xu Congyun in the fourth year (982) of Liaoqianheng in Datong, Shanxi, the wall mural between the northeast pillars, a brick carved broken window, two handmaidens standing on both sides, and a black and white flower cat under the window catching hydrangeas, which is an entertainment class and one of the earliest appearances.
A hydrangea ball is hung in the west wall mural of the aisle of the tomb of Zhao Daweng in Baisha County, and the north wall mural of the Golden Tomb Chamber no. 1 in XiguanCun, Pingding County, with a high hanging tent on a bed, a hydrangea ball is hung in the middle, and the two sides of the bed are male and female attendants; the west wall mural of the No. 4 golden tomb of Fenyang Senior Nursing School, painted with a rolled drapery, hanging a hydrangea ball in the middle, etc., are all sporadic discoveries of hydrangea murals.
The appearance of large-scale and multi-occasion occasions has reached the brick carved tombs in the ancient Daizhou area of the Jin Dynasty. On the type of hydrangeas alone, Mr. Yang Fudou said: "There are many hydrangeas hanging under the eaves of the golden tomb hall, which are woven with colorful ribbons to form regular patterns, or 毬 patterns, or swastikas, or clusters of six turtle backs, with thousands of forms and so on. At the same time, there are also new town house lions, dancing hydrangeas and lion play hydrangeas, which have become indispensable decorative themes in higher-level brick carving tombs, and have been extended to this day.
This article is divided into town houses, decorations, and entertainment categories.
1. Town house
To be precise, male lions and female lions form a symmetrical town house entertainment, which is usually placed on both sides of the south gate in brick carved gold tombs, but there are also small amounts on other walls.
The front door of Dong Hai's tomb is inlaid with brick carvings on both sides of the south wall gate, and a female and a male lion crouch on the lotus pedestal, stepping on the hydrangea ball and ringing the bell around the neck, full of majesty and festive atmosphere. The tombs of Dong Ming and Dong Xuanjian of Houma Niu Village of the same family were built in 1210, and the town house lions on both sides of the gate are high reliefs, and the female lions holding young lions in the east and the male lions holding hydrangeas in the west are different in shape. Dong Ming's tomb has a large lion's mouth, and Dong Xuanjian's tomb is a ribbon. Two lions sit on the lotus platform of the hexagonal Sumire, combining mighty and cuteness. The same is true of the brick carvings of gold tombs such as Tomb No. 951 of Houma and Tomb No. 8 of Jishan Macun.
These tomb examples can show that the Jin Dynasty is the stereotyping period of the town house lion, from the Dong Ming tomb female all stepping on the hydrangea to the male lion stepping on the hydrangea ball, the female lion holding the young lion fixed type, has been popular until now.
On the east side of the south gate of the Golden Tomb (built in 1210) of the Houma Jinguang Pharmaceutical Factory, lions with ribbons and hydrangeas on their front feet sit on a corset-shaped platform, and between the two lions are five miscellaneous figurines that are being performed. The Xiangfen Quli Golden Tomb is consistent with the polo image of Dong Hai's tomb, which undoubtedly belongs to the Jin Dynasty. The six lattice door bricks on the north wall are carved with door lions on both sides, all of which are on the lotus platform on the throne of Sumire, the west side is docile front paws to grasp the hydrangea ball, and the east side is fierce to grab the hydrangea ball, similar to the situation is also seen on the east and west sides of the north wall of Macun No. 5 Tomb.
Fenyang Senior Nursing School No. 5 Golden Tomb, the upper part of the north wall of Yongdao is a lion's claw on a lotus seat to grasp the hydrangea ball, but the corresponding position of the south wall is a deer lying on the lotus seat, it seems that the Jin Dynasty in the Jin Dynasty did not have the custom of placing two lions in the town house of male and female.
2. Decoration
The earliest discovery of hydrangeas in Gudi Prefecture is the excavation of the Tomb no. 1 of the 29th Year (1189) of Houma Dongtaishen in Jin Dading in 2020, and two pieces of hydrangea hanging concentric knot brick carvings have been excavated; there are also two pieces of Tomb No. 2 later. There is also a hydrangea brick carving on the east wall of Tomb No. 4 of Wenxi Xiaoluozhuang. In these three golden tombs, hydrangeas and flower-flag brick carvings appear at the same time. Houma Niucun Jin Tiande Three Years (1151) No. 1 Tomb, the north wall is in the middle of the MingJian gate, the two sides of the door are hung on the pillars of the carved flower flags, and the Xiangfen County Museum collects two phoenixes with hydrangeas and concentric knots of the Golden Dynasty brick carvings, which fully show that hanging hydrangeas is also a symbol of auspiciousness and peace.
▲Houma NiuCun Dong Ming tomb north wall beware of hanging between the heart,
Hydrangeas on the floor-to-ceiling door cover on the south wall
On the north wall of Dong Ming's tomb, the tomb owners and couples on both sides of the table sat opposite each other, their expressions calm and self-assured. The top of the two men has a hydrangea hanging from a concentric knot and a pisces, symbolizing auspicious celebration. Hydrangeas are hung on both sides of the floor-to-ceiling door cover on the south wall, and concentric knots hang down on the west side, and there are boys holding concentric knots to climb upwards, which means "generations of auspicious celebrations".
The hydrangea balls on the north wall of Houma Niu Village 65H4M102 and the east wall of the same cemetery have new changes in hydrangeas and boys; as well as Houma Niu Village 65H4M104, etc., people living in the space with hydrangea decoration are enjoying a prosperous life every moment!
3. Entertainment
It can also be subdivided into dancing hydrangeas, lion playing hydrangeas, and other three sub-categories.
I. Dancing hydrangeas
Excavated in 1981, the late Jin Dynasty brick carving tomb of Fanzhuang in the new Chennan is relatively rare, consisting of a tomb passage, a tomb door, an anterior chamber, a back chamber and a left and right ear chamber. The front chamber is carefully cultivated and painted, and the back chamber and the left and right ear chambers are also brick but there is no brick carving.
The front room in the middle of the north wall of the gatehouse, on both sides of the window has been built, under the window each built a "lion dance" brick carving; the south wall of a total of 33 pieces of character brick carvings, divided into two floors, the upper floor is twenty-four filial piety, the lower layer is the trick music map; the east and west walls have children in the performance of the community fire, banging small gongs, playing waist drums, playing flutes, dancing, "melon field music" (one person shoulders a large melon to celebrate the harvest), "Joe woman" (a man dressed as a woman, others around him laughing and singing) and so on, in the social fire team, there are two people in disguise dancing hydrangeas on each wall, funny and cute, From this, we can see the role of Jindai hydrangea in recreational activities such as folk community fires.
II. The lion plays with hydrangeas
The lion holds a hydrangea ball tied with a ribbon and plays to the fullest, or drama, or rolling, etc., which is in line with the lion dance that appeared in the Court of the Tang Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty Chen Yang's "Book of Music" says: "Tang Taiping Le, also known as the Five FangShi (Lion) Dance. Shi (lion) zi beast, from the southwest Yi Tianzhu, shi (lion) zi and other countries. The hair is embellished, and each is high and tall, and the people live in it, like the appearance of its pitched and tamed fox. The two men held the rope and whisked it, which was a habit. "It was learned from this that it was quite close to today's lion dance, but without the use of hydrangeas.
Zhu Yi of the Southern Song Dynasty had a poem "Watching the Lion": "The fox walked two hundred miles on the day, and the hope of Yu Yu was popular." Chun Qing Brew Daihe Le is a sign to the palace in front of the zun. Pouting and looking left and right, the horse mournfully sweated. Borrowing officials from ancient Tibet is too common, when did he lose his foot in the village? "The folk lion dance is mentioned, but he also does not know when it flowed into the folk from the court, and still has not seen the hydrangea ball.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no exact date of the brick carved tomb in Ancient Daizhou, and the Golden Tomb of Houma Dongtaishen No. 1 in the twenty-ninth year of Jin Dading (1189) was still one of the earliest. The four walls of the tomb chamber corset part, the upper corset lux, flowers and lions playing with hydrangeas, the lower corset of flowers and single lions playing with hydrangeas, rectangular columns as an interval; the corset part of Dong Hai's tomb, for a large and small double lion or mouth nibbling, or scratching, playing with a hydrangea ball embellished with ribbons.
There are many formers, such as the Tomb of Jiahan Jin in Xiangfen, the Tomb of No. 1 in Jishan Macun, and the Golden Tomb of Gougou in Xiangfen Jingcun, but there are also tombs of Li Jin of Houma Da in the 20th year of Jin Dading (1180). The lower part of the four walls of the square burial chamber of this tomb is built with a bundled waist seat, and the waist part is embedded with 20 carved bricks, except for the two pomegranate flowers on the south wall, the remaining 18 pieces are lion play hydrangeas, which can be divided into two types: one is a double lion, playing a hydrangea ball made of a long silk ligation, the left young lion is a crouching posture, and the right lion looks back to grab; the other is a single lion, mane curl, necklace bell, mouth color ball, or as a looking back gallop, or as a forward gallop.
III. Others
There are windows on both sides of the north wall of the front room of the South Fanzhuang Golden Tomb, and there is also a "lion dance" brick carving under the window. In the middle is a lion in disguise, and the four calves exposed from under the belly of the lion are played by two children; in front there is a child holding the reins, a child knocking on the gong to open the road, and two children in the back holding hydrangeas in both hands to chase, the hydrangea ball should be a prop for the lion dance.
Houma NiuCun 65H4M104 East Wall Lattice Barrier Water Board has four pieces of Boy Society fire brick carving, the picture description is "Beware of two paintings of a man and a woman and two boys following each other back and forth, walking slowly, the boy is in front, carrying a long gun on his shoulder, looking back to visit; the girl holds a gong in the back of her hands, and wants to stop." "In my opinion, it is possible that what the girl is holding in her hands is also a hydrangea ball.
The above three aspects, namely, the Golden Tomb Brick Carving, the Circus Polo, and the Hydrangea Lion demonstrate the archaeological phenomenon of the "Hundred Plays" from the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ancient Daizhou in Shanxi, in fact, there are many contents in the "Hundred Plays", which is of great benefit to understanding the folk culture inheritance of the Ancient Daizhou.
The distant origins of many traditional folk customs in ancient Daizhou can be traced back to the Xia Shang Zhou or the Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties, but directly inherited from the Jin Dynasty, such as the big drums, big gongs, small gongs and drums in the "Hundred Operas" of the Jin Dynasty, which are inherited to today's Daizhou Drum Music, Jishan Upside-Down Flower Drum, Xiangfen Dengzhuang Gong and Drum, Lingbo Turning Drum, etc., and the Jin Dynasty "Hundred Plays" are directly inherited from the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, Fenjing and Gudai prefectures were the two successive "hundred plays" centers of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, respectively, which is also related to the specific historical and geographical conditions of Fenjing and Gudai prefectures in the Song and Jin dynasties.
"Mencius Teng Wen Gongshang" said: "Those who are good at the top will be worse at the bottom." From the hook bars, tiles and Baojin Lou for the emperors to enjoy in the capital city, to the rural farms of Gudaizhou, some changes have taken place in the process of dissemination and inheritance, the formation and stereotyping of the town house lion, the lion dance or the lion dance in the "hydrangea ball" as a prop, from the current archaeological findings, the ancient Daizhou is the earliest to appear.
About the Author
Mr. Tian Jianwen, a native of Xiangfen, Shanxi, born in 1965, is an archaeologist and a research librarian of Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute (Shanxi Archaeological Museum).
He received his bachelor's degree in archaeology from Peking University in 1984 and his master's degree from the Department of Archaeology of Jilin University in 1989. He is mainly engaged in the archaeological research of Neolithic, Xia Shang Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties and Song Jinyuan. He has presided over or participated in archaeological excavations such as the ruins of Houma Jinguo, the ruins of Xiyin Village in Xia County, the North Cemetery of Fushan Bridge, the Cemetery of Yangyuan in Xiangning, the Hengshui Cemetery in DaiXian County, and the Cemetery of Wenxi Qiujiazhuang.
Research Achievements: "Xintian Model - Research on the Ruins of the Capital City of Houma and JinGuo", "New Understanding of Neolithic Archaeological Research in Southern Jinnan", "First Understanding of Tang Culture", "Fauna Type Problems of Shanxi Archaeology", "Pre-Tao Neolithic Age" in Shanxi, "Chronology of Tao Temple 200II.M22", "Tomb of the Western Han Xiongnu in Caojiazhuang, Puxian County", etc.
Wenbo Shanxi Tian Jianwen special article
▼
Wen | Tian Jianwen
Originally published in Image, Issue 12, 2021
The original title | hundred plays, from Beijing to Gu daizhou ——
Take the jugglery drama, circus polo, and hydrangea lion as examples
The title of this article is added by the editor
Figure | Image National Treasure
The copyright of graphics and texts belongs to the original author or institution
Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
Click Past Originals
▼
Ancient murals in Shanxi
| dizzy Shanxi Ancient Liuli | "Golden Plum Bottle" and Shanxi
Shanxi Fahua
| Nanne water stone carving. Folk Force
Wrong golden bird seal copper go
. The legend of Youji | inlaid with jade glass with hooks. Wei Wenhou sighed
Please press fingerprints below to follow