At the end of the 12th century, as The Heian period came to an end in Japan, the samurai clan group, the Hei clan, was defeated in a power struggle with Genji. The Genrai Dynasty was enfeoffed as a shogun of the Imperial Household, and opened the shogunate in Kamakura, which was later known as the Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333), ending with the Heian Period after 400 years. From then on, the samurai regime was born in Japan, which led to the confrontation between samurai politics and the politics of the public (i.e., the imperial court secretaries and nobles).
The ancient administrative map of Japan is convenient for understanding the jurisdictions and spheres of influence of the major names in the Warring States period, and the map can be enlarged.
Shogunate rule - Kamakura period
However, the good times did not last long, six years later, in 1198, Genrai Dynasty died of illness, three generations later power was transferred to the hands of his foreign relative Hojo clan, after 1221 Emperor Toba raised an army to discuss the curtain, the succession of the Toba clan failed, the Hojo clan's collegial system of power politics reached its full glory, and even could determine the emperor's succession to the throne, the public government declined again, and the samurai class developed unprecedentedly. During this period, the Mongol Empire that rose in the Mongolian steppe swept across the Eurasian continent, and the Yuan Dynasty was established on the territory of China, and in order to conquer Japan, the Yuan Dynasty sent troops twice but was blocked by typhoons, and Japan believed that it was protected by a kamikaze.
The Yuan Dynasty made two expeditions to Japan, the first in 1274 to send more than 30,000 people across the sea to japan, once approaching Dazaifu, but retreating due to a typhoon.
The second was in 1281, when the Yuan Dynasty sent 140,000 Mongol and Korean troops to japan in two ways, but again suffered heavy casualties due to typhoons.
It was not until 1318 that the kamakura shogunate's rule was weakening, and Emperor Go-Daigo raised an army to fight against the curtain, and the Hojo clan was defeated by the defection of the Ashikaga clan of the Ueno clan. Later, the emperor regained public power and implemented the New Deal of Kenbu, but due to the new policy of reusing only the nobles of the gongqing in Kyoto, which caused dissatisfaction among the samurai class, coupled with the intention of the fallen shogun Ashikaga Zun clan to open the government of the palace, rather than being given only the honorific character in the name by the emperor, he forced Emperor Go-Daigo to abdicate and establish the Emperor Of light, who established the Muromachi shogunate after he made him a shogun of the Seiyi Shogunate.
The fallen shogun Ashikaga Tsunade clan intended to open the government of the province, forcing Emperor Go-Daigo to abdicate and establish the Emperor of Light, and the Ashikaga clan established the Muromachi shogunate.
After Emperor Go-Daigo abdicated, he managed to flee to Nara, relying on the emperor symbol he held: the Three Sacred Artifacts, to establish the Southern Dynasty, and Japanese history entered the Nanboku Dynasty era.
Shogunate rule - Muromachi period
However, after the abdication of Emperor Go-Daigo, he managed to flee to Nara, relying on the emperor symbol he held: the three artifacts, to establish the Southern Dynasty, and The history of Japan entered the Era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the history books called "The Two Emperors of one day in southern Beijing". After many attacks and defenses, the Southern Dynasty was defeated, and finally in 1392, the Southern Emperor returned the three artifacts to the Northern Dynasty Emperor, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties era ended, after 16 generations of shoguns, and the Muromachi period (1336-1573), which lasted for 237 years, was officially opened. Of course, in the history of Japan, the Nanboku Dynasty period also belongs to the Muromachi period. The Muromachi period originated when the Ashikaga clan opened a shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto.
In 1467, the Japanese Muromachi shogunate was triggered by the succession of the shogun Ashikaga Ieya, and a war of infighting broke out among the daimyo, a scuffle of 270,000 troops.
However, during the reign of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the Muromachi Period to the eighth shogun, the Onin Rebellion (1467-1477), which broke out over the issue of succession, led to a drastic decline in the power of the shogunate, and the daimyo clans throughout Japan were requisitioning and annexing lands, such as the Yamana clan, the Hosokawa clan, and the Ouchi clan, and no longer obeyed the shogunate's orders, and Japan entered the Sengoku period of national chaos. It was not until 1573 that the 16th shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was expelled from Kyoto by the overlord Oda Nobunaga, and the Muromachi period ended. The entire Sengoku period lasted for 96 years, and emerging forces rose up in various places to replace the shogunate's daimyo.
In 1560, Oda Nobunaga killed Yoshimoto Imagawa at the Battle of the Barrel Pan, establishing himself as the overlord of the Sengoku period.
Oda Nobunaga's base was in Kiyoju (present-day Nagoya), and the "separation of militias" policy, which pioneered it, gave him a long-term stable military force.
Shogunate rule - Sengoku period
The story of the Warring States Period is wonderful, similar to our China's Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, where the masses divide and attack each other. We will only introduce the Three Heroes of the Sengoku Period, of which the first overlord to appear is Oda Nobunaga. Oda Nobunaga's base was in Kiyoju (present-day Nagoya), and the "separation of militias" policy, which led to a long-term stable military force, took advantage of the decline of the Saito family in the Mino area of his old family (brother-in-law Saito Yoshiryu killed his father and became the head of the family, making enemies of Nobunaga), and sent troops to capture the Saito family's residence, Inabayama Castle, that is, Gifu.
In 1560, Oda Nobunaga killed Yoshimoto Imagawa at the Battle of the Barrel Pan, establishing himself as the overlord of the Sengoku region. The lord of the Three Rivers Kingdom was Tokugawa Ieyasu's father, Matsudaira Hirotada
In 1560, when Yoshimoto Imakawa, Japan's most powerful guardian, attacked Kyoto, Oda Nobunaga was entrusted with legal status by Emperor Masanomachi (similar to the approval of The Prince of Zhou Tianzi), and in May of the same year, he killed Imakawa Yoshimoto at the Battle of Barrel Panma. Since then, Oda Nobunaga's prestige has increased greatly, and in 1568 Oda Nobunaga occupied Kyoto, supported ashikaga Yoshiaki as a shogun in the succession struggle of the shogun, and coerced the emperor to order the princes, speeding up the pace of unifying the country. In 1573, ashikaga Yoshiaki, the last shogun of the shogunate, was expelled from Kyoto, ending the Muromachi period initiated by the Ashikaga shogunate and beginning the Azuchi Momoyama period.
In 1573, ashikaga Yoshiaki, the last shogun of the shogunate, was expelled from Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga, ending the Muromachi period initiated by the Ashikaga shogunate and beginning the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
The so-called Azuchi Momoyama Period (1573-1603) refers to Oda Nobunaga's main castle, Azuchi Castle, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's main castle, Momoyama Castle (i.e., Fushimi Castle). Oda Nobunaga gradually became the most powerful overlord of Japan, and by 1582, the Daimyo Takeda Katsurai of Kai was eliminated, and parts of, China, Konogoshi, and Shikoku Island, japan's most developed agriculture, were controlled by the Oda family, and 26 countries were pacified, unifying most of Japan. However, at the height of Oda Nobunaga's glory, the general Mitsuhide of the Ministry launched the Honnōji Rebellion, Oda Nobunaga was killed, and his eldest son Oda Nobunaga, who was also the governor of the Oda family, committed suicide after being defeated by Mitsuhide Ofaki, and the entire Oda clan fell into chaos.
The general Mitsuhide of the Ministry launched the Honnoji Rebellion, Oda Nobunaga was killed, and the entire Oda clan fell into chaos.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan after the Shikoku Expedition, the Kyushu Expedition, and the Battle of Odawara.
Later, in 1584, Oda Nobunaga's subordinates, Hideyoshi Hashiba, destroyed Mitsuhide and Shibata Katsuya, establishing himself as Oda Nobunaga's heir. After the Shikoku Expedition, the Kyushu Expedition, the Battle of Odawara, and in 1590, with 200,000 troops, defeated Tokugawa Ieyasu, the last enemy who controlled the Kanto region of Higashimoto Prefecture, unified Japan, and the Sengoku period of Japan ended, in the same year, Hashiba Hideyoshi was given the surname "Toyotomi" by the Emperor, and received the position of "Sekibai" as a hereditary nobleman, and Japan's internal affairs and military affairs were controlled by him.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi came from a lower class that could not bear the surname, and finally ruled Japan as the "Taikaku" second only to the emperor, which is a model of struggle.
External expansion: The Nongchen Rebellion
Toyotomi Hideyoshi came from a lower class that could not bear the surname, and finally ruled Japan as the "Taikaku" second only to the emperor, which is a model of struggle. After taking charge of Japan's national government, he promulgated decrees establishing the identity of scholars, farmers, industrialists, and merchants, rewarding new industries and commerce, supporting the development of cities, collecting civilian weapons, and separating soldiers from agriculture and soldiers, thus promoting the transformation of Japanese society from feudal society to the modern shogunate system, which is of epoch-making significance.
Schematic diagram of the Wanli Korean War
In order to divert the dissatisfaction of the major names with the division of the feudal, the foreign government decided to send troops to the outside world, imagining to rule China and Korea, so in 1592 launched the Battle of Wenlu (i.e., the Battle of Nongchen) to invade Korea. In addition, in 1593, the Matsumae clan, which ruled the southern part of Ezo (i.e., Hokkaido), was submitted to The Japanese clan, and the southern part of Hokkaido was assigned to Japan.
The Japanese daimyōs, who had extensive combat experience and were heavily armed with new rifles, captured the three capitals of Seoul, Kaesong, and Pyongyang in just two months.
Due to the long civil war, rich combat experience and a large number of new rifles, the Japanese daimyo captured the three capitals of Seoul, Kaesong and Pyongyang in only two months, and the Korean king of the Lee clan, Li Fu, fled north to Uiju to ask for help from the suzerainty of the Ming Dynasty. The Wanli Emperor sent Li Rusong to lead 40,000 Ming troops into the Dynasty to resist the Wu Dynasty, and successively won the great victories in Pyongyang and the victory at bihokan, and Li Shunchen, the envoy of Zuoshui in Jeolla Province, Korea, also won many naval battles at sea, and in 1595 the two sides agreed to make peace.
The Combined Chinese and Korean Forces, under the command of Chen Xuan, Deng Zilong, and Li Shunchen, won the Battle of Luliang, but Li Shunchen and Deng Zilong died heroically.
However, in 1597, 140,000 Japanese troops came back to invade Korea again, and Korea asked for help for the second time, and the Ming Dynasty mobilized 70,000 troops to the korean rescue and won the great victory of Jishan, but because the Korean sailors were almost completely destroyed at the Battle of Checheonliang, Li Shunchen was used again (at the beginning of the war, the Korean monarch Li Fuzhong, the Japanese counter-plotted to put Li Shunchen in prison, and he was demoted to a soldier). The Combined Chinese and Korean Forces, under the command of Chen Xuan, Deng Zilong, and Li Shunchen, won the Battle of Luliang, but Li Shunchen and Deng Zilong died heroically. However, in 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, and the heir to the throne, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was young, japan was once again in chaos, and the troops retreated from the Korean Peninsula, and the Sino-Korean coalition army won the final victory.
The Wanli Korean War was the last glory of the Ming Dynasty's foreign war, defending the Korean Peninsula and consolidating Korea's relations as a vassal state of China.
This war is known in China as the "Wanli Korean War", and together with the Battle of Ningxia and the Battle of Bozhou, it is called the "Three Great Marches of Wanli". This war was the last glory of the Ming Dynasty's foreign war, defending the Korean Peninsula, consolidating the relationship between Korea as a vassal state of China, and having a far-reaching impact on the political and military pattern in Northeast Asia at that time, because Japan was seriously injured, the Toyotomi family's power was greatly reduced, which led to the rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japan once again entered a state of turmoil, and East Asia once again won 300 years of peace, until Japan invaded Korea again after the Meiji Restoration.
Lee Soon-sun was also regarded as a national hero by later generations of Korean people, and his bronze statue stood side by side with Sejong of Joseon in Gwanghwamun Square in the center of Seoul (Seoul).
Lee Soon-chan was regarded as a national hero by later generations of Koreans and was engraved on a 100-won coin.
Lee Soon-sun was also regarded as a national hero by later generations of Koreans, engraved on a 100-won coin, and his 17-meter-tall bronze statue stood side by side with the bronze statue of Sejong of Joseon in Gwanghwamun Square in the center of Seoul (Seoul). In addition, the KDX-II destroyer built by South Korea was also named chungmu duke Lee Shun-chan class destroyer. North Korea has also established the Lee Sun-sung Medal and the Lee Sun-sun Medal to award to the officers of the Korean People's Army who have distinguished themselves in battle.
Due to the rebellion of Hideaki Kohayakawa, the Western Army, led by Ishida Misei, was quickly defeated by the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The picture shows the major names of Japan before the Sekigahara War
The Sekigahara Battle, which laid the foundation for the unification of Japan in 1600, was fought in the town of Sekigahara in present-day Bucheon County, Gifu Prefecture. After the war, the Tokugawa family officially replaced the Toyotomi family in power.
Shogunate rule - Edo period
After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu, the head of the Five Elders, became the most powerful daimyo at the time. In 1600, four other daimyōs rebelled against Tokugawa Ieyasu, and each side mobilized more than 100,000 troops to fight the Sekigahara War, the largest civil war in Japan since the Onin Rebellion of 1467, which ended with the victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and three years later the emperor crowned him as a shogun of the Seiyi, and Japanese history entered the Edo period (1603-1868). The Sekigahara War was therefore known as the "war that determined the world". However, at this time, the power of the Toyotomi clan still existed.
Osaka Castle was the residence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the center of the Toyotomi regime. In 1615, Tokugawa Ieyasu destroyed the Toyotomi family with two battles of Osaka (Winter Front and Summer Front).
In 1614, tokugawa Ieyasu, who was nearly 70 years old, was anxious and ambitious to eliminate Toyotomi Hideyoshi,Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the only son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Osaka Castle (the center of the Toyotomi clan), and the husband of his granddaughter Chihime, as soon as possible, to remove the final threat to the Tokugawa family. As a result, 200,000 Edo shogunate troops from the Kanto Plain and 100,000 Toyotomi clan troops engaged in Kansai, and due to the superiority of the Tokugawa army, they forced the Toyotomi army back to Osaka (later Osaka) to fortify castle. However, the core fortress of Osaka Castle was impregnable, and with the defense of the general Sanada Yukimura, the Tokugawa army that besieged the city suffered heavy losses, and Tokugawa Ieyasu had to abandon the strong attack and end the "Osaka Winter Front" with peace talks.
The remains of today's Osaka Castle are the equivalent of the new Osaka Castle (Tokugawa Osaka Castle) built by Tokugawa Hidetada between 1620 and 1629.
In 1583 Toyotomi Hideyoshi built Osaka Castle on the site of Ishiyama Honganji Temple, and it was built for 15 years until his death, with the main castle completed, but the second and third circle of the secondary castle
However, due to the result of the peace talks, the Tokugawa family demanded the demolition of osaka castle's main castle wall, second wall, and third wall, Osaka Castle became a naked castle, so in the following year 1615 Tokugawa Ieyasu launched the Osaka Summer Formation, the defense of Osaka Castle was greatly reduced, Toyotomi Hideyoshi killed himself, and since then the Toyotomi clan regime has completely withdrawn from the stage of history after only thirty years of gorgeous bloom. The Edo shogunate completed the unification of japan as a whole, and after two generations of shoguns, Tokugawa Hidetada and Tokugawa Iemitsu, the shogunate rule tended to be stable, and then the policy of closing the country was implemented, and Japan entered a state of dormancy.
In 1615, Tokugawa Ieyasu destroyed the Toyotomi family, and osaka Castle, built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi between 1583 and 1598, has ceased to exist.
During the Edo shogunate period, the political and economic center of Japan shifted to Edo (present-day Tokyo) in the Kanto Plain, but the emperor still lived in Kyoto in the Plain.
The geopolitical structure of Japan during the Sengoku period
In fact, at this point, we will find that even in the late Sengoku period, whether it was Toyotomi Hideyoshi or Tokugawa Ieyasu, who later founded the Edo shogunate, after unifying Japan, they did not depose the emperor, but put the emperor in a symbolic position, for the sake of virtual monarch, and held real power himself, especially in the Edo shogunate era, although the political and economic center of Japan shifted to Edo (now Tokyo) in the Kanto Plain, the emperor still lived in Kyoto on the Plain.
Mountains and hills account for 71% of Japan's total area, and plains and lowlands are scattered only in the lower reaches of rivers and along the coast.
The root cause is closely related to Japan's geographical environment. Since mountains and hills account for 71% of Japan's total area, plains and lowlands are scattered only in the lower reaches of rivers and along the coast. The mountainous terrain is not suitable for large-scale human development, utilization and habitation, so the plains that are conducive to agricultural development have become the most essential part of Japan.
Mountains are not suitable for large-scale human development, utilization and habitation, so the plains that are conducive to agricultural development have become the most essential part of Japan. The figure is quoted from the Earth Knowledge Bureau
Among the limited plains, the Kanto Plain, where Tokyo is located, is the largest plain in Japan, but it is only 16,200 square kilometers, but compared to the Nagoya Plain (Oda Nobunaga's base, only 1,800 square kilometers) and Osaka's Plain (where Toyotomi Hideyoshi is based, kyoto and Nara are located), the Kanto Plain is already large.
Four key plains on the Japanese island of Honshu.
In addition, although there are also the Ishikari Plain (the second largest plain in Japan) and tokachi Plain in Hokkaido (known as the "granary of Japan"), and the Echigo Plain (about 2,000 square kilometers) in Niigata Prefecture, the former was still in the hands of the Anui people, the indigenous people of Hokkaido, and the latter was far from the center of Japanese rule and was not developed at all. Even the Kanto Plain began to be developed during the Sengoku period, otherwise Toyotomi Hideyoshi would not have allowed Tokugawa Ieyasu to move to the Kanto Plain after unifying Japan from Aichi Prefecture, where the Nono Plain was located (Tokugawa Ieyasu's father was Matsudaira Hirotada, lord of Okazaki Castle in the Mikawa Kingdom).
Okazaki Castle is located in okazaki City, present-day Aichi Prefecture, where Tokugawa Ieyasu was born in 1543 by his father Matsudaira Hirotada, lord of Okazaki Castle in the Mikawa Kingdom.
Tokugawa Ieyasu experienced hardships in his childhood, separated from his mother at the age of 3 and sent as a hostage at the age of 5. The castle tower in Okazaki Castle was built in 1617.
Therefore, the history of Japan from the Kofun era in the 3rd century AD to the beginning of the 17th century before entering the Edo period, Japan's political and economic center has been in the Plain, not only because of the earliest development here, but also because it is more convenient here than the Kanto Plain to connect with the core of oriental civilization, China, whether it is the Tang Dynasty or the Song Dynasty, Japan and China have maintained contact, absorbing technology, culture, religion, etc. imported from China, until later in view of the Yuan Dynasty's attack on Japan, the Ming Dynasty's resistance to japan, Japan's ties with China were severed. The technological superiority of the Plain began to be lost, and gradually lost the productivity of the vast Kanto Plain.
The Yuan Dynasty attacked Japan, the Ming Dynasty resisted the Wu Dynasty, Japan's ties with China were severed, and the advantages of the Plain began to be lost, and gradually fell short of the Kanto Plain. The figure is quoted from the Earth Knowledge Bureau
Eventually, Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was based on the Kanto Plain, rose up and replaced the Toyotomi clan in japan, placing the shogunate in Edo (Tokyo), thus dominating the history of Japan for 265 years, until it was overthrown by the four powerful southwestern clans that were strong in foreign trade, and only in 1868 was "returned to Emperor Meiji" by the "great government".
The Kanto Plain, where Tokyo is located, is the largest plain in Japan, with 16,200 square kilometers.
As for Toyotomi Hideyoshi or Tokugawa Ieyasu, after taking power in Japan, they did not abolish the emperor, but ruled Japan under the emperor's name, because of the fact that Japan has a lot of mountains, the broken terrain of the plain basin, coupled with the lagging traffic conditions in ancient times, and the narrow outline of the Japanese mainland of 1500 kilometers, it is difficult for the area controlled by the emperor to form an overwhelming advantage over other regions, so it is difficult to achieve complete centralization like China. Therefore, once the samurai clans had conquered the names of the other clans, they could only rule under the name of the emperor.
In 1609, the Satsuma Domain openly invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom in violation of the Tokugawa shogunate's closed ban. Its roots were the distance of the four southwestern feudal lords from the shogunate. Figure cites the Earth Knowledge Bureau
At the end of the Edo period, the four southwestern clans (namely Choshu Domain, the westernmost domain of Honshu Island, satsuma domain in southwestern Kyushu, Hizen Domain in the northwest of Kyushu Island, and Tosa Domain in the south of Shikoku Island), which were 630-950 kilometers away from Tokyo ruled by the Edo shogunate, had always been estranged from the Tokugawa shogunate and were not harmonious, which was the so-called "Emperor Tengao". It was also this weak central control that in 1609 the Satsuma Domain dared to openly invade the Ryukyu Kingdom in violation of the Tokugawa shogunate's closed ban.
After the Meiji Restoration, the "abolition of the domain prefecture", with the power of modern industry, Japan, whichse internal geography was broken, began to be connected by a series of transportation lines running through the north and south.
This situation continued until the Meiji Restoration", after the Meiji Restoration "abolished the domain", with the power of modern industry to give the advantages of transportation, the original internal geographical fragmentation of Japan began to be connected by a series of communication lines running through the north and south, and gradually completed the integration of internal resources, and then Japan's history of more than two hundred years of silence once again showed a vicious face, only this time Japan's political theme is no longer internal conflict, but external expansion, the entire Asia-Pacific region will be shrouded in Japan's war clouds.
Review of the last issue: The Tang Dynasty destroyed Baekje, Japan came to stir up trouble, and Baijiangkou was beaten up for 1,000 years, becoming a fan of the Tang Dynasty
Remarks: This article is only a word of the family, welcome to correct and forward. In addition, the picture in the article is quoted from the Earth Knowledge Bureau, if there is a copyright private link, please delete.