Musk was elected as an academician with a bachelor's degree! Academicians of various countries PK, who has a high gold content? Who's getting the best deals?

On February 9, the American Academy of Engineering released the list of additional academicians of the National Academy of Engineering in 2021. Among them, Musk's selection has aroused heated discussion on the Internet.

Musk, who has many careers, was selected as the founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX. The U.S. Academy of Engineering describes breakthroughs in the design, engineering, manufacturing, and operation of reusable launch vehicles, sustainable transportation, and energy systems.

And this person, who can be called "traffic password", actually only has a bachelor's degree.

Born in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk entered Queen's College in Canada in 1990 and then transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, where he received a bachelor's degree in physics in 1995. He was admitted to Stanford University's Ph.D. program in materials science, but dropped out of school after only two days of enrollment to devote himself to Silicon Valley entrepreneurship.

Musk's selection has once again aroused people's curiosity about the selection and treatment of academicians.

In essence, "academicians" around the world are similar and belong to the highest (lifetime) honorary titles in science and academia. The selection system is also similar in principle, and it is all elected and voted by the elected academicians, but the gold content and treatment are different.

China

The first academicians of China were produced in 1948. After the founding of New China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences contemplated the establishment of a faculty system. In 1955, the Chinese Academy of Sciences officially announced the establishment of the Faculty. In October 1993, the State Council decided to change the membership of the Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the same year, the Chinese Academy of Engineering was established.

Since 1997, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering have simultaneously conducted academician co-elections every 2 years (usually odd years).

Since July 1998, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering have implemented the "senior academician" system, and academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences who have reached the age of 80 have been awarded the titles of "Senior Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" or "Senior Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering".

The selection process of academicians of the two academies is similar, basically adopting the "recommendation system", candidates are recommended by academicians and relevant academic groups, and become valid candidates after being examined and approved by the presidium of the Faculty, and individual applications are not accepted.

Scholars and experts who have made systematic and creative achievements and major contributions in the field of science and technology, who love the motherland, have a decent academic style, and have Chinese nationality, professors or equivalent titles (including Chinese scholars and experts living in Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province, as well as overseas Chinese residents) can be recommended and elected as academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Senior engineers, researchers, professors or experts with equivalent titles who have made significant and creative achievements and contributions in Chinese engineering science and technology, who love the motherland, have a decent study style, have good conduct, and have Chinese nationality, may be nominated and elected as academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

The two chambers also implement the foreign academician system.

Academicians took nearly a year from selection to generation, and there was a very complicated evaluation and elimination system in between. Academicians are also the main force driving China's high-end scientific and technological research and development, which can be seen from the fact that the winners of the previous national highest science and technology awards are basically academicians of the two academies. Academicians who can become the top of the pyramid of scientific research and academia have long-term experience in scientific research and production practice, and are also experts in scientific research and production practice.

Generally speaking, the salary of academicians is mainly composed of basic salary, special allowance of the State Council, academician allowance and post allowance. Academicians enjoy the same work treatment as vice-provincial and ministerial treatment, including medical treatment, rides, etc., but different local governments or universities will have different treatment policies.

United States

In the American scientific community, the institutions representing the highest level are the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the National School of Medicine, and the National Endowment for Nature. Among them, the academic level of academicians of the National Academy of Sciences is the highest. Members of the National Academy of Sciences are elected, and nominations are initiated by the current academicians. The nominee material includes a resume of no more than 250 words in English and is accompanied by no more than 12 of the most important academic papers that the individual has published. Nominees go through a preliminary examination, which usually ends in March of each year.

The title of Member of the National Academy of Sciences is widely recognized by the academic community, second only to winning the Nobel Prize, and has a very high gold content.

However, the National Academy of Sciences is a "non-profit association of eminent scholars" with no government funding. Becoming an academician of the "association" has no economic and administrative significance, and there will be no change in material treatment. They do not have offices and do not receive personal remuneration for the provision of scientific and related technical services to the Government. In addition, a membership fee of $200 per year is required for one's title. If you do not pay for 3 years, you will be converted to an honorary retired academician.

United Kingdom

The five academic academies represent the five academic societies with the highest academic level in the UK, namely: the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the British Academy of Medical Sciences. Among them, the Royal Society was founded in 1660 and is the most prestigious scientific academic institution in the United Kingdom, and its academicians are leaders in the field of cutting-edge science. Each Fellowship candidate must be nominated by two members of the Royal Society and sign a Letter of Recommendation. The certificate contains a description of the main reasons for the recommendation and is available for consultation by other fellows.

Members of the Royal Society contribute to cutting-edge science. Since 1915, successive presidents of the Royal Society have been Nobel Laureates.

In terms of treatment, the three major societies in the UK are all good-for-good organisations registered in the UK that focus on funding research, so there is no remuneration.

Germany

Until 2007, the German academy of sciences system consisted of 8 local academies of sciences, one academy of engineering and the Leopoldian Academy of Sciences. The German National Academy of Sciences originated in 1652 with a history of more than 350 years, the Leopoldian Academy of Sciences. The latest academician is recommended by the current academician and is elected after several rounds of elections, and the election process is rigorous and complex.

Academicians of the German Academy of Sciences have a very high gold content, the world's longest surviving research institutions, Marie Curie, Darwin, Goethe and other world-class scientific masters are from here, while a total of 168 academicians of the German National Academy of Sciences have won the Nobel Prize.

According to the German Federal Statistical Office, the after-tax salary of German academicians is more than 4500 euros per month, and there are various subsidies. In addition, many of them earn several times their salaries as executives of part-time funded companies. When you retire at age 65, top scientists receive an average of 72% of their maximum salary, while pensions for average company employees account for about 47% of net salary income.

Russia

Russia has three major cross-sectoral scientific institutions, namely the Russian Academy of Engineering, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Among them, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences is the largest Russian academy of sciences recognized by the United Nations. The selection process examines the candidate's academic achievements, influence and status in the relevant field, and is finalized after three rigorous rounds of academic review and selection process.

The members of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences are scientists and experts who have made great achievements in the fields of natural sciences and humanities, and have important academic influence. The Academy of Sciences has 24 faculties, 18 Nobel laureates, more than 270 academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences and more than 30 academicians of the Russian National Academy of Medical Sciences.

In terms of treatment, the Russian website "zarplatyinfo" quoted data from the Russian Academy of Sciences as saying that academicians in the field of physics earn about 38,000 rubles a month, and academicians in the field of biology about 27,000 rubles. Scientists who have worked in the field of scientific research for more than 10 years can receive allowances of varying amounts according to different degrees, and academicians of the Academy of Sciences can receive up to 100,000 rubles (10 rubles or about 1 yuan) per month.

Forward-looking Economist APP Information Group