Text, photo/ Yangcheng Evening News all-media reporter Ant Luya
Yangcheng Evening News on March 23, the tide of human context report page
When it comes to Chaoshan dialect, many people will think of "fifteen tones" - using 15 vowels to form a set of homophones, etc., visually displaying the sounds, rhymes and tones of Chaoshan dialect, concise and straightforward, easy to understand and easy to check. To this day, many Chaoshan people often have a dictionary of "Fifteen Tones of Chaosheng" in their homes. It is not only a tool book for Chaoshan people to read and write, but also a must-have for overseas Chaoshan people to write the batch of overseas Chinese returning to their hometowns in the "past" era, and it is also a valuable historical dialect material. Lin Lunlun, chief expert of the National Language Protection Project in Guangdong Province and a famous dialectologist, commented on it: "If I were to recommend a book that is most loved by hipsters in the world and has made the greatest contribution to hipster culture, I will not hesitate to vote for it: 'Fifteen Tones' Dictionary!" ”
In this issue of "ChaoWen Vein", the reporter of Yangcheng Evening News continues to roam the world of Chaoshan dialect, indulge in exploring the mysteries of Chaoyin, visit the Chaosheng Fifteen-Tone Exhibition Hall located in Chenghai, Shantou, deeply appreciate the language essence of Chaoshan culture, and feel the cultural milk that has fed Chaoshan people for more than 100 years.
Chaosheng 15-tone exhibition hall furnishings
It has lasted for more than 100 years and is the most widely distributed Chinese dialect dictionary
In the Chaoshan dialect, "fifteen tones" refers to 15 vowels, "eight tones" refers to 8 tonal classes, and 44 vowels refer to all vowels including inset vowels. The "fifteen tones" dictionary is a list of words arranged together with words with the same pronunciation. These homophone lists are written in parts with vowels as parts, with vowels as wefts and tones as warp, and then spell out the sounds of the words to find the words being looked up.
Open a "fifteen-tone" dictionary, the first line of each page is the 15 vowel representative words of "fifteen tones" - willow edge to go to the ground, Po He added in, English out of the joy (Chaoshan pronunciation), so the book uses "fifteen tones" as the title, intuitive and clear.
According to Lin Lunlun, in fact, the "fifteen tones" was the pronunciation system of Zhangzhou tone at that time, and the chaoyin was already "eighteen tones" (18 vowels) at that time, with three more b-/g-/-l vowels, so later there were "eighteen tones of the tide" and "fifteen tones of the three tides" and other sequels.
Several versions of the "fifteen-tone" dictionary courtesy of Lin Lunlun
Since the first "Fifteen Tones of Tide" dictionary was published, such dictionaries have been collectively referred to as "fifteen tones" dictionaries. The book has lasted more than 100 years since its first official publication in 1913. Lin Lunlun told reporters that according to incomplete statistics, since 1913, until this century, a series of "fifteen tones" dictionaries of various local sounds in Chaoshan have been published one after another, with more than thirty versions, reprinted over 100 editions, and the circulation is estimated to exceed one million.
It is worth mentioning that many of these dictionaries contain more than 10,000 words, and few have more than 5,000 words, which roughly reflect the square sound of the editor's location. At present, the differences in the sounds of various localities in Chaoshan Province, such as the pre-nasal rhyme ending, the closed-mouth rhyme ending, the nasal rhyme mother, and the presence or absence of the intonation rhyme mother, can be found in each dictionary with historical phonetic data. Therefore, it is also said that this is a very valuable source for the study of the history of the development of dialects.
"Although the compilation and publication time of the 'Fifteen Sounds' dictionary is not the earliest among Chinese dialects, it can be said that it is the Chinese dialect dictionary with the longest duration, the largest number of published editions, the largest circulation and the widest circulation in China and even the world." Lin Lunlun said proudly.
High global popularity Overseas hipsters write a good helper for returning overseas Chinese
"Almost every Chaoshan people has a 'fifteen-tone' dictionary." Lin Lunlun told reporters that the same grid (page) in the book are all homophones, so as long as the pronunciation of one of the words is recognized, the pronunciation of other words can be learned naturally. Such a dictionary was simple and easy to learn, and it was a literacy book in the era when education was not widespread at that time, so it has always been popular with the people.
At the same time, Lin Lunlun found through investigation that the dictionary is not only popular in Chaoshan Yuanxiang, but also very popular in the places where Chaoshan people live in various parts of Nanyang, and even becomes an important tool for Chaoshan people who have crossed the ocean to write letters and return to their hometowns: "On the red-headed boat that chops the waves and chops the waves, in the 'city basket' that crosses the ocean to make a living, the ancestors of the Chaoshan people take away with them, in addition to a bunch of loess in their hometown, there is also a 'fifteen-tone' dictionary. ”
The above conclusions can be supported in many places, Lin Lunlun introduced, "The new compilation of the eighteen tones of the tide sound" Author Liu Yiru mentioned in the preface, "My tide focuses on the book of character sounds, there are so-called 'fifteen tones', which is widely circulated. From the prosperous cities to the desolate countryside, those who are slightly literate are almost as good as their homes and are regarded as the jinliang of philology"; on the other hand, Xu Yunqiao, a well-known expert in Nanyang history in Singapore and Malaysia, also has such a record in his book "Fifteen Tones Research", "'Fifteen Tones' is a scientific folk character book, and it is extremely common in the Minchao area, and several household names are well-known, and they are not ready for search" "At the account desk of the shop, most of the homes of those who know a little about it have this magic weapon of 'ten thousand words do not seek people'."
"The 'fifteen tones' dictionary is a crutch for the hipsters to understand themselves without a teacher, to read and hyphenate, and to raise the cultural milk of the hipsters for a hundred years." Lin Lunlun proposed.
In fact, it is precisely because of the arrival of the "fifteen tones" dictionary that the Chaoshan people understand the "eight sounds", "fifteen tones" and "forty-four characters", understand the "striking wood zhiyin", and more importantly, the Chaoshan people began to contact the difference between ping and ping through the book, so that they could read the Tang poems and Song poems, and then chanted poems and wrote poems, becoming a flourishing style. This is exactly what Lin Lunlun proposed - although the series of reference books such as the "Fifteen-Tone Dictionary" were compiled for the common people to read and write and learn culture, what is unexpected is that it has also played an unexpected important role in training the basic knowledge of phonology of the common people and promoting the prevalence of literary style in chaoshan area.
The first "fifteen tones" dictionary set the tone of the Chaoshan dialect
The reporter combed through the information and learned that at present, the earliest version of the "fifteen tones" dictionary of the Chaoshan dialect that we can see now is the original "Zixue Jinliang: Chaosheng Fifteen Tones" compiled by the original "Raoping (now Chenghai) merchant Zhang Shizhen", which was printed by the Shantou Picture and Pictorial Lithography Agency in January of the second year of the Republic of China (1913), and the book collected more than 7,000 characters, and a large number of words in it were local dialects more than a hundred years ago.
"The academic value of the first chaosheng fifteen tones is that it first identified 15 vowels, 44 vowels and 8 tones in the Chaoshan dialect. In the 1960 National Dialect Survey, the Pinyin scheme of the Chaoshan dialect determined by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department was basically the same as that of Mr. Zhang Shizhen. Lin Lunlun introduced.
In the social environment of the lack of education at that time, the first "Fifteen Tones of The Tide" was very popular after its release, which can be described as a reprint of the first edition and the supply exceeded demand. According to Zhang Zhuolun, a descendant of Mr. Zhang Shizhen, in addition to the functions of checking characters according to pronunciation and distinguishing words by homophone, "Chaosheng Fifteen Sounds" also lays a pinyin foundation for the masses to learn Pinyin and Mandarin and even other dialects, and can also be used as an introductory book for outsiders to study and study Chaoshan dialect.
On the other hand, Lin Lunlun pointed out that because the editor is not a linguistics specialist, there are still various places to be improved in this edition, such as the rhyme mother listed in the book, which is far from including the rhyme mother of the Chaoshan dialect at that time. Subsequent dictionaries have made gains adjustments for the errors and omissions of their inaccurate pronunciation and improper characters, such as the books such as "Seventeen Tones of Chaosheng", "Eighteen Tones of Chaosheng", and "Eighteen Sounds of the Newly Compiled Chaoshan Dialect", all of which are based on the "Fifteen Sounds of Chaosheng" and improved. "Although it is lacking, the "Fifteen Tones of Chaosheng" has made a great contribution to the compilation of the Cantonese-Eastern Fujian Homophone Dictionary." Lin Lunlun said.
Hipster spirit display platform enhances the cultural self-confidence of hipsters
Located in Dongguang Village, Chenghai District, Shantou City, the Chaosheng Fifteen-Tone Exhibition Hall is one of several new "punching places" in Chenghai in recent years. A few days ago, the reporter went to explore the museum, the antique layout of the museum and the rich collection of Chaoyu books are eye-catching, and many "dry goods" about the knowledge of Chaoyu language also make visitors feel the charm of Chaoshan as if entering a vivid dialect classroom.
According to the curator Zhang Zhuolun, the Chaosheng Fifteen Tones Exhibition Hall is the first Chaoshan dialect culture exhibition hall in eastern Guangdong and the first landmark regional cultural exhibition hall in eastern Guangdong. At present, the museum exhibits 25 kinds of 15-tone series dictionaries and more than 200 papers, which have been open for five years and receive more than 20,000 people, including teenagers, college students and foreign tourists.
Strolling through the museum, Zhang Zhuolun introduced to reporters the deeds of Mr. Zhang Shizhen in compiling the first "Fifteen Tones of Chaosheng" - as a businessman with low culture, Zhang Shizhen traveled far and wide for business, where he went, where he learned, when he noticed that Chaoshan dialect still lacked a dictionary, he began to collect example characters and compile "Chaosheng Fifteen Tones". In this story, we can feel a valuable quality of hard work and perseverance of hipsters. Driven by this "family culture", Zhang Zhuolun has been paying attention to the Chaoshan dialect since he was young, and since he retired from his post as the principal of Xie Yi Junior High School, he has concentrated on building the Chaosheng Fifteen Tone Exhibition Hall, which also gives him a full sense of achievement and responsibility. "At that time, Shizhen Gong was the leader of the township, and to this day, he is also a model and role model for our children and grandchildren." Zhang Zhuolun said.
It is true that the museum is not only the main cultural relics collection and display place of Chaoshan dialect culture, but also plays a certain role in promoting the protection, inheritance and promotion of Chaoshan dialect, and is also a weapon for Chaoshan people to enhance and enhance their national cultural self-confidence, and at the same time, it is also a valuable spiritual education platform.
"Mr. Zhang Shizhen recognized that this matter was a good thing, so he did not hesitate to do it, even if the conditions were not very favorable; as soon as he did it, he persevered and had to do it. This spirit of being good at learning and perseverance is worth learning from today's young people. Lin Lunlun believes that the significance of the Chaosheng Fifteen-Tone Exhibition Hall is not only to show the entire process of compiling, publishing and developing such dictionaries, but also to show the good atmosphere of the Chaosheng people who attach importance to culture and education.
【Context Story】
Teenagers drop out of school and don't want to write dictionaries
"Entering the mall, I knew that illiteracy was wrong, so I asked people for advice, did not shame to ask, accumulated over the years, and exhibited bypasses" - in Mr. Zhang Shizhen's self-prologue, there is such a passage, which is the best interpretation of his precious qualities of diligent study and hard work, and is also an important premise for the first "Fifteen Tones of Tide Sound" to be published.
According to Zhang Zhuolun, a descendant of Mr. Zhang Shizhen, Zhang Shizhen (1840-1915) was a native of Longdu West District 2, Raoyi, which is now Longcheng Township, Lianhua Town, Chenghai District, Shantou City. At the age of 22, he went to Thailand with his people to engage in merchant shipping business, and traveled from the south to the north and the sea, north to Tianjin and Yantai, south to Vietnam and Singapore.
Zhang Zhuolun in front of the statue of his ancestor Zhang Shizhen
"He is intelligent and studious, and within a few years, he has suddenly become proficient in writing accounting, and because of his proficiency in business, he is known as a leader in the mall." According to Zhang Zhuolun's description, Zhang Shizhen was "living between the two of them, and he liked the business of Kong Meng", he studied in addition to business, read a lot of books, "for a long time, the way of writing suddenly penetrated", "to his wisdom and wisdom, and not only is he good at words, it is like arithmetic, and those who enter it are not anecdotes".
After the age of forty-five (1885), Zhang Shizhen went to Donglong (now Chenghai Dongli) to work in the Chengzhang pawnshop, thus ending a life of uncertainty.
Previously, Zhang Shizhen's footprints spread all over the South China Sea and the coast, and everywhere he went, he studied local character sounds and learned dialects. He once mentioned in his preface: "Everywhere I went, I asked to buy a book of character sounds, but Guangdong is the sound of Lingnan, Xiamen is the sound of Fujian, Shanghai is the sound of Jiangnan, and Yantai is the sound of Shandong, and the tone is different, and the rhyme is different." I don't know the sound, I can't get started. Over time, Zhang Shizhen has mastered many languages, speaks Hokkien dialect, Shandong dialect, and cantonese, laying a solid foundation for his study of character pronunciation.
According to Zhang Zhuolun, in 1895, a friend taught fifteen tones, and Zhang Shizhen was "immersed in demanding, and before January, he was quite proficient." Later, he used 15 Chinese characters such as "Liu Bian qiu di, po he added to the land, the English language out of joy" to represent 15 vowels, with "Junjia Gao Jinji, Gonggu And Ji Jian, Jingguan Gongjun, Junju Ge Guangguang, Gui Geng Jiu Jiang, Jiao Jian Jiao Ji Qi, Shoulder Bow Turtle Mandarin, Gong Jia Gang Gua Ginger, Nai La Pao Burn" 44 characters represent the 44 vowels, according to the Chaoshan dialect syllables, spelled into dialect characters, word by word transcription, into the book "Chaosheng Fifteen Sounds". Zhang Shizhen mentioned in the preface that the purpose of writing this book is to enable "illiterate people" to "familiarize themselves with this compilation and be able to read themselves" and "make up for it in the market."
It is reported that the first draft of the book was completed about 1904, finalized and prefaced in 1907, printed in 1912, and published by Shantou Picture and Picture Newspaper Lithograph in January 1913. For the first time, a thousand copies were printed and sold in Chenghai Dongli. As soon as the book came out, it quickly became popular among hipsters, becoming a bestseller, and sold out within a few months. Later, the book was published in all lead prints by the Shantou Science Library. During this period, in addition to writing "Fifteen Tones of Tide Sound", Zhang Shizhen also edited six volumes of "Selection Secrets", of which "Fifteen Tones of Tide Sound" was the most widely circulated.
【Context Link】
If you want to learn Chaoshan dialect, you can first learn from the sound, rhyme, and tuning, can you list the vowels, tones, and vowels (including the vowels) of the "fifteen tones", "eight tones" and "forty-four characters"? Try it in Chaoshan dialect.
The display of "fifteen tones" and "forty-four characters" in the Chaosheng 15-tone Exhibition Hall
Eight tones (8 key classes):
Low (Shangping) Arrival (Shangshang) Emperor (Shangshang) Drop (Shangjin)
Pool (Lower Level) Brother (Lower Upper) Ground (Down) Dish (Lower Entry)
Fifteen tones (15 vowels):
Willow begged to go to the slope of the slope when he added english out of joy
Forty-four words (44 vowels):
Junjia Gao Jinji Gonggu and Ji Jian Jing Guan Gong Jun Jun Ju Ge Guang Guang Gui Geng Jiu Jiang Jiao Jian Jiao Ji Obedient Shoulder Carry Bow Turtle Mandarin Gong Jia Gang Gua Ginger Nai Blanch
【Context Week】
On March 22, Volunteers from the Beijing Winter Olympics from Shantou visited the Shantou Asian Youth Games and shared the experience of the Volunteers of the Winter Olympics with the Shantou Asian Youth Team, passing on the positive energy of Shantou City and displaying the spiritual outlook of a new generation of Chinese Shantou youth.
Recently, "tea fragrance haunts the most Chaozhou" - Chaozhou City Tea Culture Network Meiwen Meitu Collection Activity kicked off, in the whole society to collect a number of Chaozhou tea culture, tea industry, tea utensils, tea life, tea perception of the Beautiful Picture meiwen, so that Chaozhou millennium tea culture in the inheritance of the glory.
Recently, Jieyang City launched the theme of "Chinese Dream, Labor Beauty - Welcoming the Twenty Great Achievements and a New Era of Meritorious Service", carried out in-depth publicity and practice activities of "Jieyang Beauty and Beauty Jieyang", widely publicized the advanced deeds of workers from all walks of life in the city in the form of storytelling, and collected stories from the vast number of workers in the city.
A few days ago, Wu Peijin, the representative inheritor of the national intangible cultural heritage project Baizi Opera, brought a special public elective class to 60 students of Xinghai Conservatory of Music through online teaching, kicking off the prelude to the dissemination of Hailufeng's ancient opera culture in the highest music school in South China. (Ant Luya Zhao Yingguang)
Chief Planner / Wang Yiyang Du Chuangui Lin Haili
Director of the Editorial Board / Zeng Yingru Sun Aiqun Sun Xuan Hu Quan
Organizer / Department of Culture and Tourism of Guangdong Province Yangcheng Evening News
Coordinator of this issue / Ma Hanqing Yao Zhide
Source | Yangcheng Evening News Yangcheng Pie
Editor-in-charge | Zhu Guangyu