Many great thinkers have pondered the origin of the universe and its destiny, but some of the most important questions remain unresolved. While the Big Bang is often mistaken for a separate event, it's actually still in progress. Here's Astronomy Online, and today we'll answer this brilliant question: Why is the Big Bang still happening? Are you a devil who seeks the truth?
Many people have heard of the Big Bang, but what exactly does this theory mean? A common misconception is that the Big Bang explained the origin of the universe, but it wasn't. We have tried to understand the universe since the birth of mankind, but some things are always mysterious! The Big Bang meant that — eighteen billion years ago — any existence was wrapped in a point where density and temperature were infinite. Eventually, the floodgates open and the universe unfolds. With the gradual cooling, the universe continues to expand more.
This point with infinite density and temperature is called a singularity. Singularities are also thought to actually exist in our universe, at the center of black holes. Because a black hole has such mass, its gravity can pull anything around it toward it, even light. The gravitational singularity at the center of the black hole has an almost infinite density. The Big Bang theory assumes that the universe was once compressed into an ultimate singularity, massive and gravitational enough to hold all matter in place at a tiny point. Within the singularity, matter, energy, everything is squeezed together.
Like everything else, this initial singularity includes time and space that are indistinguishable from each other. An extremely rich amount of heat is stored within the singularity, and then at a certain moment, the universe begins to expand and cool. What triggered this bloat? The Big Bang theory doesn't try to answer this question, but the model does provide an explanation of the history and possible future of the universe. Despite the theoretical name, the universe probably didn't start with a literal explosion, but rather a rapid expansion of space-time, during which time the basic building blocks we see in the universe were created. Not everything is moving away from the center point, but everything else in the universe is moving away from everything else.
In other words, the size of the space itself is increasing. Physical matter, on the other hand, is finite. The Big Bang cosmology [1] can be traced back to Einstein's theory of general relativity, however, which in turn stems from Einstein's questioning of Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation. General relativity shows that the essence of gravity is the bending of existential masses to space-time [2], although this is only truly noteworthy when it comes to massive objects. Einstein initially supported the idea of a static universe, but other researchers, most notably a Belgian priest, Georges Lemaët,[3] derived a solution to his equation, suggesting that the universe was expanding.
The first person to actually observe the expansion of the universe was the American astronomer Edwin Hubble[4], who built on the work of his compatriot Westo Sliver. In 1917, Slieve observed distant galaxies getting farther and farther away from Earth. In 1929, Hubble realized that these galaxies were not only retreating, but that they were moving outwards at a proportional rate away from us. Where do we know? The secret is in the light. Light travels like sound in the form of waves. Imagine the sound of a car speeding past us. As the sound approaches, the time between the arrival of each sound wave becomes shorter and shorter.
Then when the car is driving away from us, the opposite happens, and the frequency of the sound waves becomes lower. This phenomenon is known as the Doppler effect[5], and it applies equally to light, except that light changes in color rather than in tone. When an object moves toward the observer, the color moves toward the blue end of the spectrum. Redshifts can be observed as he moves away[5]. Distant galaxies are all redshifted, which means they are all far away from the Milky Way. By observing the redshift of cosmology, Hubble learned that the universe was expanding. Unlike the Doppler effect, this redshift is not due to the distance between two objects from each other, but because the space between them is expanding.
Light from the spiral galaxy closest to the Milky Way,[6] would take more than 2 million years to reach Earth. In the process of propagation, the waves of light often expand. The farther away the galaxy, the longer the redshift will take. As a result, more distant galaxies are receding at a faster rate. While redshifts are the most convincing data to support the expansion theory of the universe, it is not the only evidence. About 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe had expanded and cooled enough to allow atoms to form.
The number of free electrons bouncing around is gradually decreasing, which means that electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang is no longer scattered. This ancient light is called the cosmic microwave background, and it can still be observed throughout the universe today. The cosmic microwave background is an important remnant of the early universe. Over the past 13.8 billion years, the cosmic microwave background has cooled down significantly; more importantly, the temperature of radiation is not related to its location, whether it is at the edge of the universe or the Milky Way, the radiation temperature is roughly equal.
Okay – so the universe is expanding.
But what is the end of the expansion?
Will all matter eventually slow down?
Or is there no end in sight for our foreseeable future?
Initially, scientists thought that due to the massive mass of the universe, gravity might slow the rate of expansion, or even reverse the expansion into a large squeeze. But in 1998, a large number of observations of distant supernovae found that the universe was expanding at an accelerating rate.
Why is that?
Little is known about this, but some scientists believe that dark energy may be the cause. Although stars and galaxies are huge, ordinary matter only accounts for about 5% of the universe. The remaining 95% are thought to be dark matter and dark energy, but their existence remains a mystery. Dark energy alone accounts for 68% of the universe's total energy.
One theory is that dark energy is actually unique to the "void" space, and the expansion of the universe increases accordingly. This energy, in turn, prompts an increase in the rate of expansion, forming a mutual promotion cycle that can only continue to accelerate.
This also means that in fact, we are facing a "big tear" rather than a "big squeeze".
As expansion continues to accelerate and galaxies drift, the universe stretches all the way until atoms begin to split.
Whatever happens in the future, the Big Bang is an ongoing process that goes back to the very beginning of the universe. The redshift light emitted by observed galaxies and the gradually cooling cosmic background radiation tell us that the universe is only getting bigger.
And that's why the Big Bang is still happening.
Resources:
[1] The Big Bang Theory: The main idea is that the universe has evolved from hot to cold. During this period, the cosmic system continued to expand, making the density of matter evolve from dense to thin like a massive explosion.
[2] General Relativity: Is a theory that describes the gravitational interactions between matter. Its foundation was completed by Albert Einstein in 1915 and officially published in 1916. This theory is the first to equate the gravitational field with the curvature of space-time.
[3] Georges Eduard Lemaëtre (17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest and cosmologist.
[4] Edwin Powell Hubble (Edwin Powell Hubble, November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was a prominent American astronomer, one of the most famous figures in the study of modern theory of the universe, the founder of extragalactic astronomy, and the first person to provide evidence of the expansion of the universe. He discovered that most galaxies have redshifts, established Hubble's law, and is considered strong evidence of the expansion of the universe. At the same time, he is also the founder of galactic astronomy and the pioneer of observational cosmology, known as the father of galactic astronomy.
[5] The Doppler effect is named in honor of the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler, who first proposed the theory in 1842. The main content is that the wavelength of the radiation of the object changes due to the relative motion of the wave source and the observer. In front of the moving wave source, the wave is compressed, the wavelength becomes shorter, and the frequency becomes higher (blue-shift blue shift); when behind the moving wave source, the opposite effect is produced. The wavelength becomes longer and the frequency becomes lower (redshift); the higher the velocity of the wave source, the greater the effect. Depending on the degree of red (or blue) shift of the wave, the speed at which the wave source moves in the direction of observation can be calculated.
[6] Spiral Galaxy: A flat galaxy with a spiral arm structure formed by large amounts of gas, dust, and hot, bright stars. Spiral galaxies are extragalactic galaxies with a vortex structure, represented by S in Hubble's classification of galaxies.
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