Wu Han: It was not easy for the ancients to read
Ideas and ideals
| Wu Han
It was not easy for ancient people to read books, because before the invention of printing and paper, ordinary people could not afford to read books. Due to the limitations of material conditions, it was very difficult for ancient people to read books, especially when they needed many books.
It was not easy for ancient people to read books, because before the invention of printing and paper, ordinary people could not afford to read books.
First, the book is very valuable, you have to copy it by hand on the bamboo or wooden stick, a piece of bamboo Jane, wooden mu can not write many words, several books are filled with several cars, some people say "learn rich five cars", it is said that the books read more than five cars contained in the Jane Mu, its practical today's eyes, five cars of books are not much. Confucius studied very hard, "Wei weaves three absolutes", Wei is a belt, bamboo and wooden with a belt to tie up, so as not to cause chaos. This kind of book is woven with rope, so it is called weaving. Reading too much, breaking the belt three times, is to describe his old man's very hard work, repeated reading of a book, familiar with the meaning of intensive reading. In a word, such a valuable book, ordinary people can not afford to read. Later, people wrote it on the drapery and rolled it into one volume after another, so a book was divided into several volumes. It is also very expensive, and only the rich can afford it. When the paper was invented, although it was cheaper, but it had to be copied by hand, copying a book was very troublesome, copying many books was even more troublesome, and the average person still couldn't afford to copy it. Books written on paper can be bound into books, the book is hieroglyphic, the ancient Jian Mu is tied together with a belt, like a book, so it is called a booklet, and the book written on paper also uses the old term, so the book has the name of the book.
Second, with books, there had to be someone to teach, and there were very few schools in ancient times, and only the children of aristocratic bureaucrats could go to school. Although some private lecturers also have to pay tuition fees (bundles of repairs), people who cannot afford to pay them still cannot go to school.
Third, because books are expensive and there are few books, it is impossible for everyone in a school to have books, and they can only rely on the teacher's dictation and take notes by themselves, so that the study time will be longer, and people who can live by labor will not be able to read books.
In short, due to the limitations of material conditions, it was very difficult for ancient people to read books, especially many books. It is precisely because of this that there are class restrictions on reading, it is easy for the children of aristocratic bureaucrats to read, it is difficult for the children of commoners to read, knowledge is monopolized, and scholars are ranked before farmers, workers, and merchants.
After the invention of printing, books became commodities and could be bought in bookstores, but there were still limitations, and the poor could not afford to buy books, let alone many books. It is still very difficult for the poor to read, to borrow ideas, and to copy themselves. For example, in the 14th century, tens of thousands of books were printed, and there were bookstores in major cities, but it was still very difficult for the poor to read. Song Lian, a famous scholar at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, wrote an article entitled "Sending Dongyang Ma Sheng Sequence", describing the difficult situation of his own reading:
When I was young, I liked to study and learn, my family was poor, I couldn't get books, so I had to borrow them from the homes of people who had books, copy them myself, and agree to return them on a date. On a cold day, Yan was frozen, his fingers were frozen and bent, so he still rushed to copy, copied and sent it back, not daring to miss the day. Because of this, people are willing to lend me books, and they can read a lot of books.
When I reached adulthood, I wanted to study more and more, but there was no good teacher, so I had to rush more than a hundred miles away to find a famous old gentleman to ask for advice. The old man was famous, and the students were crowded all over the room, very fancy. I stood by and asked for advice, arching my body and turning my ears sideways, listening to his teachings. When I met him who lost his temper, I became more and more respectful, and did not dare to say a word, and when he was happy, I asked for advice again. In this way, although I am not very smart, I have learned some knowledge in the end.
When I went to ask for a teacher, carrying my luggage, walking through the deep mountains and valleys, the winter was windy and snowy, the snow was several feet deep, the skin of my feet was cracked, and I didn't know, when I arrived at the inn, my limbs were frozen, people drank hot water, covered the quilt, and it took half a day to warm up. Eat twice a day, wear a torn cotton robe, never envy others to eat well, dress well, and never feel cold. Because seeking knowledge is the happiest thing, the rest is ignored.
Song Lian climbed the peak of learning under such difficult circumstances and through hard work. At the end of the article, he exhorted the students at the time to say:
You are now in Taixue school, and the state provides food and clothing, so you don't have to go hungry and cold. Studying in a big house, there is no need to run to seek a teacher. If you have a doctor and a doctor who teach you, there will be no more things that are not answered or asked. I have all the books to read, and I don't have to borrow them from people to copy like I did. With such conditions, I still can't learn well, either I have poor talent, or I don't have the same concentration and hard work as I do. Such good conditions cannot be said to be good at learning.
I read this passage very movingly. Today, the conditions of our study are many times better than those of those students advised by Song Lian, and if we don't work hard and can't learn well, I don't think it will be justified.
Source of the article: "Under the Lights", Life, Reading, and New Knowledge Triptych Bookstore, June 1960 edition.
"Huang Sheng borrowed books to say"
Yuan mei
Huang Shengyun borrowed books. With the book given by the owner of the garden, he told him:
"Books cannot be read without borrowing. Don't you smell the bibliophiles? Seven slightly four libraries, the book of the Son of Heaven, but how many people are the readers of the Son of Heaven? Sweat cow plugged house, the book of the rich and noble, but how many rich people read the book? Other grandfathers and descendants who abandon each other do not care. Not only the book, but everything in the world. If you are not a lady's thing and are forced to fake it, you will be forced by others, and you will be worried about it, and you will play with it endlessly, saying: 'Today I will exist, tomorrow I will not see it.' 'If karma is my possession, I will be highly bound, and I will hide it, and I will say 'Gu Qian's view of the other day' Yun'er. ”
Yu is a good book, and his family is poor. There is a rich collection of books by the Zhang family. Borrow from the past, return to the form of dreams. That's exactly how it is. Therefore, there is a provincial record. After completing the book, he went to the book, fell to the full, plain ash silk, and shimong scroll. Then sigh the borrower's dedication, and the years of the little time are a pity also.
Now Huang Sheng is poor, and his borrowed books are also given. However, the Official Letter of The Gift is not similar to the Miserly Book of the Zhang Dynasty. However, Yu Gu is unfortunate and meets Zhang Hu? Lucky to be born? If you are fortunate and unhappy, then your reading will also be specialized, and your return to the book will also be fast.
For one word, make with the book furniture.
——Yuan Ming, "Huang Sheng Borrowed Books"
Huang Sheng borrowed the book and said
Huang Shengyun borrowed books. With the owner of the garden, he gave the book and told him that the book could not be read unless it was borrowed. Don't you smell the bibliophiles? Seven Sketches, Four Libraries, the Book of the Son of Heaven, but how many people are there in the Book of Heaven? Sweat cow plugged house, the book of the rich and noble, but how many rich people read the book? Other grandfathers accumulate, and descendants abandon those who do not care. Not only the book, but everything in the world. If it is not a lady's thing and is strong (qiǎng) false (jiǎ), it will be forced by others, and it will be troubled to play with it, saying: "Today exists, tomorrow goes, I cannot see it." "If karma is my possession, I will be highly bound, and guǐ (庋) will be hidden, and it is known as "Gu Qian's View of the Other Day" Yun'er.
Yu is a good book, and his family is poor. There is a rich collection of books by the Zhang family. Borrow, do not, and return to the form of dreams. That's exactly how it is. Therefore, there is a provincial record of zhé . After the book is cleared, the book comes, and the fall is full, and the yín gray silk is covered with scrolls. Then sigh the borrower's dedication, and the years of the little time are a pity also!
Now huang sheng is poor and gives, and his borrowed books are also given; but the official letters given are not similar to Zhang's miserly books. However, yu gu is unfortunate and meets Zhang Hu, and sheng gu is lucky and meets yu hu? If you are fortunate and unhappy, then your reading will also be specialized, and your return to the book will also be fast.
About the Author
Yuan Ming (1716-1798) was a Qing Dynasty poet, writer, and poet. Zi Cai (字子才), nicknamed Jian Zhai (簡斋), in his later years, called himself a resident of Cangshan Mountain, the owner of suiyuan, and a native of Qiantang (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Yuan Ming was one of the representative poets of the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods, and together with Zhao Yi and Jiang Shiquan, he was known as the "Three Greats of Qianlong". Yuan Ming was the most famous and influential poet in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, ranking first among the "Three Greats of Qianlong" and holding the poetry circle for nearly 50 years. During the Qianjia period, when examinations were in vogue, in the poetry circle of heavy scripture and learning, he was unique and extraordinary with his poems full of creative spirit and full of genius.
Writing background
This article puts forward the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing", on the certificate can not be read without borrowing, exhorting people (this refers to Huang Sheng) not to be deterred because of unfavorable conditions, as long as there is ambition, determination, unfavorable conditions, but can urge people to forge ahead, achieve results, but also remind people not to covet comfort because of superior conditions, develop the bad habit of not seeking progress, cherish time, cherish the learning conditions they have, and study well.
Key words
1. Sheng: A common name for readers in ancient times.
2. Grant: Grant, give.
3. Son: You.
4. Seven Slightly Four Libraries, The Book of the Son of Heaven: The Seven Slightly Four Libraries are the books of the Son of Heaven. Liu Xiang, a scholar at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, collated and edited the inner house collection. Liu Xiang's son Liu Xin (xīn) continued to do this work, writing the Seven Strategies, which were divided into seven parts: Ji Luo, Liu Yi Luo, Zhu Zi Luo, Bing Shu Liu, Poetry Fu Li, Shu Shu, Shu Shu, and Fang Ji. During the Tang Dynasty, the collections of the capital Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang were compiled into the Four Libraries, including the Classics, the History, the Zi, and the Collection. Here, the seven or four libraries all refer to the inner house collection.
5. Sweat cow stuffed house, the book of the rich family: tired cattle sweated from carrying, and put them in the house to fill the house. There is a lot of books described here. Khan, the noun as a verb, makes... perspire.
6. Grandfather: Grandfather and father. "Grandfather" relative to "descendant" said.
7. Discarder: Discarded situation.
8. Whatever: Needless to say, needless to say.
9. Ran: This.
10. Fú man: That man. Point to someone else who borrows a book.
11. Qiang (qiǎng): Reluctantly.
12. Zhuì (惴惴): The look of fear.
13. Mo play: Mo Zi (suō) to play, stroke.
14. Karma: Already.
15. High bundle: Bundle up and put it on a high place. Bundles, bundles, ties.
Appreciation
Part One (paragraphs 1-3)
Clarify the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing".
The first paragraph is the chief paragraph of this part, first saying that Huang Sheng borrowed a book, and the following discussion was triggered by the incident.
After putting forward the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing", the second paragraph uses the three common facts of "the son of heaven", "the rich and noble family" and "other grandfathers and descendants who have abandoned", to initially prove; and with the sentence "not only books are like this, everything under the world is the same"; and then comparing and arguing with the different attitudes adopted by people on borrowed things ("strong and false") and things that belong to themselves ("I own"), it proves that "everything under the world is the same" This assertion is of universal significance. The author deduces the reason from that common phenomenon - "worrying about people to force", this external pressure will be turned into a driving force to spur themselves, and effectively prove the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing".
The third paragraph also takes the difficulty of borrowing books when he was young, the dedication to reading books, and the personal experience of having a large number of books but no longer reading books after becoming an official as a powerful argument, and further argues the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing" from both positive and negative aspects.
In order to argue the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing", the author compares them from three aspects. The contrast between these three aspects is (1) the contrast between the different attitudes and psychology of the book collectors and the borrowers of books (things); (2) the contrast between the misfortune of "I" encountering Zhang's miserly books when I was young and the luck of Huang Sheng's encounter with "I" public books; (3) the contrast between "I" borrowing books when I was young and reading books without reading after becoming an official. In short, this part revolves around the central point of view, with discussion and narrative, and the level clearly clarifies the facts.
Part two (paragraphs IV-V)
On the basis of the above fullness, he closely followed the matter of "borrowing books" and pointed out that Huang Sheng had the honor of meeting people who were willing to "write official letters" and put forward hopes to Huang Sheng that he would be able to read books exclusively and return to books quickly. The last paragraph should begin with a note that also points out the purpose of writing this "saying": to encourage him to cherish his young time and study diligently.
Qing Dynasty Yuan Ming
Huang Shengyun borrowed books. With the owner of the garden, he gave the book and told it:
Books cannot be read without borrowing. Don't you smell the bibliophiles? Seven Sketches, Four Libraries, the Book of the Son of Heaven, but how many people are there in the Book of Heaven? Sweat cow plugged house, the book of the rich and noble, but how many rich people read the book? Other grandfathers accumulate, and descendants abandon those who do not care. Not only the book, but everything in the world. If you are not a lady's thing and are strong and false, you will be forced by others, and you will be worried about it, and you will not be able to play with it, saying: "Today exists, tomorrow goes, I will not see it." "If karma is my possession, I will be highly bound, and I will hide it, and I will know that "Gu Qian's view of the other day" Yun'er.
Yu is a good book, and his family is poor. There is a rich collection of books by the Zhang family. Borrow, do not, and return to the form of dreams. That's exactly how it is. Therefore, there is a provincial record. After completing the book, he went to the book, fell to the full, and covered the scroll when he was covered with ash silk. Then sigh the borrower's dedication, and the years of the little time are a pity also!
The reader, Huang Yunxiu, came (from me) to borrow books. I gave him the book and told him:
Books cannot be read (seriously) if they are not borrowed. Haven't you heard of the people who collect books (how they read books)? The Seven Strategies (the earliest classified works of the mainland's book catalogues, divided into seven books, including JiLuo, LiuyiLuo, ZhuziLuo, Poetry Fuluo, Bingshu Liu, Shushu Strategy, Technique Strategy, and Fang Jiluo), "Four Libraries" (the collection of the Tang Dynasty's Jingshi Chang'an and the Eastern Capital Luoyang, there are "Jing", "History", "Zi", "Ji" four libraries. Here, the "Seven Sketches" and "Four Libraries" both refer to the Inner House Collection), which is the collection of the Son of Heaven, but how many people in the Son of Heaven read books? Those who carry the cattle to make them sweat and put them in the house are the books of the rich and noble, but how many of the rich people read books? The rest of the books collected by grandparents and fathers are discarded by children and grandchildren. Not only is this true of reading, but everything in the world is like this. The man's own things were reluctantly borrowed from others, and [he] must have been worried that others were urging him to return them, so he showed a look of fear, and could not stop stroking and playing with the things for a long time, thinking: "Today it is stored (here in me), tomorrow (it will be given to people) to take it back, I can no longer see it." "If [this thing] is already in my possession, [I] will tie it up and put it on a high place, keep it, and say, 'Let's wait until another day.'" ”
When I was a child, I loved to read, but my family was poor and it was difficult to get books to read. There is a person surnamed Zhang who has a lot of books. [I] went to his house to borrow it, but [he] didn't lend it to me, and when I came back I saw a book from him in my dreams. My eagerness (that's the mood to ask for a book) is like this. So [as long as] there are books that you have read, keep them in mind. After [I] became an official, my salary was spent, books were bought, the house was full of piles, and silverfish traces often covered books. In this way, I felt that the people who borrowed books to read were (so) single-minded, and the time of my youth was (how) worth cherishing!
Today the young man with the surname Huang is as poor as I was (before), and he borrows books (hard reading) just like me (before); except that I make the books public and lend generously to Zhang's stingy books, (unwilling to lend,) seem different. From this point of view, then I was unlucky to meet someone with the surname Zhang, and the young man with the surname Huang was lucky to meet me, right? (Huang Sheng) understands that (those who borrow books) are lucky and those who cannot borrow books) are not lucky, then he will concentrate on reading, and he will also be able to write books quickly.
(I) wrote this and said, Let (it) go with the book (to Huang Sheng).
Excerpted from the Kokura Yamabofu Anthology.
Sheng: A common name for a reader in ancient times.
Grant: Deliver, deliver.
Zi: An honorific title for a person, equivalent to "you" in modern Chinese.
Seven Sketches and Four Libraries, The Book of the Son of Heaven: The Seven Six Libraries are the books of the Son of Heaven. Liu Xiang, a scholar at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, collated and edited the inner house collection. Liu Xiang's son Liu Xin (xīn) continued this work and wrote the Seven Sketches. During the Tang Dynasty, the collection of books in Chang'an, the capital of The Capital, and the Eastern Capital Luoyang, there were four libraries: scriptures, histories, sub-books, and collections. Here, the seven or four libraries all refer to the inner house collection.
Khan Cow Plugged House, Book of the Rich Family: The Khan Cow Plugged House is the collection of books of the rich and noble. Here it is said that the rich and noble people have a lot of books, and when they are carried, they are tired and sweaty, and when they are placed at home, they fill the house. Khan, the verb, makes... perspire.
Grandfather: Grandfather and father. "Grandfather" relative to "descendant" said.
Abandoned: The case of discard.
Whatever: Needless to say, needless to say.
RAN: That's it.
Fú Man: That man. Point to someone else who borrows a book.
Qiang (qiǎng): Reluctantly.
Zhuì: The look of fear.
Mo play: Mo zi (suō) to play, caress.
Karma: Already, already.
High bundle: Bundled up and placed on a high place. Bundles, bundles, ties.
Guǐ: Place, save.
GU: Excuse me, and.
SÌ: Wait.
Other Day: Another.
Er: Tone words, that's it.
Hard: Hard to come by.
AND: Give.
Shape to Dream: Form to Dream. That's what happens in the dream. Shapes, verbs, appear. Is equal to "to".
CHE: Urgent.
If so: so.
Therefore, there is a record of the province of xǐng: (Because I was desperate to read, and I could not get a book.) So what you've seen is remembered. Province, remember.
General status: renunciation, officialdom. If you become an official, your name does not belong to the "civil register", and you have obtained the status of an official, so it is said to be a "general nationality". This is a common phrase used by feudal masters. Nationality, nationality. Tong, a verb, denotes the ascension from civility to eunuch.
Feng: Feng Lu, the salary of an official.
Falling: The look of a pile.
Yín: Refers to the book's silverfish.
Grey silk: refers to insect silk.
Scroll (juàn) axis: booklet. In ancient times, when there were no line-bound books, the form of books was a long scroll with banners and scrolls for rolling up. Later generations continued to use the "scroll" as the book.
Adolescence: When young.
Years: Refers to time.
Class: like, like.
Gong: A verb that is shared with others.
Miserly: Miserly.
Gui: Also.
For one word, make and book: make a statement, let (it) be with the book (to Huang Sheng).
The author believes that it is very unfortunate that he could not borrow a book when he was young and "shaped dreams", and Huang Sheng was very lucky to be able to "write a book" with the author, so the author wanted Huang Sheng to "know the luck and misfortune", cherish the time yin, and concentrate on reading. Our contemporary reading conditions are many times more fortunate than Huang Sheng's, and we should "know the luck and misfortune", cherish the current excellent learning conditions and our youth, and study hard. If you can't succeed in learning, it is not the fault of others, you should reflect more and be vigilant. This "saying" made a discussion on the matter of the young Huang Yunxiu borrowing books from the author, put forward the viewpoint that "books cannot be read without borrowing", and encouraged young people to turn disadvantages into advantages, strive to create conditions for themselves, and strive to study hard.
The text revolves around the center, sandwiches between discussions, and clearly explains the facts at different levels. At the beginning, the article put forward the idea that "books cannot be read without borrowing", which is unexpected and thought-provoking, and then around this center, it is elaborated layer by layer. First, the emperors and rich people all have a rich collection of books, but there are few readers, and the three common facts that the grandfathers and grandchildren are willing to collect books and the descendants destroy the books at will; then use analogous reasoning to illustrate the general significance of people's different attitudes towards borrowed things and what belongs to them. The author deduces the reason from that common phenomenon- "worrying about others", this external pressure will turn into a driving force for himself, and powerfully prove the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing". Then, the author took his personal experience in borrowing books when he was young, his dedication to reading, and his personal experience of having a large number of books but no longer reading books after becoming an official, and made further arguments from both positive and negative aspects. Finally, on the basis of the above analysis and explanation, closely following the matter of "borrowing books", it was pointed out that Huang Sheng was fortunate to meet someone who was willing to "write a letter", and encouraged him to cherish the opportunity and study diligently.
It should be noted that although the central argument in this article is that "books cannot be read without borrowing", it is clear that from a literal point of view alone, this argument has a great deal of one-sidedness. "Speaking" itself is different from the normative and orthodox discourse, and the author of this article, Yuan Ming, is also a talented and willful person. Therefore, it is more appropriate to regard this article as a small article with a game nature that the author has acted arbitrarily under the condition of feeling, which contains nostalgia for the lost youth and self-deprecation of himself now, and the main purpose is to encourage and educate Huang Sheng, but there is no face.
Center: The author commented on Huang Sheng's borrowing of books, put forward the view that "books cannot be read without borrowing", and encouraged Huang Sheng to strive to create conditions for himself and study hard.
Ancient Reading - Huang Sheng borrowed a book to say (Yuan Ming)
exegesis
Huang Sheng: Huang Yunxiu, biography unknown. Say: It is a kind of ancient style, and articles of this genre often put forward the author's views on a certain phenomenon in social life, and the views are "undeveloped", generally based on discussion, but also have both narrative and lyrical components.
Suiyuan owner: that is, Yuan Ming, after the author resigned from the government, lived in Xiaocangshan Suiyuan in Jiangning (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), so he called himself "Suiyuan Master"
Qiluo: It is a catalogue of books collected by the han dynasty government and the first comprehensive book classification catalogue in China. In the third year (26 BC) of the Western Han Dynasty Emperor Heping, Liu Xiang and others studied the government's collection of books, compiled a narrative for each book, and later compiled the narratives of each book into a book called "Beilu". Liu Xiang's son Liu Xin compiled the Seven Strategies on the basis of the Beilu, which was divided into seven categories: JiLuo, Liu Yiluo, ZhuziLuo, Poetry Fuluo, Bingshu Strategy, Numerology Strategy, and Fang Shu Strategy.
Siku: This refers to the "Four Libraries Complete Book" compiled during the Qianlong period of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, which collects almost all the texts passed down before the Qianlong Dynasty.
Sweat Cow Stuffed House: The cattle are tired and sweaty when they are carried, and they are stuffed in the house and here are described as having a lot of books.
Grandfather: Grandfather and father, refers to grandparents and fathers.
Qiǎng jiǎ: Reluctantly borrowed.
Zhuì (惴) was constantly playing with it: how restlessly he toyed with it. Worried, worried, worried. Mo play, play.
KARMA: Already.
庋 (guǐ) Hidden Yan: Collect rice. Oh, place, collect.
Sì(sì) Heterogeneous View: Let's wait until later. Gu, gu, and. Wait, wait, wait. Another day, later, in the future.
To: Get.
Return to the form of dreams: after returning it will now sleep. Shape, emerging. Is equal to "to".
Therefore, there is a record of the province of Xǐng: because I was eager to read, I could not get books. So what you have seen is remembered. Province, remember.
After the general registration: the name is registered in the official register, which refers to the beginning of the official.
When the books come, they fall to the fullness: these two sentences mean that the money is spent, the books are bought, and the [house] is piled up everywhere. Falling, heaping looks. Feng refers to the official feng, and the official feng lu.
Yín (yín) gray silk juàn scroll: white silverfish and gray spider silk are often stained with scrolls. Vegetarian moth: Refers to the silver-white silver-white silver beetle that eats books. Plain, white. Gray silk, refers to gray spider silk. Scrolls, books. In ancient times, when there were no line-bound books, the form of books was a long scroll with banners and scrolls for rolling up. Later generations continued to use the "scroll" as the book.
Adolescence: When young. Years: Refers to time.
Gong: A verb that is shared with others. Miserly: Miserly.
Gu: Originally, admittedly, really.
For one word, make and book furniture: make a statement, and let it be handed over to Huang Sheng together with the book.
Translations
Huang Yunxiu, a reader, came to borrow books from me. I gave him the book and told him:
Books that are not borrowed cannot be read seriously. Haven't you heard how the people who collect books read books? The Seven Strategies (the earliest classified works of the mainland's book catalogues, divided into seven books, including JiLuo, LiuyiLuo, ZhuziLuo, Poetry Fuluo, Bingshu Liu, Shushu Strategy, Technique Strategy, and Fang Jiluo), "Four Libraries" (the collection of the Tang Dynasty's Jingshi Chang'an and the Eastern Capital Luoyang, there are "Jing", "History", "Zi", "Ji" four libraries. Here, the "Seven Sketches" and "Four Libraries" both refer to the Inner House Collection), which is the collection of the Son of Heaven, but how many people in the Son of Heaven read books? Those who carry the cattle to make them sweat and put them in the house are the books of the rich and noble, but how many of the rich people read books? The rest of the books collected by the grandparents and fathers are discarded by the children and grandchildren needless to say. Not only is this true of reading, but so is everything in the world. He must have been worried that others were urging him to return it, so he showed a look of fear, and could not stop stroking and enjoying the thing for a long time, thinking: "Stored here today, tomorrow I will take it back, I can no longer see it." "If this thing is already in my possession, I will definitely tie it up and put it on a high place, keep it, and say, "Wait until another day." ”
When I was a child, I loved to read, but my family was poor and it was difficult to get books to read. There is a person surnamed Zhang who has a lot of books. I went to his house to borrow it, but he didn't lend it to me, and when I came back I saw myself in my dreams borrowing books from him. My eagerness to ask for a book was like this. So as long as you have read a book, keep it in mind. After I became an official, my salary was spent, books were bought, the house was full of piles, and silverfish traces often covered books. In this way, I felt that the people who borrowed books to read were so dedicated, and how cherished the time of their youth was!
Today's young man with the surname Huang is as poor as I used to be, and he borrows books to read as hard as I used to; except that I make books public and lend them generously and the stingy books surnamed Zhang and refuse to lend them seem different. From this point of view, then I was unlucky to meet someone with the surname Zhang, and the young man with the surname Huang was lucky to meet me, right? Huang Sheng understands the luck of borrowing books and the unluckiness of not being able to borrow books, then he will concentrate on reading, and he will also return books quickly.
I wrote this and said, let it be handed over to Huang Sheng along with the book.
original:
Yu was fond of schooling at an early age. The family is poor, there is no way to see the book, every time they borrow from the house of books, they record by hand and count the days to repay. It was cold, the ice was strong, the fingers could not be bent and extended, and the Buddha was sluggish. After recording, go and send it, do not dare to exceed the appointment slightly. It is said that many people have to fake books, and Yu Yin has to look at the books of the crowd. Not only crowned, but also suffering from the lack of masters, celebrities and travels, tasting hundreds of miles away, from the hometown of the first to carry out the sutra. The disciples of the disciples filled in their rooms without a hint of resignation. Yu Li served left and right, aided by doubts, and leaned over to please; or when he encountered his arrogance, the more respectful he became, the more polite he became, and he did not dare to say a word; if he was pleased, he asked again. Therefore, although Yu yu was stupid, he was heard of.
When Yu Zhi followed shiye, he walked deep in the mountains and valleys, the winter wind was fierce, the snow was several feet deep, and the skin of the foot was cracked and did not know. At the end of the house, the four branches were stiff and could not move, and the wife held the soup and the water, and embraced it with the heart, and it was harmonious for a long time. Contrary to the trip, the host eats again every day, and there is no fresh fat taste to enjoy. Tongshesheng were all embroidered, wearing a hat decorated with vermilion treasures, a white jade ring on the waist, a saber on the left, and a stinky right, and a god-like person; Yu Ze was dressed in the middle of the robe, slightly without any admiration. Those who have enough pleasure in it do not know that the mouth is not as good as the body of the mouth. It's hard work and difficult.
Although he is old and has not achieved any success, he is fortunate to be among the pre-gentlemen, and after inheriting the favor of the Son of Heaven, after the Crown Prince, the Japanese attendant sits on the adviser, and the four seas also falsely call his clan name, and the situation is too much to be more than the rest?
Nowadays, all the students have studied in Taixue, the county officials have a little confession on the day, the parents have the legacy of Qiu Ge, and there is no danger of frost; sitting under the building and reciting poetry books, there is no labor to run; there are siye and doctors as teachers, and there are no questions and no notices, and those who ask for it are not; all the books that are suitable for them are gathered here, and there is no need to record them by hand, and false people will see them later. Those whose karma is not refined, whose virtue is not perfect, and who are not inferior in nature, are not as good as the ears of the rest of the heart, and it is not the fault of others!
Dongyang Ma Shengjun, who has been studying for two years in Taixue, is known as his sage. Yu Chaojingshi, born as a township man's son Gurudwara Yu, wrote a long book as a slur, and his words were very smooth, and he argued with it, and he was harmonious and colorful. When he said that he was young, he worked hard to learn, and he was a good scholar! He will return to his relatives, and it is difficult to tell him what he has learned. It is said that the people of Yu Mian township are scholars, And Yu Zhizhi is also; those who slander me for exaggerating the grandeur of the encounter and proud of the townspeople, do you know the givers?
Translation:
I loved to learn when I was young. Because the family was poor and could not get books to read, they often asked the people who collected the books to borrow them, copied them by hand, and returned them on the agreed date. When the weather was extremely cold, the water in the Yanchi was frozen into solid ice, and my fingers could not be bent and extended, and I still did not relax to copy the book. After the transcription is completed, it is quickly returned to the family, and does not dare to slightly exceed the agreed time limit. So most people lend me books, so I can read all kinds of books. After becoming an adult, he admired the teachings of the sages even more, and suffered from not being able to associate with knowledgeable teachers and celebrities, so he walked quickly to a hundred miles away, holding a scripture in his hand to ask for advice from his fellow villagers. The seniors were highly respected, the doormen and students crowded his room, and his words and attitudes were never slightly euphemistic. I stood with the attendants around him, asked questions, inquired about the reason, and lowered my ear to ask him for advice; sometimes I was reprimanded by him, and my expression was more respectful, and the order of etiquette was more thoughtful, and I did not dare to reply to a word; when he was happy, I asked him for advice. So although I was stupid, I eventually learned a lot.
When I was looking for a teacher, I carried a book box, put the back of my shoes under the heels, and walked in the deep mountains and valleys, the cold winter wind was cold, the snow was several feet deep, and the skin on my feet was frozen and cracked. When I arrived at the schoolhouse, my limbs stiffened and could not move, and the servant poured hot water on me and covered my body with a quilt, and it took a long time to warm up. Staying at the hostel, I eat two meals a day and there is no delicious enjoyment of fresh fat tenderness. The students in the schoolhouse were all dressed in splendid embroidered clothes, wearing red hats with red hats and hats decorated with treasures, white jade rings hanging from their waists, swords on the left, and sachets on the right, which were bright and bright, like gods; I was wearing old cotton robes and torn clothes between them, without any envy. Because I have enough things in my heart to make myself happy, I don't feel that the enjoyment of eating and wearing is inferior to others. My industriousness and hardships are probably like that.
Although I am old and have achieved nothing, I am fortunate to be in the ranks of gentlemen, to bear the grace and glory of the Son of Heaven, to follow the secretary of state, to accompany the emperor every day, to listen to inquiries, and to praise my name inappropriately under the heavens, let alone those who can surpass me?
Today's students study in Taixue, the imperial court provides meals every day, their parents give winter leather clothes and summer kudzu every year, there is no worry of freezing and starvation; sitting in a tall room and reciting scriptures, there is no running toil; there are Siye and doctors as their teachers, they do not ask and do not tell, ask for advice and do not gain anything; all the books that should be available are concentrated here, and there is no need to copy them by hand like me, borrow them from others, and then see them. If some of them are not proficient in their studies and have not cultivated their moral character, if they are not talented and qualified, or if their intentions are not as single-minded as mine, can it be said that they are the fault of others?
Ma Junze, a young man in Dongyang, had been studying in Taixue for two years, and his peers praised his virtues. When I went to the Capital To meet the emperor, Ma Sheng met me as a junior of his fellow villagers and wrote a long letter as a gift, the text was very smooth and accessible, and he argued with him, with gentle words and a humble attitude. He himself said that when he was a teenager, he was very diligent and hard at learning, which can be called a good learner! He was going home to meet his parents, and I went out of my way to tell him about my difficulties in school. If I encourage my fellow countrymen to study hard, it is my intention; if you denigrate me and boast of the goodness of my experience and be proud of my fellow countrymen, do you know me?
About the Author:
Song Lian (1310-1381), also known as Jinglian (景濂), was nicknamed Xuanzhenzi (玄真子), Xuanzhen Daoist (玄真道士), and Xuanzhen (玄真遁叟). The name is WenXian . A native of Pujiang (present-day Pujiang, Zhejiang), he was of Han ethnicity. A literary scholar in the early Ming Dynasty, he was once praised by Zhu Yuanzhang, the grandfather of the Ming Dynasty, as a "founding minister". Because his eldest grandson Song Shen was implicated in the Hu Weiyong party case, the family was exiled to Maozhou. Its prose is simple and concise, or graceful and elegant, each with its own characteristics. He admired Taige literature, and his literary style was pure and elegant, providing a model for the literary creation of his later "Taige style" writers. Most of his works were co-engraved into the seventy-five volumes of the Complete Works of the Bachelor of Song.
Every winter night, I read books to show my son
Lu
1.Original work
2. Translation Notes
The ancients spared no effort in reading and learning, often working hard when they were young, and only achieving something when they were old. The knowledge obtained from books is shallow, and if you want to understand a thing deeply, you must practice it yourself.
Instructions: Instructions, instructions.
Zi Yu (yù): Lu You's younger son.
Learning: Refers to reading and learning, which is the meaning of learning.
Legacy: Retention, retention.
Spare no effort: use all your strength, no reservation, spare no effort, do your best.
Junior: Teenage years.
Effort: The time it takes to do things.
Start: Only.
Paper: Books.
Finally: In the end, after all.
Jue: Feel.
Shallow: Superficial, shallow, limited.
Absolute: Deep, thorough understanding.
LINE: Practice.
Walking: Hands-on practice.
3. Appreciation of works
One or two sentences :"The ancients learned without sparing no effort, and the young and strong work began to be successful." "Praised the spirit of hard work and the difficulty of doing learning in the ancients." It shows that only by developing good study habits when you are a teenager and making every effort to lay a solid foundation can you achieve a career in the future. The poet starts from the ancients' learning, and the three words of "spare no effort" describe the degree to which the ancients worked diligently and tirelessly in learning, which is both vivid and vivid. The poet earnestly admonished his son to take advantage of his youthful energy and seize the good times to work hard, so as not to let his youth be wasted.
Three or four sentences: "On paper, I finally feel shallow, and I know that this matter must be done." "It emphasizes the importance of where to go to do academic work." Although it is important to study knowledge tirelessly and persistently, it is not enough, because it is only book knowledge, and book knowledge is a summary of the practical experience of predecessors. A person who has both book knowledge and practical experience is a truly learned person.
The poet writes from the relationship between book knowledge and social practice, emphasizing the importance of practice and highlighting his insights.
This is a godson poem. Through writing about Lu You's education of his son Zi Yu, this poem tells readers to have a tireless and persistent spirit in learning. At the same time, encourage the son not to be one-sidedly satisfied with book knowledge, but to consolidate and further sublimate in practice. At the same time, it also pins on Lu You's love for his son's growth.
Poetry Classics Guofeng, Weifeng, Qi'ao
Kio
Zhan Pi Qi'ao, green bamboo monkey. There are bandits, such as cutting like a knife, such as grinding. Heck, heck. There are bandits, and they must not be deceived.
Zhan Pi Qi'ao, green bamboo green. There are bandits, full of ears, will be like stars. Heck, heck. There are bandits, and they must not be deceived.
Zhan Pi Qi'ao, green bamboo like a basket. There are bandits, such as gold such as tin, such as Gui Rubi. Wide and heavy. Good at teasing, not for abuse
【Notes】
Qi: Qishui, which originates from Linxian County, Henan Province, flows into the Wei River through Qi County in the east. O (yù): Where the water's edge bends.
Green bamboo: One says that green is the king blade, and bamboo is flat. 猗 (ē) 猗: Long and beautiful. Yi, through "A".
Bandit: Tong "Fei", has a literary appearance.
Cutting, discussion, contemplation, grinding: zhi bone is cut, elephant is known as discussion, jade is known as grinding, stone is milled. All refer to good literary style and cultivation. The original meaning is to process jade bone ware, which is extended to discuss and study knowledge; pondering, the original meaning is the fine processing of jade bone ware, and by extension, it is the study of moral research.
Ser: Looks dignified. Xiàn : Majestic.
HH: Prominent. Xuān:Has a mighty appearance.
Xuān: Forget.
Ear filling: Ornaments hanging on both sides of the crown, drooping to the ears, generally made of jade. Xiù Ying: Jade-like beauty stone, gemstone.
Ceremony (guì biàn): deer skin cap. meeting, deer skin meeting, and 缀 缀
Zé: The false loan of the product, the accumulation.
Gold, Tin: Gold and tin, one says copper and tin. Wen Yiduo's "Wind Poetry Banknotes" advocates copper and tin, and also says: "The bronze of the ancient casting is the alloy of copper and tin, so the two are highly valued by them, and they are always called together." ”
Gui Bi: Gui, a jade ceremonial vessel, is used during solemn ceremonies; bi, a jade ceremonial vessel, is a perfect circle with small holes, and is also used during aristocratic pilgrimages or sacrifices. Gui and Bi are exquisitely crafted, showing the identity of the wearer and the elegance of character.
KEY: Kuangda. A soft look.
猗 (yǐ): Pass "leaning". More: Curved wood or copper hooks on both sides of the carriage in ancient times. The weight (chóng) is relatively large, and there are two-fold horizontal wooden cars on the carriages. It was used by ancient secretaries.
Joke: Just kidding.
SADISM: Rough.
【Translation】
Look at the bending shore of the Qishui, the green bamboo forest pieces are connected. Mr. Gao Is a Gentleman, who is more exquisite in learning and more virtuous in moral character. He has a solemn and broad mind, and his position is prominent and majestic. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, and it is difficult to forget the heart at first sight.
Look at the bending shore of the qi water, and the green bamboo is even a piece. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, beautiful jade hanging from the ear, and the gemstone-encrusted hat is like a star. His demeanor is solemn and broad-minded, and his position is prominent and more majestic. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, and it is difficult to forget the heart at first sight.
Look at the bending shore of the qi water, and the green bamboo is verdant. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, bronze like a fine, jade ceremonial like a solemn. Magnanimous and truly open, leaning on the ear of the car to gallop forward. It's funny to talk about humor, and people don't complain about making jokes.
【Appreciation】
There are many hymns of characters in the Book of Verses, and the objects of praise are also very wide. One of the most important categories of praise is the famous generals in various places. "Qi'ao" is an image of the hymn, and the time, place, and characters are not strongly referential, so it can be said that the image in the poem is not a real finger, but a virtuous scholar in the Zhou Dynasty era, with a general meaning. The poem is divided into three chapters and repeatedly chanted. But in terms of content, it is not divided according to the verses, but integrates the content of praise into three chapters. This is because the poem itself is relatively short, can not be long, can not be described according to the various aspects of the object of praise, can only be mixed and summarized, to the point. At the same time, the content of the three chapters is basically the same, which plays the role of repeated praise and makes the listener more impressed.
"Qi'ao" repeatedly praises the excellence of the scholar in several aspects: first of all, appearance. This official was dignified in appearance, dignified in appearance, tall in stature, and neatly dressed in ornate clothes. "Ear-filled", "will be like a star", even the decorations on the crown dress are also exquisite. The description of appearance is very important for creating the image of an elegant gentleman. This is the first impression given to the reader. The second is talent. "Such as cutting as a discussion, such as grinding", the article is very well learned. In fact, it is a compliment to the gentleman's ability to administer. Because Dr. Qing is engaged in politics, the drafting and formulation of official documents is the main work content. As for "being heavy and heavy" and "being good at teasing", it highlights the gentleman's ability to communicate with foreign affairs. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many princely states, which could correspond to the princes without losing the national body, which was a test for every scholar.
It seems that the poems express the outstanding ability of this gentleman to handle internal affairs and foreign affairs from both the aspects of writing articles and communicating, and highlight the image of a good minister. Finally, and most importantly, it celebrates the gentleman's high moral character. "Ru Gui Ru Bi, broad and generous", firm-willed, loyal and pure, broad-minded, approachable, indeed a wise man. It is precisely because he is a wise man, he is a good minister in politics, and coupled with the solemnity and luxury of his appearance decoration, he is even more respected.
Therefore, the two sentences at the end of the first and second chapters are direct praises: "There are bandits and gentlemen, and they must not be deceived!" "From the inner world to the appearance decoration, from the internal affairs documents to the foreign affairs negotiations, this scholar was a typical sage and good minister at that time, and it was inevitable that he would be praised by the people. In this way, the poem highlights the image of a gentleman from three aspects, from the outside to the inside. Some sentences in the poem, such as "such as cutting like a discussion, such as grinding", "good at teasing, not for abuse" have become words that people praise a certain character or character in the future, which shows the far-reaching influence of the poem "Qi'ao".