The same is the end of the world fell people, when they met, why should they have known each other.
——Bai Juyi, "Pipa Line"
After the Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi was degraded to Jiangzhou, in the late autumn of the following year, he came to visit his friends by the riverside, they met a pipa girl by the river, after listening to the pipa girl's playing and understanding the life of the pipa girl, Bai Juyi thought of his life experience, and could not help but sigh a thousand emotions, so he wrote this "Pipa Line".
Bai Juyi, the character Lotte, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, divided his poems into four categories: irony, leisure, sentimentality, and miscellaneous laws.
In the "Nine Books of Youyuan" written to his friend Yuan Shu, Bai Juyi has this passage on the creation of poetry: "Those who touch the heart, Mo Xianhu feelings, Mo Began to speak, Mo Qihu sound, Mo Deep Righteousness. Poets, Roots, Miao Yan, Hua Sheng, True Meaning. ”
Bai Juyi believes that poetry is a unity of feelings, language, rhymes, and thoughts. And "Pipa Xing" is a narrative and lyrical long poem with the same name as his "Long Hate Song", and is a representative work in Bai Juyi's "sentimental" poems. It can be said that "Pipa Xing" is a model work for Bai Juyi to practice his own poetic theory propositions, and it is also a classic work that will be passed on forever.
Classics have vitality that spans time and space, and the classicity of "Pipa Xing" is beyond doubt. This is a sentimental poem, the whole poem is full of the poet's tears, pouring out the poet's frustration with himself and the painful state of mind of the pipa girl, the mood is poignant, reading people moving, "Pipa Line" is a poetry masterpiece that integrates artistic achievements such as scene writing, narrative, lyricism, music, and literature.
As soon as "Pipa Xing" came out, it was widely sung by people and became a unique song with vitality for thousands of years, so that in the Qing Dynasty, the poet Zhang Weiping still said with great thought: "No one remembers the Kaiyuan Fa Song, and a pipa song is said to the present." ”
From the perspective of scene writing, "Pipa Line" presents people with a condensed and exquisite picture. In the opening two sentences, "Xunyang Jiangtou sends guests at night, maple leaves and flowers in autumn", the poet creates a farewell scene on the riverside where the autumn wind is depressed, the river water is slightly cold, and the riverside is cold and cold. The poet selects scenes with deep autumn characteristics such as river water, maple leaves, hagi flowers, moon colors, and autumn winds, depicts the scene of sending off guests, and also sets a sad tone for the whole poem.
Amorous parting from ancient wounds, more that kan, snubbed the Qingqiu Festival. Originally, the farewell was already a very sad thing, and at the time of the farewell, I met the pipa girl who was drifting away, and I also heard this sad pipa song, and the inner sadness of the poet became more unbearable in the cold autumn night, giving people a sour feeling.
It is said that all scenery is love language. In order to vividly show the scenery, the poet has combined the moon and water three times to form a cold and cold image.
For example, when the poet is drunk on the boat to send off guests, it is the water moon scene of "another time when the vast river is immersed in the moon"; when the pipa girl finishes playing the music, it is the water moon scene of "the east ship is silent and silent, only to see the autumn moon white in the heart of the river"; when the pipa woman describes herself as a wife, it is the water moon situation of "going to the mouth of the river to keep the empty boat, circling the boat And the moon and the water of the Ming River are cold".
The three successive water and moon scenes and situations in the poem are obviously intentional by the poet, and their purpose is to highlight the cold scenes at that time. At the same time, the poem also uses many poems with strong emotional colors, so that the feelings of sad autumn penetrate and spread to the whole text, further strengthening the author's lament for life and destiny.
Bai Juyi depicts the scenery of autumn, but also sketches a picture of late autumn of life, singing the sad song of late autumn of life. The rhythm of human life and the passage of the seasons in nature are locked in autumn in the poem "Pipa Line", and the two blend with water and milk, so that the sad melody of "Pipa Line" is once again deepened.
From the narrative level, "Pipa Xing" not only has a typical and distinct character image, a specific and vivid environmental description, but also a complete storyline.
For example, in the process of the poet listening to the pipa music, he infiltrated his sympathy and sincere attachment to the pipa girl, portrayed the psychological activities of the pipa girl, and revealed his feelings.
For another example, in verses such as "The sound of the voice is secretly asked who is the player, the pipa stops talking late", "a thousand calls begin to come out, and the pipa is half covered", the poet portrays the ambivalence of the pipa girl's hesitation, shyness, unbearable loneliness in the empty boat, and inconvenience in meeting strangers at night.
Bai Juyi, as a scholar-doctor class, does not humble her status as a pipa girl, can listen to her music and words, and issues a life sigh of "the same is the fallen man at the end of the world, why should we have met", which is the art of borrowing people lyrically, because Bai Juyi's encounter has many similarities with the fate of the pipa girl.
First, they all came to Xunyang River from the capital; second, they were talented and famous as teenagers. The pipa girl's talent in her early years was outstanding, as the pipa girl in the poem said: "Thirteen learned the pipa, and the name belongs to the first part of the teaching workshop." It can be said that the pipa girl was once a super Internet celebrity level musician in Beijing; and Bai Juyi wrote a poem "Farewell to the Ancient Grass" at the age of sixteen, thus making a name for herself in the poetry world, and then it was because of a song "Long Hate Song" that it established its top position in the poetry world.
Another point is that the poet and the pipa girl have similar life experiences, and both suffer the fate of being snubbed and abandoned.
Bai Juyi was degraded from the capital to Jiangzhou, far away from the capital, and pipa girls also fell here from the capital. Bai Juyi first served as a leftist in the imperial court, then was demoted to the rank of Yin Hu Cao of Jingzhao Province, and five years later was demoted to Sima of Jiangzhou, and suffered two heavy blows.
Pipa girl first worked in the teaching workshop, was a music practitioner who combined talent and beauty, and later "my brother went to join the army and died, and the twilight went to the color of the past." The car was snubbed in front of the door, and the boss was married as a merchant woman. Because the pipa woman's face is no longer, the old age is fading, and she can only marry as a merchant woman in desperation, as far as the merchant's heavy profits and light feelings are concerned, the pipa woman finally only ends up with "dream crying makeup and tears red and dry", and the poet experiences the bitterness, loneliness and loneliness of the pipa girl.
As mentioned in the poem, Bai Juyi is "spring river flowers toward the autumn moon night, often take wine and pour alone"; pipa women are "to come to the mouth of the river to guard the empty boat, around the boat Moon Ming River water cold". Although they have different life experiences and statuses, but they have created people, their fate is so similar, naturally they will seek the same breath and pity each other, they are all lonely and lonely, and they can only sigh at the moon.
Therefore, Bai Juyi's "The same is the fallen man at the end of the world, why should we have known each other when we met", has become a poem that has touched the heartstrings of countless people, and these two sentences have also become the theme of "Pipa Line". The phrase "the end of the world" contains many ups and downs and sourness: there is a sense of exile from the bustling capital to the barren and distant Jiangzhou, there is a sense of loss with a bad fate and a single line, and there is a sense of loneliness with no one to accompany.
The depiction of the musical level is the essence of the art of the whole poem. Bai Juyi is extremely fond of music, and he is very proficient in music, has a high musical literacy, and is well versed in music theory.
In music theory, Bai Juyi not only expressed his musical aesthetic views in poems about music, but also wrote monographs on music such as "Discussion Ceremonial Music", "Historical Ritual Music", and "Ancient Music of Fule Ancient Instruments". In this sense, Bai Juyi can be called a famous music poet in the ancient literary history and music history of the mainland.
Bai Juyi believes that music is the best way to express emotions. Among his poems, more than three hundred deal with the description of music, of which there are more than twenty pieces that combine pipa with poetry, and "Pipa Line" is one of the exemplary works. In "Pipa Line", Bai Juyi gives a large-scale description of the skillful and superb playing techniques of the pipa girls, showing the beauty of music.
Poetry itself has a sense of musical beauty, including rhythmic beauty and rhythmic beauty, and the unique charm of "Pipa Xing" is that in addition to its own musical beauty, it also has the beauty of the description of the music itself, so that poetry and music have achieved a perfect combination, showing a more harmonious and flexible beauty.
Bai Juyi uses the painter's raw flower to depict the lute music, giving a distinct image to the invisible sound. The music itself is invisible, can not be felt through the vision, can only give people an auditory image, and in order to express the moving part of this music, rising to the height of beauty, it is necessary to give the sound to the shape, to the shape of the sound, the lute playing artistically.
In "Pipa Line", the description of music includes the description of instruments, players, music sounds, and musical situations, the description of the sound of the pipa, the description of the goddess of the pipa playing the pipa, the description of the change of mood, and the superb skills and skillful skills when playing the pipa are all displayed, and the scenes and atmospheres of the pipa playing are also described in detail.
Moreover, the poet's description of the lute was very successful. For example, "the big strings are noisy like a rapid rain, and the small strings are cut like a whisper", in these two sentences, "noisy" and "cut" contrast each other; the big strings are noisy, the small strings are cut, sometimes like the storm, sometimes like the whispers of children, the poet uses the rhetoric of metaphor to make the music more concrete.
After describing the music of the big and small strings respectively, the poet wrote: "Noisily cut the miscellaneous bullets, and the big beads and small beads fall on the jade plate." "In the eyes of the poet, the music of the pipa is like a pearl falling on a jade plate, like a clear spring on the stone flowing, ding-dong, crisp and pleasant, fresh and touching, wonderful.
Another example is "The bottom of the warbler is slippery and the pharyngeal spring is difficult under the ice", in the poet's pen, this wonderful pipa music seems to bring him into a beautiful space, where the flowers are clustered, the warblers chirp, smooth and pleasant; the poet's pen turns sharply, just like the use of montage techniques, the space seems to move from the spring color to the garden under the cold ice, where the spring water whimpers and cries, "walking" is difficult.
The poet uses a clever and flower-like language to depict the moving music of the lute, giving a distinct image to the invisible sound: the fierce wind and rapid rain show the urgency of the musical tone; the whispering cuts, showing the soothing of the musical tone; the warbler flower bottom, showing the gentle movement of the musical tone; the fountain of the pharynx, showing the lowness of the music.
The flowers and warblers are just like the warm and warm spring breeze, which brings people a smooth and gentle musical audio-visual experience; while under the ice of the spring, like a river that blocks the flowing water, it brings people a stagnant music experience.
This is the poet's artistic depiction of the lute music tone according to the height of the music, the thickness of the sound, the suppression of the tone, giving full play to the image thinking such as association and imagination, giving sound to shape, and using the painter's artistic brushstrokes to make an artistic depiction of the lute music.
The poet's method of showing the scene with pictures, rendering the scene with music, and depicting the scene with language is organically combined, and the three fields of music, picture, and literature become an inseparable whole in the poem.
In the eyes of the poet, the sound is not only audible, but also elusive, such as the poem "rain, beads, warblers, bottles, drapery", etc., are all depictions of sound, the music of the pipa has been transformed by the poet into a perceptible and touchable artistic image, thus constituting a distinct image of the art world.
In addition to adopting the method of giving sound to form, Bai Juyi also describes a distinct rhythm and a beautiful melody through language. "The shaft plucks the strings three or two times", the pipa woman is skilled, she plays with her hands, and the natural rhymes of the song flow out from the fingertips; "the strings cover up the sound of the sound", saying that the sound of the pipa song is ghostly, like complaining.
Another example is the sentence "light twisting and slow twisting and wiping and picking", the poet used the four verbs of "close, twist, wipe, pick" to describe the skillful skills of the pipa woman, and wrote out four kinds of movements, this series of actions not only has the description of the mood and posture of the pipa girl, but also the appreciation of the pipa woman's playing skills, such as the emergence of verbs such as playing the pipa, twisting, wiping, picking, etc., indicating that the rhythm of playing the lute began to accelerate, and then the staggered performance of "big strings" and "small strings" showed that different musical tones burst out of each other, and the music gradually formed a climax.
The interval of a moment is an adjustment of the rhythm, which helps to advance to the climax. For example, "the silver bottle suddenly breaks the water slurry bursts, and the iron horse protrudes the knife and gun", just like the silver bottle bursting, the water slurry erupts; it is like the iron horse galloping, the sound is powerful, and it is like the sword and gun in unison, and the sonorous reverberation.
From the staggered playing to the temporary rest of the music, from the sound burst to the crack, the whole music is sometimes strong, sometimes low and whimpering, rapid and clear, suppressed and distinct, which is an artistic depiction based on the characteristics of the lute itself, thus forming the beautiful rhythm of the whole poem.
After the music formed a climax, it ended with "the song finally closes the heart painting, and the four strings sound like a crack", the pipa girl's playing abruptly stops, although the song is finally exhausted, but the cosine is more exciting, which makes people fall into a deep aftertaste.
……
Tonight I listen to the Jun Pipa language, such as listening to the Xianle Ear.
Mo Ci even sat down and played a song and translated "Pipa Line" for Jun.
I feel that I have been saying this for a long time, but I sit and urge the strings to turn urgent.
The poignant sound did not seem to be forward, and the whole house was full of tears.
Who wept the most in the seat? Jiangzhou Sima Qing shirt wet.
This is the end of the whole poem, bai juyi said here, after listening to this pipa song, among all people, he shed the most tears.
This is because the poet has a deep sympathy and strong psychological resonance for the lute girl's outpouring and fate, and the poet even issued a sigh of "the same is a fallen person at the end of the world, why should we have known each other when we met" in this poignant lute sound and the tragic life of the pipa girl.
In the sound of the pipa, there is the expression of the feelings of the piano players like crying, the sadness and gentleness, so that people can smell it and find no trace, and the feelings and realistic feelings in the pipa sound constantly penetrate the ups and downs of the poet's mood.
Bai Juyi was able to perceive the emotional activities of the players by listening to the sound of the piano, forming indescribable feelings, and the long-standing resentment in the poet's heart was all dissolved in his musical description of the sound of the lute.
Therefore, in the whole poem, the protagonist is neither a pipa girl nor a Sima of Jiangzhou, but the instrument that affects everyone's emotions - the pipa.
The pipa is like a narrator, more like a narrator, depicting the image and psychological changes of the characters all the time, whether it is silent or sound, it can touch the heartstrings of the reader, to quietly feel the poet's sorrow and resentment. Therefore, the pipa in the poem plays a very good role in conveying affection.
As we all know, literature and music are the expression of art, and they are like pearls shining in the long river of art.
Bai Juyi's "Pipa Line" perfectly integrates narrative, description and lyricism, expresses inner emotions through the narration of the whole thing, and also renders the sad tone of the whole poem through the description of the pipa performance, and also uses literary techniques to make the charm of music more concrete, so that the charm of literature resonates with the beauty of music.
Looking at Bai Juyi's "Pipa Line", whether it is the shaping of the character image, the embodiment of the artistic conception, or the construction of structure and emotion, its artistic techniques of starting, bearing, turning and closing are inseparable from the superb skills of its musical description.
"Pipa Xing" is not only a work with great literary value, but also gives music more expressiveness, this beautiful and moving artistic beauty and otherworldly artistic realm is the artistic charm of "Pipa Xing" that can endure and be passed down through the ages.