Spring is here and the temperatures are warming up
Wild mushrooms have ushered in a lush growth period
Many people find wild mushrooms delicious
They pick or buy them without permission
No way! No way! No way!
Say important things three times!
In recent years, poisonous mushroom poisoning incidents have occurred from time to time, and the incidence of mushroom poisoning has increased significantly in many regions of the mainland. After eating poisonous mushrooms, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, psychiatric symptoms such as auditory hallucinations may occur, and can also lead to liver and kidney damage, and even direct death.
Poisonous mushrooms are very toxic
The onset is acute and the mortality rate is high
Don't get to know me with Xiaobian yet!
Green pleated umbrella
In China, the most common poisonous mushroom that causes the most poisoning incidents is undoubtedly the green fold umbrella, commonly known as: the big green fold umbrella, the lead green fold mushroom and so on. As of September 25, 2020, the species has caused at least 122 poisoning incidents and 254 poisoning incidents in Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan and other places in the mainland! It can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
This species is mainly concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions in China, and occasionally in northeast China. Green fold umbrellas often grow on the lawns of parks or communities, in vegetable fields, roadside meadows, wastelands, sawdust piles, and even next to garbage heaps, becoming the closest poisonous mushroom species to the crowd.
Poisonous deer flower fungus
Poisonous deer flower fungus is commonly known as false morel mushroom. In March 2020, yunnan and guizhou successively had two poisoning incidents in which 4 people mistakenly ate "wild morel", which caused more serious liver damage in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms and neurological symptoms.
It grows from spring to early summer on broad-leaved forest land dominated by the family Chiliaceae, either solitary or group-growing. The most distinctive feature is that the cap part (ascomycete disc) is irregularly brain-shaped, reddish-brown, purple-brown or golden-brown, coffee-colored or brownish-black, smooth at young age, gradually wrinkled, rough, and the marginal part is basically not connected to the stalk. The cap part (ascomycete disc) of the real morels is conical to bluntly conical, with many pits on the surface, which are morel-shaped, and the edge part is connected to the stalk.
Amanita
Amanita Amanita, scientific name: Amanita anthema, is the most familiar mushroom for children! However, it is such a beautiful mushroom that it is toxic!! The most obvious feature of this species is pink to red or occasionally yellow, with white scales on the cap. This species is currently found in the northeast and northwest of the mainland, and occasionally found in northern China!
Amanita angustium contains anisoxazole derivative toxin that produces glutamineergic neurotoxicity. Toxicity is characterized by a short incubation period (minutes to 3 hours). Initially manifested as drowsiness, followed by a manic phase, manifested by hallucination-like visual confusion, strange behavior, restlessness, excitement, loss of sense of direction, dissolution of personality and confusion, etc., some patients also have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, sweating, ataxia, motor depression, dizziness, pupillary dilation, myoclonus, muscle fibrillation, hyporeflexia, coma, convulsions (especially in children), etc., this stage can last for 48 hours, and finally enter the sleepiness period. Some patients quickly go into a coma with convulsions, and severe poisoning can even lead to death!!
In China, especially in the vast areas of southern Mainland China, there are many kinds of amanita that have similar toxicity to poison fly amanita, causing dozens of poisoning incidents every year!!! They all have a similar appearance, with the cap cover covered with scales, the stalk having a ring of bacteria, and the base expanding.
Grey pattern amanita and split skin amanita
Amanita grey and amanita are highly toxic mushrooms that are widely distributed in the southern part of the continent and often appear in pairs in the same broad-leaved tree or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Because of its black and white, it is known as the "black and white double brake" of the "mushroom boundary". In nearly 30 years, these two highly poisonous mushrooms have killed at least 100 people on the mainland!!!
These two black-and-white, small, highly poisonous mushrooms have the same characteristics as other highly toxic amanita pastes: "wearing a hat on the head (fungus cap), a skirt tied around the waist (fungal ring), and wearing boots on the feet (fungus holder)".
These two highly toxic mushrooms that can cause acute liver damage are widely distributed in central, eastern, southern and southwestern china, of which Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guizhou and other provinces are the most harmful areas, growing from mid-to-late May to the end of July, and occasionally lasting until September.
Meat brown scale ring stalk mushroom
Flesh brown scale ring stalk mushroom, commonly known as meat brown scale small umbrella, meat brown scale mushroom, is one of the most common poisonous mushrooms in the north of the continent. This species contains amanita toxin, which can cause acute liver damage like the highly toxic amanita, but it is significantly smaller than amanita and is a veritable "little man and big mushroom king".
It grows on the ground of coniferous trees, most commonly in pine trees, under spruce, fir and other trees, and occasionally under jujube trees or other broad-leaved trees. The biggest feature is: "Small, head long grass (scales), long legs hair (scales) under pine trees are common!" ”
It is widely distributed in the northeast, north And northwest of the mainland, and has also been found in central, east and southwest China in recent years. The distribution time is from late April to mid-September, such as the poisoning incident of eating this species by mistake in late April 2019 in Hunan, and the species can generally not be found in the vast areas of the northern part of the mainland until July and September!
Sub-thin pleated red mushrooms
Sub-dilute red mushroom, a highly poisonous mushroom widely distributed in the gray to grayish black regions of east China, central China, south China, southwest China and southern China. Because this kind of fungus will become as black as charcoal after injury or drying, it is collectively known as "charcoal fungus" by the common people along with the edible thin fold red mushroom and dense fold red mushroom. This species can cause rhabdomyolysis and is one of the main poisonous mushrooms in mainland China that causes poisoning deaths from mushroom poisoning. In recent years, the species has killed dozens of people on the mainland, and the case fatality rate can even exceed 50%.
It grows from June to September on broad-leaved trees, coniferous trees or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest land. This species, together with the sparsely folded red mushroom and the densely folded red mushroom, turned red first and then black after injury. When completely dried, the thin and densely folded red mushrooms turn completely black, while the subsophthalized red mushrooms do not turn black at least partially.
The incubation period of sub-dilute fold red mushroom poisoning is short, generally 10 minutes to 2 hours. Early manifestations include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Severely ill patients develop rhabdomyolysis after the gastroenteritis phase, and creatine kinase (CK) rises sharply, usually up to tens of thousands. Myalgia, fatigue, chest tightness, palpitations, shortness of breath, and in some patients develop soy sauce-colored urine (myoglobinuria), oliguria, anuria, and even acute renal failure. Severe cases eventually die from multi-organ failure.
Early methods of toxin removal such as vomiting and gastric lavage and timely hemodialysis in severe cases have been shown to be effective in treatment.
Folk misunderstandings about the method of identifying poisonous mushrooms
Due to the variety of forms of mushrooms, the same poisonous mushroom in different regions or growth stages has different forms. In the wild, non-toxic mushrooms are often mixed with poisonous mushrooms, have a similar appearance, and are very easy to be mistakenly eaten. Even highly experienced biologists often need to use specialized laboratory instruments to make accurate identification. It is difficult for non-professionals to accurately identify poisonous mushrooms based on experience alone, relying on appearance characteristics such as shape, smell, and color. For example, the dense folded red mushroom and the thin fold red mushroom of the genus Red Mushroom are edible, and the folk call it fire charcoal fungus. The same mushroom, which is very similar to its appearance and often grows together, is a highly poisonous mushroom, and eating one can cause death. They differ only by the degree of tightness of the fungal folds.
There are many ways to identify poisonous mushrooms in mainland folklore, and these methods are misunderstandings.
Method 1: Brightly colored mushrooms are poisonous.
wrong! As can be seen from the photos of the mushrooms in this article, whether the mushrooms are poisonous or not has nothing to do with color.
Method 2: Mushrooms that grow on dark damp or feces are poisonous.
wrong! Because mushrooms have fecal or saprophytic. For example, mushrooms grow on sheep dung in the grassland. The highly toxic Amanita fungus grows on relatively clean woodland.
Method 3: Mushrooms with spicy, sour, fishy or other bad smells are poisonous.
wrong! Many poisonous mushrooms do not have a pronounced special odor. "Poisonous mushrooms have a potato or radish flavor. The claim that non-toxic mushrooms are almond or fruity" also has no basis. Of course, mushrooms that don't smell well are generally reluctant to eat.
Method 4: Insect-fed or raw maggot mushrooms are non-toxic.
wrong! Many highly poisonous mushrooms often grow maggots or are eaten by insects when they mature. Deadly amanita, such as ripe, is often eaten by insects. Even if the large mice are gassed with deadly amanita paste, the large mice will not be poisoned. Because the digestive tract of large mice does not absorb Amanita toxin.
Method 5: Injured discolored, sapy mushrooms are poisonous.
wrong! For example, pine milk mushrooms, juicy milk mushrooms will flow out after breaking open or scratching, and the injured section of beautiful boletus will turn blue, but they are all delicious edible mushrooms. Many poisonous mushrooms do not change color or secrete sap when injured, but they are poisonous. For example, the sections of the highly toxic meat brown scale ring stalk mushroom and the poisonous fly Amanita paste will not change color and will not flow juice.
Method 6: Mushrooms that change color by boiling with silverware, green onions, garlic, and rice are poisonous.
wrong! "Silver needle poison test" is actually silver reacting with sulfur or sulfide to produce black silver sulfide, while mushroom toxins do not contain sulfur or sulfides and cannot produce color changes. Garlic or green onions or rice cooked with poisonous mushrooms will not change color. At present, no substance has been found to change color with the poisonous mushrooms!
Method 7: White vinegar can make the mushroom juice discolored or milk can clump on the mushroom is a poisonous mushroom.
wrong! The truth is that white vinegar can change color when it encounters alkaline substances; milk will degenerate and clump when it encounters acidic or alkaline substances, which has nothing to do with whether the mushroom is poisonous or not.
Method 8: Mushrooms with scales and mucus are poisonous.
wrong! For example, the striped helmet spore umbrella and the sub-thin folded red mushroom have no scales of mucus, but they are highly poisonous. Shiitake mushrooms with hair and scales can be eaten.
Method 9: The claim that high temperature or frying can be detoxified is also unreliable. The chemical structure of many toxins is quite stable, and high temperatures or frying do not destroy them. Blanching water can remove some of the toxins, but it cannot be removed cleanly, and there is still a risk of poisoning.
Method 10: Do not pick mushrooms with shoes, hats, and skirts.
That's right! Because the mushrooms with "fungal caps, fungal rings, and fungal trays" are mostly amanita, and most of the mushrooms of the amanita genus are poisonous or highly toxic. However, mushrooms without a bacterium tray and a bacterial ring can still be poisonous. For example, the highly toxic flesh fold ring mushroom and the poisonous powder fold mushroom do not have a fungal ring and a fungus holder.
Therefore, there is no easy, fast and effective way to identify whether a mushroom is poisonous or not. Not blindly eating wild mushrooms is the key to preventing and controlling poisonous mushroom poisoning! You can choose to buy cultivated mushrooms to eat, if you want to eat wild mushrooms, you can go to the regular market to buy familiar mushrooms to eat, or eat them in a standard restaurant.
Again, that sentence
Wild mushrooms
Do not pick, do not eat, do not buy or sell
Source: Healthy Guizhou
END