After the establishment of the Great Mongol State, it continued to expand outwards, and in 1218, it destroyed the Western Liao, and in 1219, it conquered Huarazm in the west, all the way to the Volga River Valley, and returned to the east in 1225. In 1227, the Western Xia was destroyed, and Genghis Khan also died of illness during the journey. After the death of Genghis Khan, the youngest son Tuolei supervised the country, and Tuolei was supposed to inherit the Khan's throne, but Tuolei, in order to avoid disputes, elected Wokoutai to succeed him. Legend has it that later Tore died of drinking cursed wine for The Wokoutai.
Map of the Western Expedition
In 1229, Wo kuotai succeeded him as Great Khan, conquered Goryeo in 1231, destroyed the Eastern Jin Kingdom in 1233, and destroyed the Jin Kingdom in 1234. Then he marched west again, capturing Moscow in 1237, and invading Poland and Hungary in two ways in 1241, defeating the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire, and the forward line pointed directly at Vienna, which shocked Europe. It was at this time that Wokoutai died. The expeditionary force then returned to the east, and later Batu established the Khanate of Chincha.
In the spring of the fifteenth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1222, the sixth year of Jin Xingding), Subutai and Zhebetsu led the Mongol army into the realm of Azov (also known as Alan, an Iranian-speaking tribe in the northern foothills of the Caucasus) and Chincha (a Turkic tribe, distributed from the Caspian Sea to the north of the Black Sea, called by the Eastern Romans as Kuman, and called by the Russians as Borovechi), and successively broke the various departments of Azov and Chincha, and then stationed in the land of Chincha in winter. In May of the sixteenth year of Jiading (1223, the second year of Jin Yuanguang), the Mongol army and the combined forces of Huluosi and Chincha fought east of the Arigi River (north of the present-day Zhdanov city of the Ukrainian Republic), and were finally defeated by the Mongol army one by one. The forces of Subutai and Zhebei raided the southern parts of Theras.
In the third year of Baoqing (1227, the fourth year of Jin Zhengda), the Mongol army entered and plundered the Southern Song Dynasty's Sichuan Pass. In July of the same year, Genghis Khan died of illness. The Mongol army besieged Zhongxing for more than half a year, the city was full of food, the emperor Li Xi of the late Western Xia surrendered, the Mongol generals followed the orders of Genghis Khan to kill, and the Western Xia perished.
In August of the second year of Shaoding (1229, the sixth year of Kim Jong-dae), Tuolei summoned the kings and ministers to hold a khan-electing meeting at the ear of the Great Hue in the upper reaches of the Tilulian River (Krulun River), and jointly enshrined Wokoutai, that is, the Great Khan, with the honorific title of "Muyijian Khan".
Mongol Expedition to the West
The situation after wokoutai took the throne
In the second year of Song Shaoding (1229, the sixth year of Kim Jong-dae), Wokoutai sent Qi'er Mahan to lead an army to conquer Shah (Persian for "king") Zalandin Minburnu. In August of the fourth year of Shaoding (1231, the eighth year of Kim Jong-dae), Zalandin was killed by the local Kurds in the mountains of the Diyabekar region (in present-day Diyarbakır, eastern Turkey), and the remnants of Khwarazm were eventually wiped out. After the destruction of Zalandin, Qi'er Mahan led the Western Expeditionary Army to conquer the western part of Persia, and sent troops to attack the nearby lands, and Gu'er and Great Armenia were conquered successively.
In the fourth year of Shaoding (1231, the eighth year of Jin Zhengda), the emperor's brother Tuolei led an army to forcibly attack Jin in the Song and Han Dynasties, and plundered the counties of northern Sichuan.
In the first month of the first year of Duanping (1234, the third year of Jin Tianxing), the Mongol and Song allies attacked Caizhou, And Emperor Aizong of Jin hanged himself after giving the throne to Yan Chenglin, and the late Jin Emperor Chenglin also died in the rebellion, and the Jin Dynasty collapsed.
In the second year of Duanping (1235), the crown prince Kuochu and Kuoduan divided the eastern and western route armies into the Southern Song Dynasty. The Eastern Route Army took the three prefectures of Tang, Deng, and Jun (the three prefectures were all jin generals, and the Mongol army arrived, that is, the rebel Song surrendered to Mongolia), attacked Zaoyang, Gwanghwa, and plundered Xiangfan, Yingzhou and other places.
The reign of Wokoutai coincided with the booming rise of the Great Mongol State. The territory of the Great Mongol State expanded to the Central Plains, Central Asia, West Asia and other places, the economic and military strength increased greatly, and the conquest ambitions of the Mongol nobles expanded sharply. The demise of the Khwarazm and Jin states relieved Wokoutai of the worries of the western conquest of Europe, while the Southern Song Dynasty was also invaded by The Mongol army and was on the defensive. During this period, Wokoutai implemented a series of ruling measures, consolidated its own Great Khan's authority, and strengthened its centralization. The establishment of the postal system, the first western expedition of Subutai and Tetsubetsu to Chincha and Chorosi, and the western expedition of Qi'er Mahan to Huarazm and Persia facilitated the transmission of information for the Mongol army, accumulated combat experience, and became familiar with the terrain and landforms. Under these favorable conditions, the "Firstborn WestWard Expedition" came into being.
After the success of the first Western Expedition of the Mongols, the Mongol Empire launched a second Western Expedition in 1235. This western expedition was still provoked by the remnants of Khwarazm. Zaraddin, son of King Mohammed of Khwarazm, fled from India to the Caucasus during the Mongol destruction of Khwarazm, and Genghis Khan believed that he had no political ability and no need to be wary. Unexpectedly, after taking the Mongol army away, Zaharaddin sneaked back to present-day Iran, and the Turkic people in Iran and Iraq took him as their leader and allowed him to rebuild the Khwarazm Empire. A year before the Mongols launched the War of Annihilation, Zalaleddin fought against neighboring Muslim states, and the national strength was much depleted, and the Mongol army took advantage of the situation to defeat Zachareddin's army. Zaraledin then fled to the qu'erte region and was stabbed to death by the local villagers, and the kingdom of Huarazzi was truly destroyed. After the Mongol army defeated the Khwarazm state, it took advantage of the situation and occupied the kingdoms of Arterpezan, Great Armenia, Qu'erte, and Gu'er. Later, he invaded Central Asia Minor, intending to make the countries of this region a Mongol vassal, and for this purpose launched a second western expedition.
The Eldest Son's Western Expedition (1235–1242) was the second western expedition of the Great Mongol State. With Genghis Khan's grandson Batu (Shuchi second son) as the commander, the princes Guiyu (the eldest son of Wokoutai Khan) and Möngke (the eldest son of Tuolei) conscripted, because all the clans commanded the army with the eldest son, and the Nayan at all levels below the level of ten thousand households also sent the eldest son to lead the army, so it was called the "Eldest Son's Western Expedition" or "The Western Expedition of the Sons". The actual command of the Mongol army was in the hands of the former military commander Subutai, and the Mongol army's troops were mainly directed at Chincha and Huoluosi.
In the second year of Song Duanping (1235), Wo Kuotai convened a meeting of kings and decided to conquer the states of Chincha and Huiluosi, and ordered all branches of the clan to lead the army with the eldest son, and the eldest son of nayan at all levels below the level of ten thousand households also sent the eldest son to lead the army. The kings were led by The Second Son of Shu Chi, and the veteran SuButai was the main commander. In the autumn of the third year of Duanping (1236), he destroyed Briar. In the spring of the first year of Jiaxi (1237), qincha was destroyed; in autumn, he marched into Luosi and captured the city of Yeliezan (Ryazan). In the following year, the army was divided into four parts, breaking through more than ten cities such as Moscow and Rostov, and jointly besieging the capital of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir and trapping it. In the third year of Jiaxi (1239), he destroyed the state of Asok in the northern foothills of the Caucasus Mountains and invaded the southern territory of Chorosi, sent an envoy to Beva (Grand Duchy of Kipu) and was killed. In the fourth year of Jiaxi (1240), the Batu pro-unification army besieged Beawa and attacked with artillery on all sides. His king Mikhail (Mikhail Vřevolodović), fearing the enemy, had fled to Bale'er (kingdom of Poland), and the famous general Demitl led the soldiers and civilians of Beva to a heroic resistance, the city was destroyed, Demitar was wounded and arrested, Anduga was loyal and brave, and pardoned, but the soldiers and civilians of Begawa were brutally slaughtered. After the Mongol army captured Beva, it continued westward, capturing Galich (The Duchy of Galic), and its king Daniel Romanovich fled into Mazar (Kingdom of Hungary).
In the spring of the first year of Chunyou (1241), Batu divided his troops into two routes, one led by the kings Bai da'er (son of Chagatai) and the general Wuliang Hetai to attack Li'er, and the other led by Batu and Subutai to attack Mazar. Bydal's army broke through the city of Domin and reached Klakov, Henry II, king of Baleer, abandoned the city, and the Mongol army burned its city and entered Silesia. The Silesian Marquis gathered the armies of The Philharmonics, joined forces with the Mythical (Germanic) army that came to the aid of the enemy, fought fiercely at Rignitz, and was defeated by the Mongol army. The Battle of Lignitz shocked the European states and felt the serious threat of Mongol invasion. However, due to the sharp contradictions between the Pope and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor of Germany, a consistent response could not be taken. After the Mongol army won, it invaded Moravia and went south to join the Batu army. The Batu army defeated the Mazar army on the banks of the Sayue River (the Immediate Lingning River contained in the YuanShi), entered the city of Bapaisi (the Macha City contained in the Yuanshi), and divided its troops into four raids. One entered Neuschda near Vienna. In winter, the Batu army crossed the Dana River (Danube) and captured the city of Gran. At the beginning of the second year of Chunyou (1242), he sent the king Hedan (son of Wokoutai) to lead an army to pursue the Mazar king Beira IV (Bella IV). Soon, the news of Wokoutai's death came, and Batu led his army back to the east, and at the beginning of the third year of Chunyou (1243), he arrived at the camp in the lower Volga River. From then on, Battus established a state here, and the city of Sarai (near present-day Astrakhan) was established as the capital. It has a vast area from the Shihe River in the east to the Huiluosi in the west, and is known as the Chincha Khanate (named after the former ChinchaBu).
In 1246, Guiyu succeeded to the throne with the support of empress dowager. Battus and Guiyu were at odds after the eldest son's western expedition, and Guiyu fell ill and died on the way back from the expedition to Europe, and Battu (the strongest of the Chincha Khanate) had the strength to inherit the Khan's throne as the eldest grandson, but he had no intention of taking the throne, so he proposed to convene a conference of Kuriletai and support Tuolei's eldest son Möngke as the Great Khan. In 1251, Möngke succeeded to the throne. In 1254, the state of Dali was destroyed. Möngke ordered Hulagu to march west; in 1258, he captured Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Empire, and destroyed the Abbasid dynasty. In 1260, Damascus was occupied. In the eighth year of Emperor Yuanxianzong (1258), Möngke, his brother Kublai Khan and the general Wuliang Hetai attacked the Southern Song Dynasty in three major ways. He personally led the main force to Sichuan, and the following year, during the attack on Hezhou (present-day Hechuan District, Chongqing), he was wounded (it is said that the epidemic was epidemic, many soldiers died of illness, and Meng Ge also fell ill), and died on the 21st day of the seventh lunar month of the ninth year of Yuan Xianzong (August 11, 1259) on the Diaoyu Mountain in the east of Hechuan. Some historical sources believe that his death was due to an arrow wound he suffered during the attack on Hezhou. Other historical sources, including the Yuan Shi, assert that he died of dysentery. Raschdudin claimed that Möngke had died of cholera. Whatever the reason, Möngke's death shook the entire Mongol Empire and had a profound impact on its future course of history.
The Mongols carried out their third western expedition in 1253. At that time, the state of Murai, located south of the Caspian Sea, refused to be a vassal of the Mongols or to pay tribute. These acts were extremely disrespectful to the Mongol Empire, which was already in power in the Mediterranean at that time, and in order to punish this country, Emperor Xianzong Sent his imperial brother Hulegu as the commander of the Western Expedition, and led the generals Buerga, Buhua Timur, and Beizhu to the Mulayi State to launch an unprecedented third western expedition. At that time, the Kievan Rus' Principality in the Russian region was also the target of aggression, and the Rus' alliance with other ethnic groups confronted the Mongols on the banks of the Kalka River, the coalition was defeated, hundreds of Kiev princes were killed, and the Russians also submitted to the Mongols, beginning a period of 400 years of rule.
Hungary was hit hard by the attacks of the Mongol Golden Horde from 1241 to 1242.
During the three western expeditions, 4 great Han states were established: the four khanates include two theories, one is the four kingdoms composed of the Yuan Dynasty (also known as the Great Khanate) and the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, and the other is that in addition to Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty, four relatively independent states, also known as "Ulusi", are the Golden Horde (also known as the Chincha Khanate), the Chagatai Khanate, the Wokoutai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate.
In 1225, Genghis Khan divided the fiefdoms of his four sons. The fiefdom of the eldest son, Shuchi, was west of the Irtysh River and north of Khwarazm (including the Irtysh River valley and the Altai Mountains), and the Erdo (palace) of Shuchi was located in the Irtysh River Valley.
In 1236, the second son of Shuchi, Batu, led the "eldest son army" on a western expedition, and by 1240 had conquered the Chincha steppe, The Crimea, the Caucasus (to Tarban), the Bulgar Khanate (Bulgaria), the Volga and Oka regions, and the Rus' principalities in the Dnieper Valley. This vast area of the conquered became the Uluth of Battus,
In 1242, it was called the "Khanate of Chincha". The borders of the Khanate roughly included: from the western Irtysh River in the east to the Dnieper River in the west, from Lake Balkhash, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea in the south, including the North Caucasus and northern Khwarazm and the lower Syr Darya River, and north near the Arctic Circle. Battus made the Volga region its political center and established the capital, Sarai (near present-day Astrakhan), at the entrance. The Rus' principalities were vassals of the Khanate of Chincha.
The Chagatai Khanate (1222-1683) was one of the four great Mongol khanates, which was expanded by The Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, according to his territory. At its peak, the Chagatai Khanate stretched from Turpan, Lop Nur to the west and the Amu Darya River in the east, to the Tarbahatai Mountains in the north, and to the Hindu Kush Mountains in south, including the Altai to The Middle River region (the river region refers to a large area between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers).
The site of The Palace of Erdo (Gong Tent) is located in Alimari (an ancient place name in Xinjiang, China, also known as Alima, meaning "Apple City", and the site is located at the northeast end of the territory of alimari in present-day Ilihuo City, Xinjiang. The loya thoughts within the territory. The three tribes of Baruch, Zarayir, and Kreyatti were the main Mongols in the khanate, and their rulers were of Chagatai descent.
The Wokoutai Khanate was part of the Mongol Empire and one of the four great Mongol khanates. However, the founder of the Wokoutai Khanate was not Genghis Khan's third son, Wokoutai, but was built by his descendants. The territory included the territory of the former Naimanbu and part of the territory of the former Western Liao, that is, the upper Irtysh River and the area east of Lake Balkhash. The capital is also a lost city.
Founded in 1251 and died in 1309, the Wokoutai Khanate coexisted for 58 years, making it the shortest-lived of the four great Mongol khanates.
The Ilkhanate (1256–1335), also spelled Ilkhanate and Ilkhanate, was one of the four khanates of the Mongol Empire, established by Hulegu, the son of Genghis Khan's fourth son, Toray.
From 1221 to 1222, Genghis Khan occupied the cities of Khorasan in eastern Persia during his war against Khwarazm, but did not establish a civil administration. In 1256, his vassal states included the Kartide dynasty of Afghanistan, the Later Western Liao of Kerman, the Sultanate of Roma in Turkey, and Georgia.