Briefing on the excavation of Han tombs in Jiangsu Liyang Jiang Lili Cemetery

Briefing on the excavation of Han tombs in Jiangsu Liyang Jiang Lili Cemetery

Nanjing Museum Liyang Museum

Summary: From February to July 2018, the Nanjing Museum and the Liyang Museum conducted archaeological excavations at the Jiang Zhuli Cemetery in Shangxing Town, Liyang City, Jiangsu Province, and found a total of 25 Han Dynasty tombs and 23 cleaned up and excavated. The tomb shape system is divided into two types: brick chamber tomb and earth pit tomb, of which there are 11 wooden tombs with long slope tombs with vertical pits. The excavated Han tombs were all stolen and disturbed, and 121 pieces (groups) of copper, iron, stone, lacquered wood, glazed pottery, pottery and other texture artifacts remained. According to the shape structure, arrangement and layout of the tomb, and the remaining carriage and horse tools, it is speculated that the tomb of Jiang Zili should be a family cemetery with a high status in the Liyang area of the Han Dynasty. The excavation of the Han Dynasty family cemetery in Jiang Zili has provided important clues for the archaeological research of the Han Dynasty and the exploration of Han Dynasty civilization in Liyang area.

Keywords: Liyang Han Dynasty Family cemetery Brick chamber tomb Vertical pit tomb

Photos of Jiang's cemetery

The jiang (dá) cemetery is located on the south side of Jiang Zili Village, Shangxing Town, Li (lì) City, Jiangsu Province, on the east side of National Highway 104 on the gaogang terrace (Figure 1). On August 10, 2017, the shangxing town industrial park (Liyang Economic Development Zone) in Liyang City discovered the cemetery during the land leveling process of Jiang Lili Village. Originally a residential area, it has now been demolished, and the surface is overgrown with weeds and locally planted with weeds. The geographical coordinates are 119°17 45.02 E, 31°30 33.66 N, and the elevation is 3 meters.

From February to July 2018, the Nanjing Museum and the Liyang Museum set up a joint archaeological team to carry out archaeological excavations of the cemetery. The planned excavation area is 900 square meters, the actual excavation area is 3500 square meters, and a total of 44 tombs (number 2018LJM1-2018LJM44) have been found. Among them, there are 25 Han tombs, and the rest are Song, Ming or modern tombs. Due to the limitation of cable lines such as national defense and telecommunications on the west side of the excavation area, the M40 and M41 tombs of the Han Dynasty have not been excavated. The Han Dynasty tombs in the Jiang Zili cemetery are presented below (Figure 2).

A total of 25 Han Dynasty tombs were found in this excavation, and 23 were cleaned. According to the tomb shape system, it can be divided into two categories: brick chamber tombs and earthen pit tombs.

Figure 1// Schematic diagram of the location of Jiang Zili's cemetery

Figure 2// Distribution map of tombs in the cemetery of Jiang Zili

1. Brick chamber tomb

There are 2 brick chamber tombs, M24 and M33. Both tombs are rectangular brick chamber tombs, both of which were stolen and disturbed. There is a sloped tomb passage in the south of M24, which is better preserved; M33 is poorly preserved, the western part of the burial chamber is broken by M36, and the eastern part is seriously damaged by theft, and only the partial tomb wall has rectangular tomb bricks. Now take M24 as an example.

M24 is located in the south of the excavation area, is a long slope tomb passage brick chamber tomb, consisting of a tomb passage, a closed door, a brick chamber, the tomb road is located in the south, the direction of 187° (Figure 3). The theft was severe, with only the lower half remaining. The tomb is flattened with a long strip that extends from the south to the excavation area and clears only the north. The burial debris is yellow-brown clay and the soil is dense. The clearance range is 2 meters long, 1.4 wide, 0.6 meters deep in the south and 0.86 meters deep in the north. The tomb chamber is rectangular brick masonry, flat rectangular, close to the earthen masonry, the tomb roof and the upper part of the tomb wall do not exist. The closed door is located on the south wall of the burial chamber, which is tiled with staggered seams of single bricks, uneven front and back, with the top slightly inclined to the south, and a small number of bricks with a molded pattern on the sides (Fig. 4:.1). The height of the closed door is 0.78, the width is 1.1, and the thickness is 0.14 meters. The bricks are 37 cm long, 12.5 cm wide and 6 cm thick. In addition to the slight inclination of the middle of the east wall, the north and west walls are well preserved, and 7 floors are stored. The burial chamber is filled with yellow-brown soil, the soil is relatively dense, and a large number of broken bricks are mixed in between. The tomb wall is rectangular brick masonry, the upper and lower layers are staggered smooth brick tiles, the middle sandwich 1 layer is longitudinal paving, the tomb wall has a mold printing pattern on the inward side, the side of the tile is decorated with water ripples, and the side decoration of the longitudinal brick is geometric (Fig. 4..2). Rectangular brick with stencified patterns on all three adjacent sides (Fig. 4:3). The bricks are 27 cm long, 14 cm wide and 6 cm thick. The floor tiles of the burial chamber are only left in the southeast, which is a "one shun and one ding" herringbone paving method. The tomb is 4.6 meters long from north to south, 3 meters wide from east to west, and 0.98 meters deep. The burial chamber is 4.4 meters long, 2.8 meters wide and 0.42 meters high. 1 coin and 1 clay pot were unearthed.

Fig. 3 // M24 flat, cross-sectional view

1. Five baht (disturbing soil) 2. Clay pot

Fig. 4// M24 tomb tile rubbing

1. Closed door brick 2.West wall part 3.Rectangular brick adjacent to three sides

Fig. 5// M24 excavated glazed clay pot (M24..2)

5 Baht money 1 piece. M24..1, excavated in burial chamber filling. The rust is serious, and the word "baht" in the qianwen is not clear. Diameter 2.5 cm (Fig. 20..1).

Glazed clay pot 1 piece. M24..2, excavated on the floor tiles of the south tomb door of the burial chamber. Open mouth, round lips, short corset neck, slippery shoulders, bulging abdomen, flat bottom slightly concave. Two concave string patterns on the upper and lower necks, two concave string patterns on the shoulders, symmetrical plastic bridge-shaped double series, tied with leaf veins, abdomen decorated with concave string patterns, and the surface of the instrument is glazed with green and yellow glaze, deglazed. Caliber 19.8, base diameter 17.2, height 24 cm (Fig. 5).

2. Earth pit tombs

There are 21 earthen pit tombs. It can be divided into three types: vertical pit wooden tomb with long slope tomb road, vertical pit wooden tomb and vertical pit earth pit tomb.

(1) Wooden tomb with long slope tomb road vertical pit earth pit

There are 11 such tombs: M8, M13, M16, M18, M25, M26, M28, M35, M36, M42, M44. All with long slope tomb passages, the tomb road is in the south, the burial chamber is a rectangular vertical pit, all of which are seriously disturbed, and there are wooden rafters at the bottom of the burial chamber, of which M44 has a wooden coffin. Take M25, M35, M44 as examples.

M25 is located in the south of the excavation area, the tomb is located in the south, in the direction of 190° (Figure 6). The burglary was severe, and the west was broken by the M24. The tomb is flat and long, extending from the south outside the excavation area and clearing only the northern part. The burial debris is yellow-brown clay and the soil is dense. The clearance length is 1.4, the width is 2.1, the south depth is 1.1, and the north depth is 1.7 meters. The tomb is rectangular in plan, the tomb wall is rough, the burial chamber is filled with yellow-brown soil, the soil is dense, mixed with green paste mud blocks, containing a small number of pottery pieces and broken wood plates. No coffins and human bones were found in the tomb, and the remains of wooden rafters were visible locally. Only the base plate remains, and it is paved in an east-west direction, with different lengths and lengths. The length of the wooden rafter is 2.8, the width of the residue is 2, and the thickness is 0.06 meters. The burial chamber is 4 meters long from north to south, 3.1 wide from east to west, and 1.7 meters deep.

At the bottom of the tomb, 19 pieces (groups) of burial items such as copper urns, copper kettles, copper bowls, copper pots, coins, iron ge, clay pots, clay stoves, clay pots, mica fragments were excavated, of which 2 pieces of clay pots (M25..7, 12) and 1 piece of pottery stove (M25...11) were fragmented and could not be repaired.

1 piece of copper grate. M25..3, rusty, extravagant mouth, round lip, curved abdomen, circle foot. There is a one-week string under the lip, a three-week string on the abdomen, and a symmetrical two-sided headband on the abdomen. Caliber 24.2, base diameter 16.4, height 12.4 cm (Fig. 7: 1; color illustration 4. .4).

Copper bowl 2 pieces. M25..4, 5, the shape and size are the same. M25..5, rusty, deformed, open, round lip, curved belly, flat bottom concave. There are three concave chord lines in the inner abdomen, and nine concave chords on the lower outer edge and outer abdomen. Caliber 14.2, base diameter 7.6, height 6 cm (Fig. 7: 2).

Copper kettle 2 pieces. M25..8, rusty, open, two "n" shaped lateral ears, curved abdomen, circular bottom. Caliber 12.2, height 7.3 cm (Fig. 7: .3; color illustration 4: 5). M25..10, rusty, mouth, curved abdomen, flat bottom, a periphery of the abdomen in the middle. Caliber 8.2, base diameter 4.8, maximum abdominal diameter 18, height 11.2 cm (Fig. 7: 4; color illustration 4: 6).

Fig. 6// M25 flat, cross-sectional view

1, 13, 16.Clay pot 2, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15.Clay pot 3.Copper pot 4,5.Copper bowl 8,10.Copper kettle 9.Copper pot 11.Pottery stove 17.Mica 18.Tie ge 19.Five baht money

Figure 7// M25 unearthed metal objects

1.Copper 簋(M25..3) 2.Copper Bowl (M25...5) 3、4.Copper Kettle(M25..8、10) 5.Copper 甑(M25...9) 6.Tego (M25..18)

1 piece of copper koshiki. M25..9, open, oblique edge, pointed lip, oblique ventral adduction, flat bottom, grate hole at the bottom. Caliber 21, base diameter 9.2, height 9.6 cm (Fig. 7: .5).

Iron go 1 piece. M25︰18。 Rusty, flat in a "figure 7" shape. The aid is triangular in shape, with a pointed circular section and internal fragmentation. The length of the residue is 13.1 cm (Fig. VII.

Clay pot 4 pieces. M25..2, clay gray pottery, luxury mouth, pointed lip, slippery shoulder, bulging abdomen, flat bottom, the instrument table has ten circles of parallel beat prints, arranged more closely, there are overlapping pressed stamps, and there are string patterns in the instrument. Caliber 21.6, base diameter 15.6, height 27.8 cm (Fig. 8: 1; color illustration 4: 1). M25..6, clay pottery, luxury mouth, round lip, folded shoulders, oblique abdomen, bottom slightly concave, shoulder symmetrical pasting two series, tied vertical perforation, shoulder ornament two weeks concave string pattern, inner abdomen with concave string pattern. Caliber 5, bottom diameter 5.3, height 8.6 cm (Fig. 8: .2; color illustration IV: .2). M25..14, clay terracotta, luxury mouth, round lip, slip shoulder, bulging abdomen, bottom concave, shoulder symmetrical plaster bridge-shaped biline, tie leaf vein pattern, shoulder and abdomen decoration concave string pattern. Caliber 9.4, bottom diameter 7, height 10.9 cm (Fig. 8: 3). M25...15 is the same as M25...14 in shape and texture, and the remnants of the 1 series. Caliber 9.8, base diameter 8.4, height 11.6 cm (Fig. 8:.4).

Figure 8// M25 unearthed pottery

1—4.Clay pot (M25..2, 6, 14, 15) 5.Glazed ceramic pan pot (M25..1)

Glazed clay plate pot 3 pieces. M25..1, 13, 16, the same shape. M25..1, handicap, round lip, corset neck, slip shoulder, bulging abdomen, flat bottom slightly concave, concave string pattern under the lip, concave string pattern under the neck, water ripple, shoulder decoration two sets of concave string pattern, symmetrical paste between the strings, concave string pattern between the strings, grooved string pattern, instrument table applied green and yellow glaze to the shoulder. Caliber 13.6, base diameter 11.6, height 26 cm (Fig. 8: .5; color illustration IV: 3).

Mica 1 group of 2 pieces. M25..17, damage, mineral, irregularly shaped transparent flakes. Approximately 1.5 cm in diameter.

M35 is located in the southwest of the excavation area, which is a wooden tomb with a long slope tomb tunnel vertical pit pit, the tomb road is located in the south, the direction is 195° (Figure 9). The looting was severe, and the eastern part of the tomb was broken by the late tomb M34. The tomb is flat and long, extending out of the excavation area in the south, and the northern end slopes to the bottom of the tomb, and the northern end of the tomb is not excavated to the bottom due to the cracking of the soil layer at the mouth of the tomb. The burial debris is yellow-brown clay and the soil is dense. The clearance length is 6.4, the south width is 1.8, the north width is 1.4, the south depth is 2.2, and the north depth is 4.1 meters. Due to theft, the original tomb entrance of the burial chamber does not exist, the filling soil is messy, it is yellow-brown clay, the soil is relatively loose, mixed with a small number of red spots, green paste mud blocks, the upper half of the disturbed soil contains more pottery pieces and glazed pottery pieces, and a small number of wooden plank fragments. Wooden rafters remain at the bottom of the burial chamber. The top of the wooden rafter does not exist, only the sealed door, side panels and base plates remain. The sealed door is located on the south wall of the wooden rafter and consists of 4 vertical planks and a bottom horizontal plate, the top of the vertical plate decays, and the middle two pieces are severely decayed. The bottom falls on the horizontal plate, and the ends of the horizontal plate are deep inside the rectangular tenon groove of the side plate. The closed door is 3.2 meters wide and 1.1 meters high. The remaining side plates on the east, west and north sides are made up of two pieces of splicing, and the north of the east and west side plates has "L" shaped tenon grooves. The side plates are all on top of the baseplate. The southern part of the base is laid by an east-west plank, and the north is paved by five north-south planks, perpendicular to the south. On the east side of the baseboard, there are two planks placed horizontally in the north-south direction, the east side of the plank is 3.4 meters long, 0.66 wide and 0.05 meters thick, and the west side is 3.4 meters long, 0.28 wide and 0.05 meters thick. There is also another plank placed diagonally in the southeast-northwest direction in the middle of the baseplate, which is 2.86 long, 0.12 wide and 0.05 meters thick. The depth of the burial chamber is 4.3, the length of the tomb bottom is 4.3 meters, and the length of the wooden rafter is 3.9 meters from north to south, the width of east to west is 3.6, and the height of the remnant is 1.76 meters. A total of 47 pieces (groups) of burial items such as copper mirrors, fork shapers, large cloth yellow thousands, copper eyebrow brushes, copper arrows, copper boxes, copper spears, wooden wheels, lacquer ear cups, umbrella handles, copper components, peach leaf-shaped copper ornaments, danglu, bow caps, bubble nails, copper shop heads, copper hats, copper rings, iron swords, copper ding feet, coins, copper pots, iron dings, glazed clay pots and other burial items were excavated from the tomb. Among them, 1 piece of copper basin (M35..1) and 1 piece of copper pot (M35..6) are broken.

Fig. 9// M35 flat, cross-sectional view

Copper Ding foot 1 group of 2 pieces. M35..3, the same shape, hoof-shaped foot evolution, corset waist, straight on the inside, rounded arc on the outside. M35..3-1, height 8.5, width 2.6 to 4.4, thickness 0.7 to 2.3 cm (Fig. 10: 1).

Copper box 1 piece. M35..12, bottom residue, mother-daughter mouth, curved abdomen, symmetrical bilineal upper part of the abdomen. The proximal part is engraved with concave string patterns, diamond-shaped grid patterns and a circle of convex string patterns, and the upper part of the abdomen is decorated with two inverted semi-circular flower-shaped ornaments, and the lower part is decorated with two circles of concave string patterns. Caliber 10.2, base diameter 10, residual height 4.7 cm (Fig. 10: .2).

Copper spoon 1 piece M35..36, rusty residue, oval spoon head, long handle, cross-section "U" shape. The length of the residue is 26.4 and the width of the spoon head is 10.1 cm (Fig. 10: .4).

1 piece of copper mirror. M35..7, Four Breasts and Four Divine Mirrors. Rusty, round, round button, four-leaf pattern button seat, outer double-line square, four milk and Bo bureau pattern division of the four square eight poles are green dragon, white tiger, suzaku, Xuanwu, outer serrated pattern and double line ripple edge. Diameter 11.2 cm (Fig. 20: .7).

Copper fork 1 piece. M35..8, rusty, fork-shaped at both ends, fork heads as dragon heads, fork bodies are two entangled dragon bodies, and there are a pair of small round perforations above and below the intersection of dragon bodies. Length 18.1, width 4.8, thickness 0.3 cm (Fig. 10: 5).

1 piece of copper eyebrow brush. M35..10, rusty, slender cylindrical, brush head in the shape of a round pot, with residue of decay inside, one end for dragon jewelry. Length 12.6, brush head diameter 1, shank diameter 0.6 cm (Fig. 10: .6).

Bronze arrow hammer 1 group of 5 pieces. M35..11, same size, triangular. M35: 11-1, length 4 cm (Fig. 10: 7).

Copper spear 2 pieces. M35:13, 14, the shape and size are the same. M35..13, rusty, consists of three parts: spearhead, wooden handle and copper upset. The spearhead is divided into two parts: the spear body and the skeleton. The spear body is sharp and thick, the two blades are flattened, the lower end of the blade is contracted, and the dragon head is engraved at the junction with the skull, and the spear body protrudes from the dragon's mouth. The hips are long and divided into three parts, with a six-sided columnar solid skeleton in the upper part, two copper hoops in the middle, and a rounded skeleton in the lower part. The rounded scepter is thick and thin underneath, hollow at the lower end, with a pair of perforations at the end, and the middle end is engraved with a tiger head pattern, facing away from the dragon head pattern, and the skeleton rod passes through the tiger's mouth. Two sections of the wooden handle remain, inserted into the spearhead skull and the cylindrical copper upset. Two more copper hoops are added to the middle of the copper upset, and the bottom end is closed. The spearhead is 42.7 cm long, the head length is 13.5, the maximum diameter is 2.8 cm, and the length of the wooden handle connected to the spearhead is 20 cm (Fig. 10: .9).

Fig. 10 // M35 unearthed metal objects

1.Copper Ding Foot(M35..3) 2.Copper Box(M35..12) 3.Iron Ding(M35..35) 4.Copper Spoon (M35..36) 5.Copper Fork (M35...8) 6.Copper Brow Brush (M35..10) 7.Copper Arrow Hammer (M35..11) 8.Iron Sword (M35...2) 9.Copper Spear (M35..13)

Copper coins There are 53 kinds of copper coins, including large cloth yellow thousand, five baht, and 53 kinds of large springs, a total of 2 groups of 21 pieces.

Large cloth yellow thousand 1 piece. M35..9, cloth coin, there is a circular perforation at the upper end, flat head, flat shoulders, flat feet, waist slightly retracted, both sides of the front and back are cast as unreadable, the money text is read to the right, the layout is on the left and right sides of the middle line, the money text "big cloth yellow thousand" is distributed on the front, and there is no money on the back. Length 5.9, width 2.8, thickness 0.3 cm (Fig. 20: 6).

5 Baht 1 group of 15 pieces. M35..5-1, rust, red copper texture, Qian Wen seal book neat. Diameter 2.5 cm (Fig. 20: 2)

Oizumi fifty 1 group 5 pieces. M35..5-2, rust, red copper texture, seal book qianwen "Oizumi Fifty". Diameter 2.8 cm (Fig. 20: 5)

1 iron sword. M35..2, rusty, flattened, long strip, stumped blade at both ends, ridged. The length of the residue is 38.3 cm (Fig. 10: .8).

1 piece of Iron Ding. M35..35, rusty, extravagant, folded edge, folded abdomen, hoofed foot. Caliber 21.6, height 11 cm (Fig. 10: 3).

The carriage and horse tools excavated in the disturbing soil of the tomb are model carriage and horse tools, and there are 19 groups (pieces) left.

Wheels 1 set of 2 pieces. M35..15, wood, decay, the same shape. Torus-shaped, spliced by several parts, the connection is front and back crimped, symmetrical holes are connected, used to connect and fix, the inner edge of the wheel is evenly distributed round holes for spokes, and the surface of the vessel is black painted. M35:15-1, outer diameter 48, inner diameter 44.4, thickness 2 cm (Fig. 11: 1). M35:15-2, outer diameter 60, inner diameter 55, thickness 1.2 cm (Fig. 11:.2).

Fig. 11// M35 excavated carriage and horse ware components

Umbrella handle 1 set of 2 pieces. M35..19, decayed, round wooden handle (M35..19-1), copper umbrella hoop (M35..19-2) on the handle, cylindrical hoop, convex ridge and chord pattern on the surface. The stalk is 29.2 cm long and 1.4 cm in diameter (Fig. 11.4). The length of the umbrella hoop is 9.6 cm and the diameter is 1.6 cm (Fig. 11:5).

Peach leaf shaped copper ornament 1 piece. M35..21, copper, rusty, peach leaf-shaped, one end remnant, arched button on top, hole in button. The length is 5.3, the width is 4.4, and the height is 1.3 cm (Fig. 11:3).

When Lu 2 pieces. M35:.22, 23, copper, rust residue, the same shape. Long strips of hollow flakes with a double series on the back (color illustration 5..1). M35:22, length 12.2, width 3.8, height 0.8 cm (Fig. 11:6).

Cap bow cap 1 set of 8 pieces. M35..24, copper, rusty, semi-spherical cap, cylindrical barrel, hollow, with a half-moon pointed hook underneath (color insert 5:.2). M35: 24-1, height 2.6 cm (Fig. 11: .7).

Bubble spikes 1 set of 3 pieces. M35..25, copper, rusty, nail cap semi-spherical, half-moon ring buckle underneath. M35: 25-1, diameter 1.8 cm (Fig. 11: .8).

Shop head 1 set of 3 pieces. M35..26, copper, rusty, animal face. M35: 26-1, width 3.2, height 2.6 cm (Fig. 11: .9).

Copper cap 1 group of 6 pieces. M35..27, copper, rusty, cylindrical, flat top, hat trim with a convex edge. M35:27-1, diameter 1.2, height 1.8 cm (Fig. 11:10).

1 piece of brass buckle. M35..28, copper, rusty, rectangular box, with copper buckle. Length 4.2, width 1.2, height 2.2 cm (Fig. 11: 11).

Copper hub 1 set of 2 pieces. M35..29, copper, inverted "convex" glyph in the plane, interpolated at the lower end, decorated with animal face on the upper part (colored interlude 5:.3). M35: 29-1, width 2.7, height 4.3 cm (Fig. 11: 12).

Copper rings 1 set of 2 pieces. Copper, doughnutal. M35:30-1, outer diameter 1.7, inner diameter 1.2 cm (Fig. 11:13). M35: 30-2 (Figure 11: 14).

Bronze 3 sets. M35..20, horsebit, copper, rust residue, composed of 1 group of 3 pieces in series, the single piece shape is the same, the size is slightly different. Between the single pieces, there are horizontal "8" fixed rings connected, forming a double chain system between the two sections, with a small middle ring and a large ring at both ends. The residual length is 10.2 cm (Fig. 11: 15). M35..31, bit, copper, rust, consists of 1 group of 5 pieces in series, the middle 3 pieces are connected as the joint, the two rings between the two rings are hexagonal prisms, the shape is nearly M35..20, and the reverse knife-shaped axe is inserted in the ring at both ends of the horsebit. The length is 12 cm, width 2.2 cm, arm length 11.5 cm, width 1.1 cm (Fig. 11: 16; color illustration 5: .4). M35..32, horse mow, copper, rust residue, 1 group of 2 pieces, the plane is in the shape of a reverse cut-out lace knife. Length 9.5 cm, width 2 cm (Fig. 11: 17).

Fig. 12// Vehicle components (M35:37)

1.M35︰37-1 2.M35︰37-2 3.M35︰37-3 4.M35︰37-4 5.M35︰37-5 6.M35︰37-6 7.M35︰37-7 8.M35︰37-8 9.M35︰37-9

Fig. 13 // M35 unearthed lacquerware, glazed pottery

1.Lacquerware(M35...4) 2.Lacquer ear cup (M35..17) 3.Daiban (M35...38) 4.Glazed clay pot (M35..46) 5.Type A glazed ceramic pan pot (M35..45) 6.B-type glazed ceramic pan mouth pot (M35..44)

U-shaped copper trim 1 group of 3 pieces. M35..34, copper, U-shaped. M35: 34-1, length 2.2, width 2.5 cm (Fig. 11: 18).

Copper compared to 1 group of 3 pieces. M35..33, copper, shape is "凵" shape (color insert 5..5). M35:33-1 and M35:33-2 are the same size, 10.2 cm long and 2.2 cm wide (Figure 11: 19). M35: 33-3 is smaller, 8.7 cm long and 1.8 cm wide (Figure 11: 20).

Carriage 1 set of 2 pieces. M35..47, rusty, copper, shape and size the same. Round cap shaped, hollow, with two convex edges on the outside and rectangular jurisdiction holes in the lower part (colored illustration 5..6). M35: 47-1, caliber 3.2, height 3.6 cm (Fig. 11: 21).

Car components 1 group of 9 pieces. M35..37, all wood, 5 pieces round, 4 pieces long strips, varying in size. M35..37-1, both front and back have ink text. Diameter 6.8, thickness 0.4 cm (Fig. 12: 1). M35:37-2, diameter 8.8, thickness 0.8 cm (Fig. 12:2). M35: 37-3, diameter 11, thickness 1.4 cm (Fig. 12: 3). M35:37-4, diameter 9.4, thickness 1 cm (Fig. 12:4). M35: 37-5, length 11.8, width 7.8, thickness 0.3 cm (Fig. 12: 5). M35: 37-6, length 10, width 5.8, thickness 0.4 cm (Fig. 12: 6). M35: 37-7, length 10, width 3.8, thickness 0.8 cm (Fig. 12: 7). M35: 37-8, length 12.6, thickness 1.6 cm (Fig. 12:8). M35:37-9, length 16, thickness 1.4 cm (Fig. 12:.9).

1 piece of lacquerware fragments. M35..4, wood, decay, only the bottom remains, not distinguished. Flat bottom, black paint on the inside and out. The bottom diameter is 8.4, and the residual height is 1 cm (Fig. 13..1).

Lacquer ear cup 1 piece. M35..17, wood, decay. Oval, open, with ears on both sides, flat bottom, all-over lacquer. The length of the residue is 13.4, the width of the residue is 9.7, and the height of the residue is 3.6 cm (Fig. 13: 2).

Lacquer box 1 piece. M35..18, wood, decay, black paint on the inside and outside. Leftover lid and bottom. The lid button is made of copper and consists of a persimmon button seat, a copper hammer and a copper ring. The main part of the lid is broken, and there are 4 circles of concave string patterns around the button base from the inside out, and there are cloud patterns in the middle of the strings. There are 3 copper round feet on the bottom of the box. Cover diameter 20, bottom diameter 21 cm.

Daisy plate 1 piece. M35..38, black stony, rectangular, smooth surface. Length 13.5, width 5.2, thickness 0.5 cm (Fig. 13: 3).

Glazed clay pot 1 piece. M35..46, extravagant mouth, round lip, neck, shoulder, drum belly, flat concave, sublibelly water ripples, subneck concave string patterns, water ripples, two groups of convex string patterns on the shoulders, symmetrical plastering between the strings of the animal face double line, there are leaf veins on the tie, a group of convex string patterns on the upper part of the abdomen, and the surface is glazed with blue and yellow glaze to the shoulders. Caliber 15, bottom diameter 17.6, height 40 cm (Fig. 13: .4).

Glazed clay plate pot 8 pieces. Plate, round lip, corset neck, slip shoulders, shoulders with double series, bulging abdomen, and the surface of the instrument is glazed with green and yellow. According to the different shape of the bottom system, it can be divided into two types.

Type A, circle foot. 2 pieces. The shape is the same. M35..45, plate decoration concave string pattern, neck concave string pattern, shoulder convex string pattern, symmetrical inter-string pattern symmetrical plastic bridge-shaped double series, tie ornament leaf vein pattern, abdominal concave string pattern. Caliber 15.2, base diameter 17.2, height 35.8 cm (Fig. 13: .5).

Type B, flat bottom. 6 pieces. The shape is the same. M35..44, plate decoration concave string pattern, neck concave string pattern, shoulder two sets of concave string pattern, symmetrical paste between the string pattern bridge-shaped double series, tie ornament leaf vein pattern, abdominal ornament concave string pattern. Caliber 11.2, base diameter 9.2, height 28 cm (Fig. 13: 6).

Fig. 14 // M44 flat, cross-sectional view

M44 is located in the western part of the excavation area, with the same shape as M25, and the tomb is located in the south direction of 190° (Figure 14). The tomb was seriously disturbed, and the tomb entrance and the upper part did not exist. The tomb is flat and long, extending from the south outside the excavation area and clearing only the northern part. The burial debris is yellow-brown clay and the soil is dense. The clearance length is 6.7, the width is 1.45, the south depth is 2.6, and the north depth is 4.6 meters. Due to the theft of the burial chamber, the filling of the soil is messy, the soil is yellowish brown, the soil is loose, and a small amount of broken bricks and pottery pieces are mixed in, as well as rotten wooden planks. The remains of the tomb are wooden rafters and 2 wooden coffins. The wooden rafters remain sealed door baffles, side panels and base plates. The sealed door baffle is located on the south wall of the wooden rafter, the top is seriously decayed, and it is constructed by vertical plates, and the tenon connection between the vertical plates is adopted. The sealed door is 3.24 meters wide and 1.6 meters high. The side panels are made of long strips of wood, with 2 remaining upper and lower plates on the east side, 3 left on the west side boards, and 2 left on the north side boards. The base plate is paved with 6 rectangular planks in a north-south direction, and the width and size are uneven. There is a 1-layer cushion board on the floor of the rafter, which is paved from east to west by 7 long strips of wood, with uneven width and size, and serious decay. The two wooden coffins are placed side by side on the east side of the wooden rafters, slightly to the southwest. The wooden coffin is made of whole wood dug up, the top and ends of the baffle are badly decayed, and the wooden coffin is wide from the south to the north. The length of the east coffin is 2.3, the width of the residue is 0.68, the height of the residue is 0.58 meters, and the thickness of the side plate and the bottom plate is 0.1 meters; the length of the west coffin is 2, the width of the residue is 0.55, the height of the residue is 0.46 meters, and the thickness of the side plate and the bottom plate is 0.6 meters. No human bones were seen in the coffin. The bottom of the burial chamber is 4.1 meters long from north to south, 4.6 meters wide from east to west, and 4.6 meters deep; the wooden rafter is 3.74 long, 3.64 wide and 1.8 meters high. The burial chamber contains 16 pieces (groups) of burial items such as copper mirrors, coins, stone bi, and copper spears. Among them, the bronze fragment (M44..1) is seriously fragmented and the shape of the instrument is unknown.

Fig. 15// M44 excavated artifacts

1,2.Bubble nails(M44..7-1,2) 3.Shi Bi(M44..3) 4.Grinder (M44...8) 5、6.Clay pots (M44..12,16) 7.Glazed pottery pots (M44...9)8.Glazed clay pots (M44...10) 9.Copper spears (M44..4)

Fig. 16 // M14 flat, cross-sectional view

Fig. 17 // M14 unearthed glazed clay pot (M14..1)

1 piece of copper mirror. M44..6, Four Milk God Beast Mirror. Rusty, round, round button, round button seat, a short slash pattern outside the seat, the main pattern is four breasts and two tigers and two birds around each other, and there is a short slash pattern outside the seat, and a double-line corrugated edge. Diameter 9.6 cm (Fig. 20: .8).

Copper spear 2 pieces. M44︰4、5。 The shape and size are the same. M44..4, rusty residue, consists of three parts: spearhead, wooden handle and copper upset. The spearhead consists of a spear body and a skeleton. Two sections of the wooden handle remain, inserted into the spearhead skull and the cylindrical copper upset. Two weeks of copper hoops are added in the middle of the copper upset, and the bottom end is closed. The spearhead is 31.5 cm long, the head length is 14.2 cm, the maximum diameter is 3.2 cm, and the diameter of the wooden handle is 2.6 cm, and the length of the remnant is 62 cm (Fig. 15: .9).

Bubble spikes 1 group of 10 pieces. M44..7, the same shape, copper, rusty residue, nail cap semi-circular spherical, with pointed cylindrical nails on the back, of which 8 cylindrical nails have fallen off, M44..7-1, diameter 2.4 cm (Figure 15..1). M44..7-2, diameter 2.3 cm (Fig. 15..2).

5 Baht 1 group of 3 pieces. M44..2, red copper texture, rust, clear text. Diameter 2.5 cm (Fig. 20: .5).

Stone Bi 1 piece. M44..3, remnant half, round, with a round hole in the middle, finished with milk nail pattern. Diameter 17.2 cm (Fig. 15.

Grinder 1 piece. M44..8, stony, rounded above, below, in the shape of a "convex" character. The side length is 2.8 cm and the height is 1.2 cm (Fig. 15: .4).

Clay pot 2 pieces. Clay gray pottery, extravagant mouth, folded edge, slippery shoulder, bulging belly, flat bottom. M44..12, the abdomen is decorated with ten circles of parallel beat prints, arranged more closely, overlapping each other, and the inner wall has a string pattern. Caliber 22.6, base diameter 18.4, height 29.4 cm (Fig. 15: .5). M44..16, the abdomen is decorated with ten parallel lines to beat the print, and the upper part of the inner wall has multiple string patterns. Caliber 21.2, base diameter 19, height 29.2 cm (Fig. 15:.6).

Glazed pottery urn 4 pieces. The shape is the same. M44..9, extravagant mouth, pointed lip, folded edge, slippery shoulder, drum belly, flat bottom concave, shoulder with symmetrical head double series, shoulder and abdomen have three sets of string patterns, cloud patterns, the mouth edge and shoulder of the instrument are glazed with green and yellow glaze, deglazed. Caliber 12.4, base diameter 15.6, height 30.8 cm (Fig. 15..7).

Glazed clay pot 2 pieces. The shape is the same. M44..10, extravagant mouth, round lip, neck, shoulder, drum belly, circle foot, neck decoration concave string pattern, water ripple, shoulder decoration two sets of concave string pattern, symmetrical paste between the strings of the bull nose ear double series, tie the upper leaf vein pattern, belly decoration concave string pattern, table pot mouth and shoulders with green and yellow glaze, deglaze. Caliber 14, bottom diameter 12.6, height 33 cm (Fig. 15:.8).

(2) Vertical pit wooden tombs

1 seat. M14, located in the middle of the cemetery, is a vertical pit wooden tomb, with a direction of 12° (Figure 16). The tomb is rectangular in plan, the tomb wall is rougher, and the bottom of the tomb is flatter. Due to the disturbance of the burial chamber, the burial chamber is filled with messy soil, which is yellow-brown clay, and the soil is loose, mixed with a large number of green paste mud blocks. No human bones, wooden coffins or burial items are found at the bottom of the tomb, and only wooden rafters remain. The length of the wooden rafter is 3.08, the width of the residue is 1.8, and the height of the residual is 1.06 meters; the thickness of the rafter floor is 0.16, the thickness of the side plate is 0.18 to 0.2, and the residual height is 0.9 meters. The tomb is 4.1 meters long from north to south, 2.4 meters wide from east to west, and 2.26 meters deep. A small number of five-baht coins and a glazed clay pot were unearthed in the burial chamber.

Fig. 18 // M31 flat, cross-sectional view

1. Clay pot 2, 3.Glazed pottery urn 4.Glazed pottery pan pot

Fig. 19// M31 excavated pottery

1.Clay pot (M31..1) 2.Glazed pottery wand (M31..2) 3.Glazed clay pan pot (M31..4)

Glazed clay pot 1 piece. M14..1, luxury mouth, round lip, neck, shoulder, bulging abdomen, circle foot, neck ornamental string pattern, water ripple, shoulder ornamental two sets of concave string patterns, symmetrical inter-string patterns of the bridge-shaped double series, a series of remnants, decorative leaf veining, abdominal ornamental concave string pattern, the surface of the instrument is applied to the shoulders, deglazed. Caliber 10, bottom diameter 9, height 19.6 cm (Figure 17).

5 Baht 1 group of 6 pieces. M14..2, rust, red copper texture, clear money text. Diameter 2.5 cm (Fig. 20: .4).

(3) Vertical pit tombs

There are 9 such tombs: M9, M11, M12, M15, M19, M31, M37, M38, M39. Rectangular vertical pit tomb, straight wall, flat bottom. The soil in the tomb is filled with yellow-brown clay, the soil is dense, mixed with green paste mud blocks, including broken pottery pieces. The bottom of the tomb has remnants of decaying coffin planks or coffin marks. Now take the M31 as an example.

M31 is located in the north-central part of the cemetery, which is a vertical pit tomb, in the direction of 8° (Fig. 18). The tomb is rectangular in plan, the tomb wall is rougher, and the bottom of the tomb is flatter. The theft was serious, the soil in the tomb was filled with yellow-brown clay, the soil was dense, no human bones were seen, and the decay marks of the wooden coffin were visible locally. The size of the wooden coffin is unknown, and the coffin plate is 3 cm thick. The pit is 3.05 meters long from north to south, 1.5 meters wide from east to west, and 0.96 meters from remnants. In the middle of the tomb, there are 1 clay pot, 2 glazed pottery urns, and 1 glazed clay pan pot.

Clay pot 1 piece. M31..1, clay terracotta, luxury mouth, round lips, slippery shoulders, bulging abdomen, flat bottom, shoulder decoration water ripple, concave string pattern, symmetrical paste bridge-shaped double series, tie ornament leaf vein pattern, belly ornament concave string pattern. Caliber 12.2, base diameter 11, height 17 cm (Fig. 19:.1).

Glazed pottery urn 2 pieces. The shape is the same. M31..2, mouth, pointed lip, folded edge, slip shoulder, drum belly, flat bottom concave, shoulder decoration concave string pattern, symmetrical inter-string pattern symmetrical plastic bridge-shaped double series, tie the upper leaf vein pattern, abdominal decoration concave string pattern, instrument table application green yellow glaze to the shoulder, deglazed. Caliber 8.6, base diameter 12.8, height 21.8 cm (Fig. 19:.2).

Glazed clay plate pot 1 piece. M31..4, handicap, round lip, shoulder, drum belly, flat bottom, concave string pattern inside and outside the handicap, concave string pattern under the neck, water ripple, shoulder decoration two sets of concave string pattern, symmetrical paste bridge-shaped double series between the string pattern, tie the upper leaf vein pattern, abdominal decoration concave string pattern, the surface is applied with blue and yellow glaze to the shoulder, deglaze dew purple red tire. Caliber 14.4, base diameter 13.6, height 36.6 cm (Fig. 19: .3).

Figure 20 // Unearthed coins, copper mirror rubbings

1—4.Five baht (M24...1, M35..5-1, M44..2, M14...2) 5.Oizumi Fifty (M35..5-2) 6.Dabu Huangqian (M35...9) 7,8.Bronze mirror (M35..7, M44...6)

III. Analysis of Problems Related to Han Dynasty Tombs in jiang's tombs

1. Tomb age

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River follow the Chu burial system in the Warring States period, and the vertical pit wooden tomb is a common type in the Western Han Dynasty. There are 21 han dynasty vertical pit tombs in the Cemetery of Jiang Zili, and 15 tombs with wooden rafter residues. The excavated artifacts are mainly glazed pottery urns, glazed clay pots, clay pots and pan-mouth pots, and the combination of utensils and the shape of the utensils are similar to those of the late Han Tombs in Fuquan Mountain, Shanghai[1], the Han Dynasty Tombs of the "Five Years of the First Five Years of the Yuan Dynasty" no. 101 of Xupu in Yizheng, Jiangsu Province,[2], the Tomb of Qianzhuang No. 12 of Yizheng National Day Qianzhuang[3], and the M2[4] of the Bantoudun Han Tombs in Jiuxian County, Liyang City. The model carriage and horse ware are the same as those in the model of the carriage and horse, such as the car, danglu, kasa hub, cap, copper comparison, copper moth, etc. as the Luoyang Wunu Tomb No. 267 Xinmang Tomb[5]. From the analysis of the tomb shape system and excavated artifacts, the tomb age of the vertical pit tomb in the cemetery of Jiang Zili is the earliest period of the late Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, the tomb unearthed a large cloth Huangqian and a large number of five baht, Daquan fifty and other coins, which have obvious characteristics of the era, which is the Xinmang period. Therefore, the tomb age of the vertical pit tomb in the Jiang Zili cemetery is the late Western Han Dynasty - the early Eastern Han Dynasty.

As a common burial system, the brick chamber tomb has typical tomb characteristics of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The cemetery unearthed two brick chamber tombs: M24 and M33, which have obvious era characteristics and are dated to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

2. Nature of the cemetery

From the analysis of the direction of the pit wooden tomb with a long tomb passage in the cemetery, such tombs are all north-south, the tomb road is south, the direction is the same; from the distribution and arrangement of the tombs, it can be divided into three rows of north and south, the first row of 5 (M13, M16, M28, M42, M44), the second row of 4 (M8, M18, M26, M35), the third row of 3 (M24, M25, M36), it can be seen that the Han Dynasty cemetery has a certain planning and design. Therefore, the Han Dynasty tomb area in Jiang Zili should be a well-planned and orderly Han Dynasty family cemetery.

3. Speculation on the identity of the tomb owner

The number of pit wooden tombs found in the cemetery of Jiang Zili is relatively large, the shape is the same, the era is similar, there are tomb passages, the longest slope tomb is 12 meters, and the burial chamber is deep and wide, indicating that the identity of the tomb owner is higher.

Inside the M35 wooden rafters, some carriage and horse tools were found, and no traces of horses were found. They are all located under the north-south horizontal planks on the east side of the tomb, and it is speculated that it is precisely because of the cover of the planks that they have survived. The carriage and horse ware includes 2 pairs of wooden wheels, 2 pieces of copper danglu, 2 pieces of copper mows, 2 pieces of 1 group of umbrella handles, 8 pieces of 1 group of caps, etc., and it is speculated that the burial of the tomb is a component of a two-horse driving car. Because the two pairs of wooden wheels unearthed are of different sizes and cannot be used for the same car, there is doubt about patchwork; and the shape of the same car and horse is small, which should be a model carriage and horse tool. Symbolic carriage and horse tools have been used for a long time, and both Han tombs have been found. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, model carriages and horses were still found in the tombs of high-ranking nobles, but the number was relatively small. It can be seen that the identity of the tomb owner is higher.

In 2011, the Changzhou Museum and the Liyang Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Film and Sports jointly excavated the Half-Head Dun Han Tomb Group 1500 meters southwest of the Jiang Zili Cemetery. Among them, M9 unearthed a bronze official seal of "Sima "Sima", and the report believes that the owner of the tomb was a low-level official in Liyang County in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty.[7] From the analysis of the scale, shape, wooden rafters, and burial depth of its burial site, the identity of the owner of the Han Dynasty family cemetery in Jiang Zili should be higher than that of the owner of the half-head pier M9 tomb, or the superior official of the half-head pier M9. At the same time, in 1971, a Han tomb was found in the western part of the jiang zili cemetery, and some silver jade cloth pieces were unearthed, and the Nanjing Museum sent personnel to conduct on-site investigation and confirmation, determining that the owner of the tomb may be Hou. Therefore, the owner of the Han Dynasty family cemetery in Jiang Zili may be the Marquis of Liyang and his family members in the Han Dynasty.

The excavation of the Han Dynasty family cemetery in Liyang Jiang Zhenli is another Han Dynasty relic excavation after the Bantoudun Han Tomb Group in Liyang Old County, and the location of these two tomb groups is relatively close and the era is not far away, indicating that there may be high-ranking officials with ranks equivalent to Hou in the old county area. In addition, a large number of dense Han Dynasty tombs have been found in this area, which also indicates that the old county area may be the location of the Liyang rule of the Han Dynasty. The excavation of the Han Dynasty family cemetery in Jiang Zili has provided an important clue for the archaeological research of the Han Dynasty in Liyang area and the exploration of Han Dynasty civilization.

(P.S. Ma Yongqiang, the person in charge of this excavation project; pan Mingyue, Lu Zhenzhen, Liu Chuanming; restoration of Wei Shengyun and Liu Nailiang.) ）

Written by: Ma Yongqiang, Shi Jun, Xu Yong, Zhou Xin

[1] Wang Zhengshu, "Excavation of the Western Han Tomb Group in Fuquan, Shanghai", Archaeology, No. 8, 1988.

[2] Yangzhou Museum: "Western Han Tomb No. 101 Xupu, Yizheng, Jiangsu", Cultural Relics, No. 1, 1987.

[3] Yizheng City Museum: "Briefing on the Excavation of Tomb No. 12 in Qianzhuang, National Day, Yizheng, Jiangsu", Southeast Culture, No. 2, 2017.

[4] Changzhou Museum, Liyang Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Film and Television and Sports: "2011 Briefing on the Excavation of the Han Tombs in Jiuxian County, Liyang City", Changzhou Wenbo Series, 2017 (Vol. 3).

[5] Luoyang Second Cultural Relics Task Force: "Briefing on the Excavation of Xinmang Tomb No. 267 Of Luoyang Wunu Tomb", Cultural Relics, No. 7, 1996.

[6] Liu Zunzhi and Zhao Haizhou, "An Analysis of the Carriage and Horse Burial of Han Dynasty Tombs in Xuzhou Area", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 3, 2005.

[7] Same as [4].

Originally published in Southeast Culture, No. 2, 2020

Color illustrations are from the web, not original illustrations